The purpose of this study is to analyze if the workmethods in the European Commission's crisis management had post-bureaucratic characteristics, more specifically less hierarchy, horizontal communication, collective decision-making and own responsibility, during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. To carry out an analysis this study identifies four characteristics of a post-bureaucratic organization, in order to use the theory as a tool to clearly identify if there are any post-bureaucratic characteristics in the Commission's workmethods during the Greek crisis 2010-2015. The material used in the study is based on published reports from the European Parliament, European Court of Auditors, International Monetary Fund and the European Commission where facts on the European Commission’s crisis management are presented. This study's analysis shows that post-bureaucratic characteristics can be identified on the workmethods the Commission used in some situations during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. The study's conclusion is summarized by the fact that the European Commission’s workmethods in relation to post-bureaucratic characteristics are only found in some instances. Therefore the study can not conclude that the European Commission is a post-bureaucratic organization during the Greek crisis 2010-2015.

Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Kapiteln, die durch die europäische Schuldenkrise als gemeinsames Thema verbunden sind. Kapitel eins untersucht die Auswirkungen der Finanzintegration auf das Kreditangebot der Banken und die Realwirtschaft. Im Jahr 2007 ersetzt die Europäische Zentralbank die nationalen Sicherheitenlisten durch eine einzige Euroraumliste. Für Banken mit solch neu zugelassene Sicherheiten sinken die Finanzierungskosten. Diese Banken vergeben mehr Kredite, insbesondere an risikoreichere und unproduktivere Firmen in anderen Euroraumländern. Bei diesen Firmen wiederum nehmen Beschäftigung und Investitionen zu. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die unbeabsichtigte Rolle der Finanzintegration beim Anheizen grenzüberschreitender Kreditblasen. Kapitel zwei untersucht die politischen Verbindungen von Bankvorständen in Krisenzeiten. Regierungen beeinflussen nach einer staatlichen Bankenrettung die Zusammensetzung von Bankvorständen, um sich Kontrollrechte zu sichern. Wir stellen fest, dass die Anzahl der politischen Vorstandsmitglieder nach einer staatlichen Unterstützung um 21,4% steigt. Gerettete Banken mit solch neuen politischen Vorständen schneiden in Bezug auf Marktkapitalisierung und Bewertung deutlich besser ab als gerettete Banken ohne solche Verbindungen. Kapitel drei liefert kausale Belege für die Auswirkungen von Kreditklemmen auf politische Radikalisierung. Mit Daten zu Bank-Firmen-Verbindungen und kommunalen Wahlergebnissen zeigen wir, dass Unternehmen mit einer Beziehung zu schwachen Banken einen Rückgang ihres Kreditangebots und des Beschäftigungswachstums erleben. Anschließend schätzen wir die Auswirkungen der Arbeitslosigkeit auf das Wahlverhalten. Wir konstruieren ein Instrument für die Arbeitslosigkeit, das auf der Abhängigkeit gegenüber schwachen ausländischen Banken auf kommunaler Ebene basiert. Ein Anstieg der instrumentierten Arbeitslosigkeit führt zu einer Steigerung der Wählerradikalisierung um 7 Prozentpunkte. / This thesis consists of three chapters linked by the European Debt Crisis as their common theme. Chapter One studies the effect of financial integration on bank credit supply and the real economy. In 2007, the European Central Bank replaces national collateral lists with a single euro area list. Banks holding newly eligible assets experience a reduction in their cost of funding.These banks lend more, especially to riskier and less productive borrowers located in other euro area countries. The borrowers in turn experience growth in employment and investment. The results highlight the unintended role of financial integration in fueling crossborder credit booms. Chapter Two investigates the political ties of too-big-to-fail bank boards in crisis times. After a bailout, governments are likely to influence bank board compositions to secure control rights. Combining two novel datasets on political ties of banks and state aid in the European Union, we find that the number of politically connected board members increases by 21.4% following government support. Bailed-out banks with such new political ties perform better in terms of market capitalisation and valuation than bailed-out banks without such ties. Chapter Three provides causal evidence on the effect of credit crunches on political radicalisation. We combine data on bank-firm connections and electoral outcomes at the city-level during the 2008-2014 Spanish Financial Crisis. First, we show that firms in a relationship with weak banks experience a reduction in their loan supply and employment growth. Next, we estimate the effects of unemployment on voting behaviour. We construct an instrument for unemployment based on the city-level exposure to foreign weak banks. We find that a one standard deviation increase in instrumented unemployment translates into a 7 percentage point increase in the radicalisation of voters.

本研究以事件研究法的方式，研究歐洲央行宣布量化寬鬆（Quantitative Easing, QE）對歐豬五國信用風險的影響，本研究以各國主權信用違約交換的超額報酬顯著性衡量量化寬鬆政策對信用風險的影響。 研究結果為多數的QE政策宣告對歐豬五國信用風險的影響在事件期中有正向有負向，且時常交錯分布，未有一固定的模式，故無法得到一個明確的結論。 / This paper examines the impact of the ECB’s (European Central Bank) quantitative easing program on the credit risk of PIIGS. In this case, we used each underlying countries’ excess return of their sovereign CDSs to identify if their credit risks are decreased significantly. Our finding was that most QE announcements by the ECB had multiple impacts on the credit risk of PIIGS. They had both positive and negative impacts. Also, the patterns were not the same, so we do not have a clear conclusion on whether the QE policies are good or bad for the credit risk of PIIGS.

Many people have already questioned whether Greece would default: investors, economists, politicians and general public. The Greek debt crisis has also caused a great turmoil in the EU causing fears of its spreading to other countries with poor fiscal situation in Eurozone through bond markets. Finally the rescue package was prepared for Greece consisting of EUR 110 billion loan facility from both Eurozone and IMF. We study the Greek fiscal crisis in the thesis. We try to find its real causes in the historical chapter and we also show the methodology which can be used to assess the credit risk of Greek government using bond market information and CDS contracts information. In the empirical part we study the evolution of the probability of default of Greek government during the debt crisis using parsimonious model based on the bond market information.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate what influence has the ECB decision-making on the Eurozone economy and above all to consider the ECB's involvement in solving of the recent financial and persisting European debt crisis. First two chapters represent rather a theoretical part of the thesis, in which the author is dealing generally with the importance and the role of the ECB in the course of the European integration, including its origin, its management structure and internal decision-making process. The second chapter focuses in detail on the ECB's tasks and competencies with emphasise mainly on the monetary policy and on the clarification how a so called transmission mechanism enables the measures adopted within the monetary policy to transform into the real economy. There is also more elaborated the primary task of ECB which is to maintain the price stability. The second part of this thesis is more analytical and reflects current trends and development in the EU banking sector with an accent on the ECB's attitudes. The recent financial crisis is discussed in the third chapter together with the new regulatory rules. Financial crisis tend to have some joint characteristics like e.g. the source of their origin that often lies in an excessive and rapid loan expansion, in leverage increase,...

The thesis deals with discourse surrounding the topic of the Greek debt crisis (GDC) in the online version of the British daily newspaper the Guardian (www.theguardian.com). The study builds on a bilateral division of the EU public discourse on the economic crisis, distinguishing between two opposing perspectives: "the Northern diagnosis" (DeGrauwe 2011: 5) prevailing in Germany and other creditor states, and 'the Southern opinion' on the situation held mainly by the debtor countries. The thesis examines the position of the Guardian in relation to this bilateral discourse framework. The Guardian represents a liberal, socially aware and traditionally EU-supportive newspaper that is published in a country which counts among the Europe's leading economic and political powers, a country that is also characterized by strong Eurosceptic tendencies. These aspects form a complex background with regard to the EEC/GDC discourse framework. There are factors supporting both "the Northern diagnosis" of the GDC and those suggesting inclination to 'the Southern opinion'. The analysis, dealing with a self-collected corpus (altogether 349 texts, 277 973 words) consisting of the Guardian online news on the GDC is situated - both theoretically and methodologically - in the field of Corpus- assisted discourse studies...

Jaromír Beránek - Comparison of the Market Regulation in the EU and in the USA in the Context of Economic Crisis Abstract: Once the U.S. real estate bubble burst in 2007 and most of the major American banks ran into a financial distress following the rising number of mortgage defaults, few foresaw that these problems would grow into the biggest global crisis since 1930s. Soon it turned out that the fall was inevitable. Due to the lack of regulation an uncontrolled growth in bad credits occurred over the years preceding the crisis outbreak. Financial institutions, silently supported by credit rating agencies, started pushing complicated and opaque investment instruments into the hungry market, and investors gladly bought them, motivated by the promise of high bonuses. The ongoing process of globalization and international linking of financial markets significantly accelerated the evolvement of the crisis and contributed to its spread around the world. Burdened by the immense costs of bank bailouts governments of many countries faced a threat of an imminent bankruptcy, and were forced to seek international aid. In the EU, the USA and on the international scene, several initiatives arose, striving to create effective regulatory reforms and to strengthen tools for a timely identification and prevention of...

Cette thèse de doctorat représente un effort visant à contribuer à la littérature sur le système d'alerte précoce traitant de la prévision de la crise de la dette souveraine et de la compréhension des comportements d’investissement et de croissance des PME dans le contexte de la crise financière mondiale. Le chapitre 1 adresse les crises de la dette à travers un échantillon d'économies émergentes dans la poursuite d'un modèle d'alerte précoce efficace et précis basé sur trois techniques différentes d'exploration de données. Les chapitres 2 et 3 mettent l'accent sur les mécanismes qui sous-tendent l'investissement et la croissance des PME d'un pays en voie de développement dans le contexte de la CFM. Le chapitre 2, réalisé en collaboration avec Majda Seghir, explore le comportement d'investissement des PME en Serbie relatif à la disponibilité des flux de trésorerie générés en interne dans le cadre de la CFM. Il relie cette sensibilité au niveau de contraintes financières comme approximé par les variables telles que la taille de l'entreprise, la structure de propriété, l'effet de levier et la tangibilité de leurs actifs. Finalement, le chapitre 3, travail conjoint avec Michael Stemmer, s'appuie sur l'idée derrière le chapitre 2 pour étudier l'effet des contraintes financières sur la croissance des PME serbes en utilisant le cadre GMM. Nous opposons nos résultats à une économie avancée en faisant une comparaison avec des entreprises belges. / This doctoral thesis represents an effort aimed to contribute to Early Warning System literature dealing with prediction of sovereign debt crisis and understanding of investment and growth behavior of SMEs inthe setting of the global financial crisis. Chapter 1 deals with debt crises over a sample of emerging economies in pursuit of an efficient and accurate early warning model based on three different datamining techniques. In Chapters 2 and 3 the focus is on the mechanisms behind investment and growth of SMEs in a developing country in the context of GFC. Chapter 2, joint work with Majda Seghir, exploresthe investment behavior of SMEs in Serbia with regard to the availability of internally generated cash flowin the context of GFC. It relates this sensitivity to the level of financial constraints as proxied by variables such as firm’s size, ownership structure, leverage and tangibility of their assets. Finally, Chapter 3, done in collaboration with Michael Stemmer, builds on the idea behind Chapter 2 to investigate the effect of financial constraints on growth of Serbian SMEs using GMM framework. We contrast our results with anadvanced economy by running a comparison with Belgian firms.

[pt] Expansões fiscais têm sido propostas como soluçao para economias passando por fortes recesseções e episódios de deflação. Mostramos em uma arcabouço fiscalista que um aumento dos deficits pode iniciar uma estagflação por afetar negativamente a intermediação de recursos para investimentos. Intermediários financeiros coletam depósitos para comprar títulos do governo e realizar empréstimos através de contratos nominais de longo-prazo. Quando intermediários enfrentam fricções financeiras e um descasamentos entre seus ativos e passivos, uma inflação surpresa e/ou uma reavaliação dos preços dos títulos prejudica seus balanços, reduzindo os empréstimos, investimentos e produção. Em uma expansao fiscal, a recessção vem com inflação porque a queda na oferta de capital iniciada no setor financeiro aumenta os custos marginais das firmas produtoras de bens. A probabilidade de uma recessão é maior quanto maior for o descasamento de maturidade, a sensibilidade dos preços dos titulos às taxas de juros e quanto maior a participação dos titulos no balanço dos bancos. Esses resultados: (1) dão suporte teórico para a relação negativa entre a performance do setor financeiro e alta inflação; (2) ajudam a explicar episodios de alto endividamento publico, alta inflação e crises bancarias e, mais importante, (3) expõem desvantagens de politicas fiscais inflacionarias propostas para inflacionar e estimular economias com baixa inflação, onde o arcabouço proposto neste artigo é mais provavel de estar presente. / [en] Expansionary fiscal policies have been advocated to induce output expansions and inflation in deep recession or deflationary episodes. We show that, in a fiscalist setup, an increase in deficits can trigger a stagflation by negatively affecting financial intermediation of resources to investments. Financial intermediaries collect deposits to buy government bonds and lend through nominal long-term loans. When intermediaries face financial frictions and a maturity mismatch on their assets and liabilities, a surprise inflation and/or a revaluation of bonds prices impair their net-worth reducing lending, investments, and output. Recession comes with inflation in a fiscal expansion because the fall on capital triggered on the financial sector rises production firms marginal costs. The probability of a recession is higher the greater is the maturity mismatch, the sensitivity of bonds prices to the policy rate, and the share of bonds on banks balances. These results: (1) give theoretical support for the negative relation documented between financial sector performance and inflation (2) help explaining high debt, high inflation environments coinciding with banking crisis and, more importantly, (3) expose drawbacks of fiscal inflation policies proposed to inflate and stimulate low inflation economies, where the fiscalist setup stressed in this paper is more probable to be present.

Submitted by Miguel de Campos Pinto Coelho (miguelpintocoelho@gmail.com) on 2016-03-01T02:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16_S2-932304-Miguel_Pinto_Coelho.pdf: 1544988 bytes, checksum: 0410eb0c13fc1b0030abc341426188b1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-03-01T12:28:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16_S2-932304-Miguel_Pinto_Coelho.pdf: 1544988 bytes, checksum: 0410eb0c13fc1b0030abc341426188b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-01T13:13:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015-16_S2-932304-Miguel_Pinto_Coelho.pdf: 1544988 bytes, checksum: 0410eb0c13fc1b0030abc341426188b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-18 / This project investigates if there was any influence of credit rating agencies and long-term government bond yields on each other before, during and after Europe’s sovereign debt crisis. This is addressed by estimating the relationship and causality between sovereign debt ratings or bond yields and macroeconomic and structural variables following a different procedure to explain ratings and bond yields. It is found evidence that, in distressed periods, ratings and yields do affect one another. This suggests that a rating downgrade might create a self-fulfilling prophecy, leading relatively stable countries to default. / Neste projeto, investigamos se as agências de rating e as taxas de juro de longo prazo da dívida soberana tiveram uma influência recíproca antes, durante e após a crise da dívida soberana Europeia. Esta análise é realizada, estimando a relação existente entre os ratings da dívida soberana ou taxas de juro e factores macroeconomicos e estruturais, através de uma diferente aplicação de metodologias utilizadas para este efeito. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, no período da crise soberana, os ratings e as taxas de juros tiveram um mútuo impacto, sugerindo que as descidas dos ratings podem ter conduzido a profecias auto-realizáveis, levando países relativamente estáveis a um eventual incumprimento