Les cellules dendritiques sont les principales cellules présentatrices d’antigènes, qui initient et modulent les réponses immunitaires. Parmi elles, les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) représentent les cellules effectrices clés de la réponse antivirale par leur production de fortes quantités d’interférons de type I (IFN). Leur infiltration dans les tumeurs mammaires est un facteur de mauvais pronostique, indiquant que l’environnement tumoral détourne la fonction des pDC pour qu’elles favorisent la croissance tumorale. Dans ce contexte, nous avons démontré que les pDC infiltrant les tumeurs (TiPDC) mammaires conservent leur capacité d’acquérir un phénotype mature en réponse aux ligands des TLR 7 et 9 et d’activer la prolifération des lymphocytes T naïfs, alors qu’elles sont fortement altérées pour leur production d’IFN de type I. Cette altération fonctionnelle est induite par le TGF-β et le TNFα produits par l’environnement tumoral. La phosphorylation de SMAD dans les TipDC in situ confirme le rôle de la signalisation du TGF-β dans la dysfonction des pDC. Ces observations i) démontrent les mécanismes par lesquels les tumeurs mammaires inhibent la fonction des pDC et ii) fournissent de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques visant à bloquer les facteurs tumoraux responsables de l’altération fonctionnelle des pDC. Outre leur capacité à infiltrer différents types de tumeurs dont les carcinomes, les pDC sont également recrutées dans les épithéliums inflammés lors d’infections virales ou de pathologies autoimmunes. Les mécanismes régulant cette migration restent à ce jour peu élucidés. Dans ce contexte, nous démontrons qu’une sous-population de pDC dans l’amygdale co-exprime CCR6 et CCR10, les récepteurs aux chimiokines CCL20 et CCL27/28 responsables du recrutement des cellules immunes dans les sites épithéliaux. In situ, les pDC sont retrouvées en contact étroit avec les ligands de CCR6 et CCR10 dans les épithéliums inflammés, suggérant que les couples CCR6-CCL20 et CCR10-CCL27/28 contrôlent la migration des pDC dans ces sites. Ces observations ont été confirmées in vivo puisque le recrutement des pDC dans des tumeurs de mélanome induit lors d’une inflammation est aboli dans les souris déficientes pour CCR6. De plus, les pDC circulantes humaines acquièrent l’expression de CCR6 et CCR10 in vitro en présence d’IL-3 tout en conservant parallèlement leur capacité de produire de l’IFN de type I en réponse au virus. Ainsi, nos résultats démontrent que les pDC circulantes pourraient êtres conditionnées via l’expression de CCR6 et CCR10 à migrer dans les épithéliums inflammés lors de pathologies infectieuses et non-infectieuses, où elles seraient capables d’exercer leurs fonctions innées. Ces travaux pourraient mener au développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutique basées sur la mobilisation et la manipulation des fonctions des pDC de l’induction de tolérance à l’induction d’immunité anti-tumorale de type anti-virale / Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells initiating and modulating immune responses. Among them, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) represent key antiviral effectors through their production of high amounts of type I interferons (IFN). Their infiltration in breast tumors was correlated with a adverse clinical outcome, suggesting that the tumor environment somehow subvert pDC functions which in turn may promote the tumor growth. In this line, we demonstrated that breast tumor-associated pDC (TApDC) keep their ability to acquire a fully mature phenotype after TLR7 or 9 triggering and to activate naïve T cells proliferation, while they are strongly impaired for their capacity to produce type I IFN. This alteration of their main innate function is mediated by tumor-derived TGF-β and TNFα. SMAD phosphorylation in breast TApDC in situ further confirmed TGF-β signaling involvement in their dysfunction. These observations represent mechanistic of how breast tumors impair pDC function, and provide insights for developing new therapeutic strategies preventing the negative impact of tumor factors on infiltrating pDC. In addition to their description in many types of tumors including carcinoma, pDC also traffic into inflamed epithelial sites during viral infections or autoimmunity. But mechanisms underlying such pDC homing still remain unclear. Here we also report that a subset of tonsil pDC express CCR6 and CCR10 receptors for epithelial homing chemokines CCL20 and CCL27/28 respectively. In situ, pDC in inflamed epithelia are found in close contact with CCR6 and CCR10 ligands, indicating that CCR6/CCL20 and CCR10/CCL27/28 axis might mediate pDC homing in inflamed peripheral sites. These observations were further confirmed in vivo since inflammation-induced recruitment of pDC into melanoma tumor was abrogated in CCR6-deficient mice. Importantly, CCR6 and CCR10 expression was induced on human blood pDC in vitro in presence of IL-3 and such differentiated pDC keep their ability to produce type I IFN upon viral stimulation. Thus, our results also demonstrate that blood pDC might be conditioned through CCR6 and 10 upregulation to home inflamed epithelia during infectious or non-infectious disorders where they can exert their innate functions. This work may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies to mobilize and manipulate the function of pDC - from inducing tolerance to inducing antiviral-like anti-tumor immunity

The human gut harbors a vast number of microbes. These microbes are not passive bystanders. They are important in modulating the immune system. We have previously shown that early colonization with lactobacilli and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus differentially associates with allergy development and/or immune profile at early ages. Here we focus on understanding how these microbes modulate the response of intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in vitro. In paper I, we investigated the impact of UV-killed and/or cell free supernatant (CFS) of different Lactobacillus (L.) species and S. aureus strains on cytokine production from intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and immune cells. Enterotoxin-expressng S. aureus 161:2-CFS triggered CXCL-1/GRO-α and CXCL-8/IL-8 production by IEC. S. aureus-induced CXCL-8/IL-8 production was hampered by MyD88 gene silencing of IEC, indicating the importance of TLR signaling. Further, lactobacilli-CFS and S. aureus-CFS were able to induce the production of a number of cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors, but only S. aureus triggered T-cell associated cytokines: IL-2, IL-17, IFN-γ and TNF-α; which were dampened by the co-treatment with S. aureus and any of the different Lactobacillus strains. Flow cytometry of the stimulated PBMC further verified IFN-γ and IL-17 production by T cells upon treatment with S. aureus-CFS, which also induced CTLA-4 expression and IL-10 production by Treg cells. In paper II, we investigated the influence of CFS of L. reuteri and S. aureus on the differentiation of monocyte to DC and subsequently how the generated DC influence T cell response. DC generated in the presence of L. reuteri exhibited an increase in expression of surface markers (HL-DR, CD86, CD83, CCR7) and cytokine production (IL-6, IL-10 and IL-23), but had a decreased phagocytic capacity compared with conventional Mo-DC, showing a more mature phenotype. However, upon LPS stimulation, DC generated in the presence of L. reuteri-CFS displayed a more regulatory phenotype, with a reduced cytokine response both at mRNA and protein levels. On the contrary, DC generated in the presence of S. aureus-CFS resembled the control Mo-DC both at mRNA and protein expression, but SA-DC was more efficient in inducing cytokine production in autologous T cells. In paper III, we studied the influence of L. reuteri-CFS on the retinoic acid (RA)-driven mucosal-like DCs’ phenotype and function to modulate T regulatory cells (Treg) in vitro. DC generated in the presence of RA showed a mucosal-like regulatory-DC phenotype with its CD103 expression, high IL10 production and decreased expression of genes associated with inflammation (NFκB1, RELB and TNF). Further, treatment with L. reuteri-CFS enhanced the regulatory phenotype of RA-DC by increasing the production of several chemokines, such as CXCL1, CXCL5, CCL3, CCL15 and CCL20, which are involved in gut homeostasis, while dampening the expression of most chemokine receptor genes. L. reuteri-CFS also increased CCR7 expression on RA-DC.  RA-DC co-cultured with T cell increased IL10 and FOXP3 expression in Treg. However L. reuteri-CFS pre-conditioning of the RA-DC did not improve the Treg phenotype. In conclusion, bacteria-CFS can have an impact on the response of IEC, differentiation and function of DC and, subsequently the T cell response, when taken together in the context of gut; these can have an impact on the health and disease of the host. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted.</p>

Les cellules dendritiques (DCs) jouent un rôle essentiel dans la réponse immunitaire. En effet leur fonction de présentation de l’antigène les place au cœur de l’induction de la réponse immunitaire adaptative. Ceci, les rends vulnérables aux attaques des agents pathogènes. En effet de nombreux agents pathogènes détournent la réponse des DCs. Je me suis donc proposé d’étudier la réponse des DCs à Tropheryma whipplei, Coxiella burnetii, Brucella abortus et Orientia tsutsugamushi. J’ai pu mettre en évidence un défaut de maturation des DCs infectées par C. burnetii et B. abortus, liée à un défaut de la voie de l’interféron (IFN) de type I et de secretion de l'IFN-b. La deuxième partie de ma thèse replace le système immunitaire inné dans le cadre de l’immunité tissulaire humaine. Je me suis premièrement intéressé aux macrophages placentaires. J’ai pu démontrer que la capacité des macrophages placentaires à former des MGCs est altérée lors d’une chorioamniotite, ce qui laisse supposer que ces cellules géantes jouent un rôle dans le maintient de la tolérance fœto-maternelle. Deuxièmement je me suis intéressé aux DCs placentaires (plaDCs). J’ai ainsi put démontrer que les plaDCs sont de véritables DCs myéloïdes conditionnées par leur environnement direct ou hormonal au cours de la grossesse. Mon travail illustre deux concepts, le premier démontre la nécessité d’utiliser des techniques à haut débit pour identifier les perturbations induites par plusieurs agents pathogènes. Le deuxième démontre que l’environnement des cellules immunitaires participe fortement à leurs réponses face à des agents pathogènes mais également sur leur phénotype et fonction. / Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the immune response. Indeed, their antigen presenting function allows them to be considered as the main inducers of adaptive response. This pivotal role also makes vulnerable to pathogen attacks. Indeed, numerous pathogens target DC response to avoid a microbicidal adaptive immunity to take place. To understand these mecanisms, I investigated the response of DCs to T. whipplei, C. burnetii, B. abortus and O. tsutsugamushi. I could highlight a phenotypic but not functional defect of maturation in DCs infected by C. burnetii and B. abortus, which was related to a defect in type I IFN response. Indeed, C. burnetii and B. abortus did not induce the production of IFN-b and induced an abnormal phosphorylation of MAPKs, known to participate to DC maturation. In this study, I could demonstrate that C. burnetii and B. abortus interfere with type I IFN response. The second part of my thesis dealt with innate immune system in the human tissue. First I interested myself in placental macrophages. I demonstrated that placental macrophages ability to form MGCs was altered in chorioamnionitis, suggesting that MGCs play a role in tolerance as they disappear in an infectious pathology. Second, I interested myself in placental DCs (plaDCs) for which I could conclude that plaDCs are true myeloid DCs that are polarized by their microenvironment. My work highlight two concepts, the first one demonstrate the necessity of high throughput methods for the analysis of cell response to several pathogens. The second concept demonstrates that direct environment or hormones can affect immune cells response to pathogen but also their phenotype and function.

Les plus grandes interfaces avec l'environnement extérieur sont la peau, et les muqueuses gastro-intestinales. Ces barrières, sont constamment menacées par des attaques physico-chimiques ou par des tentatives d'invasion de micro-organismes. Les phagocytes mononucléés qui comprennent les DCs, les monocytes et les macrophages et sont issus de la lignée myéloïde possèdent des propriétés distinctes de phagocytose de pathogènes et de cellules apoptotiques, d'apprêtement des antigènes et de présentation de ces derniers aux lymphocytes T. d'activation. La distinction de ces différentes cellules est un enjeu majeur pour la compréhension des mécanismes de la réponse immune et pour sa modulation dans des buts thérapeutiques. En utilisant des marqueurs cellulaires Ly-6C, CD64 et ainsi que le fait que les monocytes dépendent du récepteur de chimiomokine CCR2 pour émigrer de la moelle osseuse et les DCs de l'engagement du récepteur Flt3, nous avons montré pour la première fois qu'il existe dans la peau et l'intestin une cascade de différenciation qui conduit à des monocytes et des macrophages tissulaires et est distincte de celle donnant naissance aux DCs. Nous avons ensuite étudié le comportement de ces cellules dans une inflammation stérile dans la peau médiée par le DNFB (dinitrofluorobenzène) et dans une maladie inflammatoire de l'intestin (IBD) et montré que leurs capacités de migration vers les ganglions lymphatiques et de présentation antigénique à des lymphocytes T sont dépendantes du modèle utilisé. Cette déconvolution des populations tissulaires de cellules monuclées nous permet ainsi de disséquer le rôle de chacun de ces acteurs lors de la réponse immune. / The skin and the gastrointestinal mucosa that are the largest interfaces with the external environment. These barriers are the guardians of the body's integrity and are constantly threatened by physicochemical or microorganisms attacks. They have a dense network of effector cells dedicated to the defense of the body. Among them, mononuclear phagocytes which include DCs, monocytes and macrophages are all derived from the myeloid lineage and possess distinct properties of pathogens and apoptotic cells phagocytosis, antigens processing and presentation to T cells. However, DCs, monocytes and macrophages share common ancestry and functions and are hard to differentiate from each other in tissues and lymphoid organs. The distinction of these cells is a major challenge for understanding immune response's mechanisms and its modulation for therapeutic purposes.Using Ly-6C, CD64 and CCR2 as cell markers, as well as the CCR2 dependent emigration from bone marrow of monocytes and DCs dependency to Flt3-L, we have shown for the first time a cascade of monocytes differentiation, and separate populations of tissue monocytes, macrophages and DCs within the skin and the intestine. We then studied the behavior of these cells in a sterile skin inflammation mediated by DNFB (dinitrofluorobenzène) and in an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and showed that their ability to migrate to lymph nodes and to present antigens to naïve T lymphocytes are model dependent. Disentangling those tissue populations allows us to dissect the role of each of these actors in the immune response.

As células dendriticas (DC) da lamina própria constituem um grupo heterogêneo de células essenciais na homeostase do intestino. Nos últimos anos, estudos vem mostrando participação do complexo mTORC2 na regulação de células da imunidade inata. Desta forma, usando animais deficientes em mTORC2 nas DCs nos investigamos o papel deste complexo sob a funcoes das DCs num modelo de colite ulcerativa. Observamos que a ausência de mTORC2 nas DCs diminui a inflamação intestinal e prejudica a migração dessas células para os linfonodos. Consequentemente, estes animais também apresentam redução no numero de linfócitos Th17, Treg e T CD8&#43IFNg&#43. Estes resultados parecem ser independentes da composição da microbiota intestinal. In vitro, células dendriticas derivadas da medula ossea (BMDCs) deficientes em mTORC2 não mostraram deficiência na regulação positiva de CD80 e MHC-II quando estimuladas, mas mostraram menor produção de TNF-a e IL-6. Estas células também apresentaram menor capacidade na diferenciação de Th17. Nossos resultados indicam que mTORC2 participa na regulação das funções das DCs, especialmente na migração e produção de citocinas pos estímulos lnflamatorios. / Dendritic cells from lamina propria encompass a heterogeneous group of cells which play a key role in intestinal homeostasis. In the past few years, it has been shown the participation of mTORC2 in regulating innate immune cells. In our study, we used mTORC- deficient DCs to investigate the role of this complex in DCs functions in ulcerative colitis model. Absence of mTORC2 in DCs reduces the intestinal inflammation, impairs DCs migration which in turn decreases the number of Th17, Tregs and CD8&#43IFNg&#43 T cells. These results seem to be independent of gut microbiota composition. Our in vitro results showed that bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) deficient in mTORC2 can upregulate CD80 and MHC-II after stimulus but present decreased production of TNF-a and IL-6. Those cells also showed deficiency in Th17 differentiation. Our results suggest that mTORC2 play pivotal role in DCs functions highlighting migration and cytokine production.

No description available.

La constante augmentation des allergies en début de vie suggère une déficience de régulation immunitaire au cours de cette période. La tolérance orale est un mécanisme clé de régulation au niveau de l’intestin pour le maintien de l’homéostasie immunitaire. L’objectif de ma thèse a été de déterminer dans un modèle murin les mécanismes à l’origine de la tolérance orale en début de vie afin de mieux prévenir le développement d’allergies. L’induction de tolérance orale en début de vie n’est efficace qu’à partir de la 3ème semaine de vie. Le défaut de tolérance orale observé au cours des 2 premières semaines de vie est la conséquence d’un défaut de capture de l’antigène et d’expression de la RALDH (enzyme de conversion du rétinol en acide rétinoïque) par les cellules dendritiques CD103+ mésentériques, résultant en une ignorance de l’antigène. Les taux de rétinol sanguins en période néonatale sont très bas, et un enrichissement du lait maternel en vitamine A permet de corriger cette déficience néonatale ainsi que le défaut de présentation antigénique des cellules dendritiques CD103+. Cet enrichissement permet également de prévenir l’apparition de l’allergie dès les premiers jours de vie. De manière surprenante, alors que chez la souris adulte, la tolérance orale dépend de la génération de lymphocytes T régulateurs, la tolérance orale observée chez les souriceaux âgés de 3 semaines et chez les nouveau-nés ayant reçu de la vitamine A, dépend de la génération de lymphocytes Th1. / Increased prevalence of allergies in early life suggests a deficiency of immune regulation during this period. Oral tolerance is a key immuno-regulatory mechanism in the gut for immune homeostasis. The principal objective of my thesis was to determine in a murine model the mechanisms at the origin of oral tolerance in early life to better prevent allergy development. We found that induction of oral tolerance in early life is effective only from the 3rd week of life. The defect of oral tolerance observed during the first 2 weeks of life is the consequence of a defect in antigen capture and RALDH expression (enzyme which converts retinol in retinoic acid) by mesenteric CD103+ dendritic cells. Serum levels of retinol in neonatal period are very low, and an enrichment of the maternal milk with vitamin A allows to correct this neonatal deficiency as well as the defect of antigen presentation by the CD103+ dendritic cells. This enrichment also allows allergy prevention from the first days of life. To our surprise, while in adult mice, oral tolerance depends on the generation of regulatory T lymphocytes, oral tolerance observed in the 3 week-old mice and in the newborn which received vitamin A, depends on the generation of Th1 lymphocytes. These results demonstrate that vitamin A levels in early life are directly correlated with Th1 differentiation induced by oral administration of allergen, necessary for allergy prevention. This knowledge should now be taken into account for the implementation of allergy prevention strategies, more specific and better adapted to the neonatal period, such as a supplementation with vitamin A.

INTRODUÇÃO: A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM), causada pelo fungo dimórfico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, é uma doença sistêmica granulomatosa, endêmica em toda América Latina. Estudos anteriores no modelo experimental e em humanos relacionaram a resposta imune tipo Th1 à proteção, com imunodepressão antígenoespecífica transitória nas formas aguda e crônica, e recuperação após cura clínica. As células dendríticas de origem mielóide (DCs) são as mais potentes apresentadoras de antigeno, sendo capazes de induzir resposta Th1 em linfócitos T, porém seu papel na PCM humana ainda não foi descrito. OBJETIVO: Investigar as características in vitro de DCs derivadas de monócitos de pacientes com PCM. MÉTODOS: DCs de pacientes com PCM ativa (AP) e tratada (TP), e de indivíduos sadios (CO) foram geradas a partir de monócitos do sangue periférico aderidos ao plástico e tratados com IL-4 e GM-CSF. Após 6 dias, as DC diferenciadas (CD11c+, CD1a+, CD14-) foram ativadas com TNF- (DC+TNF) ou deixadas sem estímulo (nDC) por 48 horas. As moléculas de superfície CD11c, CD1a, HLA-DR, CD86, CD80 e DCSIGN das DCs foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo e as citocinas IL-10, IL- 12p40 e CCL18 foram dosadas nos sobrenadantes das culturas por ELISA. As DCs de TP e CO também foram geradas a partir de monócitos obtidos por seleção positiva em coluna magnética (micropérolas) e comparadas às células obtidas pelo método de aderência. Os sobrenadantes das DCs de TP foram utilizados como estímulo das DCs de CO e as moléculas de superfície e a secreção de citocinas foram analisadas novamente. RESULTADOS: As DCs dos grupos AP e TP apresentaram expressão de CD11c e CD1a similar à observada nas DCs de CO. No grupo TP, foi observada maior expressão de HLA-DR, CD86 e DC-SIGN nas nDC e HLA-DR e CD86 nas DC+TNF que nos grupos AP e CO que, por sua vez, apresentaram percentual de DCs positivas e a expressão dessas moléculas similares. As nDC do grupo AP secretaram significantemente menos IL-10 que as DCs de CO, sendo que a ativação com TNF- reduziu a produção dessa citocina em todos os grupos. O efeito oposto foi observado na secreção de IL-12p40, sendo que as DC+TNF do grupo TP apresentaram os maiores níveis dessa citocina. Tanto nDC quanto DC+TNF do grupo AP secretaram mais CCL18 que as correspondentes do grupo TP. Os sobrenadantes de TP tiveram pouco ou nenhum efeito sobre as DCs de CO. CONCLUSÕES: DCs derivadas de monócitos do sangue periférico de pacientes com PCM podem ser diferenciadas e ativadas in vitro com TNF-a, expressando as moléculas de superfície características. DCs de pacientes com PCM tratada tem alta expressão de HLA-DR, CD86 e DCSIGN e secreção aumentada de IL-12p40, e DCs de pacientes com a doença ativa apresentam expressão de moléculas similar às de DCs de indivíduos sadios. DCs obtidas por aderência de monócitos resultaram em maior freqüência de DCs CD86+, com maior secreção de IL-12p40 que células obtidas por micropérolas em amostras de indivíduos sadios e de pacientes tratados. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se a plasticidade in vitro de DCs derivadas de monócitos de pacientes com PCM, revelando o potencial dessas células na geração de uma resposta imune protetora / INTRODUCTION: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, being a granulomatous systemic disease, endemic in Latin America. Previous studies on experimental and human PCM have established the relation between Th1 immune response and protection, antigenspecific transitory immunodepression in acute and chronic forms and recovery after clinical treatment. Myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen presenting cells, capable of inducing Th1 response on T lymphocytes. Their role on human PCM has not yet been described. OBJECTIVE: To investigate in vitro characteristics of monocyte-derived DCs from PCM patients. METHODS: DCs from active (AP) and treated PCM (TP) and from healthy individuals (CO) were generated from plastic adhered monocytes treated with IL-4 and GM-CSF. After 6 days, differentiated DCs (CD11c+, CD1a+, CD14-) were activated with TNF- (DC+TNF) or untreated (nDC) for 48 hours. Surface molecules CD11c, CD1a, HLA-DR, CD86, CD80 and DC-SIGN were analyzed by flow citometry and cytokines IL-10, IL- 12p40 and CCL18 were assayed on cultures supernatants by ELISA. DCs from the TP and the CO groups were also generated from positive selection of monocytes on magnetic column (microbeads) and compared to adhered monocyte-derived DCs. DC from the CO group were stimulated with supernatants from the TP cultures followed by flow cytometric analysis of surface molecules and production of cytokines. RESULTS: DCs from the AP and the TP groups showed similar expression of CD11c and CD1a in comparison to the CO group. On the TP group, nDC showed higher expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and DC-SIGN and DC+TNF of HLA-DR and CD86 than the AP and the CO groups which had similar percentage of positive cells and expression of these molecules. nDC from the AP group showed significantly lower levels of IL-10 than the CO group and decreased levels of this cytokine were observed with TNF- activation. The opposite effect was observed on IL-12p40 production in which DC+TNF from the TP group showed the highest levels. Both nDC and DC+TNF from the AP group had increased levels of CCL18 compared to the TP cells. Supernatants from TP had little or no effect on DCs from the CO group. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral blood monocyte-derived DCs from patients with PCM can be differentiated and activated with TNF- in vitro with expression of typical molecules. DCs from patients with treated PCM showed up-regulation of HLA-DR, CD86 and DC-SIGN and the highest production of IL-12p40. DCs from patients with active PCM had similar expression of these molecules compared to control group. Adherence of monocytes resulted in higher frequency of CD86+ DCs with upregulation of IL-12p40 than microbeads positive selection method on samples from healthy donors and treated patients. This study demonstrated the in vitro plasticity of monocyte-derived DCs from patients with PCM, revealing the potential of these cells in generating a protective immune response

A comunicação entre sistema nervoso e imune contribui para a homeostasia. Em humanos, a convivência com portadores de doenças crônicas (\"caregiving\") é agente causador de alterações inclusive imunológicas. Modelos animais podem contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos aí envolvidos. Avaliamos aqui, em fêmeas sadias, as alterações decorrentes do convívio com parceira singenêica (C57/Bl6) portadora do melanoma B16F10. Os resultados mostraram que esta convivência, por 20 dias: 1) alterou o comportamento, sem modificar a concentração sérica de corticosterona; 2) aumentou a expressão de CD80 nas populações MHCII+CD11c+, no baço, mas não nos linfonodos; 3) diminuiu o percentual de células MHCII+CD80+ após cultura de medula óssea, por sete dias em meio com GM-CSF, IL-4 e LPS; 4) inibiu, parcialmente, a indução de uma reação de hipersensibilidade tardia; 5) não modificou o estabelecimento do melanoma. Assim, este modelo pode, com cautela, ser usado para o estudo das alterações imunes observadas em \"caregivers\". / The communication between the nervous and immune systems contributes to the homeostasis. In humans, living with chronic disease bearers (caregiving) is the causing agent of alterations including the immunological ones. Animal models can contribute for understanding the involved mechanisms. Herein, we evaluated, in healthy females, the alterations caused by cohabiting with a syngeneic (C57Bl/6) partner bearing the B16F10 melanoma. The results showed that such cohabitation for 20 days: 1) altered the behavior without modifying the corticosterone seric level; 2) increased the CD80 expression on MHC+CD11c+ cells at the spleen, but not those at the lymph node; 3) decreased the percentage of MHCII+CD80+ bone marrow cells cultured for 7 days in a GM-CSF, IL-4 and LPS medium. 4) partially inhibited the induction of a delayed type hypersensitivity; 5) did not modified the melanoma establishment. So forth, this model may cautiously be taken as a means for the study of immune alteration observed in caregivers.

O papel do complemento na modulação da resposta de células dendríticas não é bem entendido. Neste trabalho observamos que estas células produzirem proteínas do complemento e que o componente C3 regula positivamente a expressão de DC-SIGN, HLA-DR, CD1a, CD80 e CD86 e a produção de IL-6 e IL-12 por células dendríticas humanas. Também observamos, em modelo murino, menor expressão de MHC-II em células dendríticas C5aR-/-, a qual está associada com menor expressão do transativador de MHC-II; menor expressão de moléculas coestimuladoras nas células C3aR-/-, C5aR-/- e C5L2-/- e menor produção de IL-12p40, IL-12p70 e IL-6 em resposta a ligantes de TLR2 pelas células C3aR-/- e C5aR-/-. Conseqüentemente, a ausência de sinal pelos C3aR e C5aR, regula negativamente a habilidade destas células na indução da resposta de linfócitos T CD4+, modificando os níveis de proliferação e citocinas produzidas. De maneira conjunta, observamos participação do complemento na diferenciação e maturação de células dendríticas e no desenvolvimento da resposta imune adaptativa. / The role of complement in the modulation of dendritic cells functions remains elusive. Here we show that these cells are able to produce complement proteins and that complement C3 upregulates the expression of DC-SIGN, HLA-DR, CD1a, CD80 and CD86 and the production of IL-6 e IL-12 by human dendritic cells. We also observed, in a mouse model, lower expression of MHC-II in C5aR-/- dendritic cells, which is correlated to lower expression of MHC-II transactivator; lower expression of costimmulatory molecules in C3aR-/-, C5aR-/- and C5L2-/- cells and lower production of IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IL-6 by C3aR-/- and C5aR-/- cells in response to TLR2 stimulation. In consequence to the absence of C3aR and/or C5aR signaling we observed that these cells have lower ability to induce CD4+ T cells proliferation and production of Th1 cytokines. Together our data show a participation of complement in dendritic cell differentiation and maturation and in the polarization of adaptative immune responses.