La migration cellulaire dirigée est un processus crucial lors du développement embryonnaire, de la cicatrisation, de la réponse immunitaire mais aussi lors de la formation de métastases. La réussite de ces processus nécessite que les cellules perçoivent un signal asymétrique, l'interprète et s'oriente pour migrer de façon dirigée. In vivo, la migration est dirigée par de nombreux signaux du microenvironnement cellulaire. L'hypoxie, ou diminution du niveau d'oxygène tissulaire, est une caractéristique importante de l'environnement cellulaire dans l'embryon et dans les tumeurs solides. Du fait de la limitation de la diffusion de l'oxygène, l'hypoxie génère in vivo des gradients d'oxygène. Nous avons développé une méthode originale dans laquelle des cellules épithéliales génèrent elles-mêmes gradient d'oxygène in vitro. Et de façon très intéressante, ces cellules sont capables de migrer de façon directionnelle vers des concentrations en oxygène plus élevées. Cette capacité d'aérotaxie est indépendante de la respiration mitochondriale et des acteurs de réponse à l'hypoxie. Les dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (ROS) seraient les médiateurs de la réponse migratoire au gradient. La production asymétrique de ROS entre l'avant et l'arrière des cellules serait à l'origine de l'activation différentielle du récepteur EGFR et de la persistance des cellules vers des concentrations plus importantes en oxygène. Cette capacité chimio-attractante de l'oxygène, connue chez les bactéries, mais non décrite pour des cellules eucaryotes, pourrait jouer un rôle majeur lors du développement embryonnaire et dans la dissémination métastatique / Cell migration is a crucial process during embryonic development, wound healing, immune system but also metastasis. Success of these processes relies on the capacities of cells to sense an asymmetric signal, interpret it and orient themselves to migrate in a directed manner. In vivo, migration is guided by several signals from the cellular microenvironment. Hypoxia, or decrease in the level of tissue oxygen, is an important feature of the cellular environment in the embryo and in solid tumors. Owing to the limitation of oxygen diffusion, hypoxia often generates oxygen gradients in vivo. We have developed an original method in which epithelial cells themselves generate oxygen gradient in vitro. And interestingly, these cells are able to migrate directionally to higher oxygen concentrations. This aerotaxis ability is independent of mitochondrial respiration and hypoxia response pathway. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) would mediate the migratory response to the gradient. The asymmetric production of ROS between the front and the back of the cells would be at the origin of the differential activation of the EGFR receptor and the persistence of cells towards higher oxygen concentrations. This chemoattractant capacity of oxygen, known in bacteria, but not described for eukaryotic cells, could play a major role in embryonic development and in metastatic dissemination

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HiltonLC.pdf: 613137 bytes, checksum: 5fb2db6e3e506a15970d49908b77bf14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-22 / Alterations in the neuropsychomotor development of children are not rare and can manifest themselves with varying intensity at different stages of their development. In this context, maternal risk factors may contribute to the appearance of these alterations. A number of studies have reported that neuropsychomotor development diagnosis is not an easy task, especially in the basic public health network. Diagnosis requires effective, low-cost, and easy - to-apply procedures. The Denver Developmental Screening Test, first published in 1967, is currently used in several countries. It has been revised and renamed as the Denver II Test and meets the aforementioned criteria. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to apply the Denver II Test in order to verify the prevalence of suspected neuropsychomotor development delay in children between the ages of 0 and 12 months and correlate it with the following maternal risk factors: family income, schooling, age at pregnancy, drug use during pregnancy, gestational age, gestational problems, type of delivery and the desire to have children. For data collection, performed during the first 6 months of 2004, a clinical assessment was made of 398 children selected by pediatricians and the nursing team of each public health unit. Later, the parents or guardians were asked to complete a structured questionnaire to determine possible risk indicators of neuropsychomotor development delay. Finally the Denver II Developmental Screening Test (DDST) was applied. The data were analyzed together, using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software, version 6.1. The confidence interval was set at 95%. The Denver II Test yielded normal and questionable results. This suggests compromised neuropsychomotor development in the children examined and deserves further investigation. The correlation of the results with preestablished maternal risk variables (family income, mother s schooling, age at pregnancy, drug use during the pregnancy and gestational age) was strongly significant. The other maternal risk variables (gestational problems, type of delivery and desire to have children) were not significant. Using an adjusted logistic regression model, we obtained the estimate of the greater likelihood of a child having suspected neuropsychomotor development delay: a mother with _75 4 years of schooling, chronological age less than 20 years and a drug user during pregnancy. This study produced two manuscripts, one published in Acta Cir?rgica Brasileira , in which an analysis was performed of children with suspected neuropsychomotor development delay in the city of Natal, Brazil. The other paper (to be published) analyzed the magnitude of the independent variable maternal schooling associated to neuropsychomotor development delay, every 3 months during the first twelve months of life of the children selected.. The results of the present study reinforce the multifactorial characteristic of development and the cumulative effect of maternal risk factors, and show the need for a regional policy that promotes low-cost programs for the community, involving children at risk of neuropsychomotor development delay. Moreover, they suggest the need for better qualified health professionals in terms of monitoring child development. This was an inter- and multidisciplinary study with the integrated participation of doctors, nurses, nursing assistants and professionals from other areas, such as statisticians and information technology professionals, who met all the requirements of the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte / As altera??es do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor na crian?a n?o s?o raras e podem manifestar-se com intensidade vari?vel em diferentes etapas do seu desenvolvimento. Neste contexto, fatores de risco materno podem contribuir para o aparecimento daquelas altera??es. Alguns estudos t?m relatado que o diagn?stico neuropsicomotor n?o ? uma tarefa f?cil, sobretudo, na rede b?sica de sa?de. Isto requer procedimentos eficazes, de baixo custo e de f?cil aplicabilidade. O Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver, publicado pela primeira vez em 1967, hoje usado em diversos pa?ses, revisado e nominado atualmente como Teste de Denver II, preenche aqueles crit?rios. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar o Teste de Denver II com a finalidade de verificar a preval?ncia de suspeita de atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor de crian?as de 0 a 12 meses de idade e correlacionar com fatores maternos de risco: renda familiar, escolaridade, idade ao engravidar, uso de drogas durante a gesta??o, idade gestacional, intercorr?ncias gestacionais, tipo de parto e o desejo de ter o filho. Para a coleta dos dados, realizada nos seis primeiros meses do ano de 2004, inicialmente foi feita a avalia??o cl?nica das 398 crian?as selecionadas com a participa??o de pediatras e equipe de enfermagem de cada posto de sa?de; posteriormente, os pais ou cuidadores responderam a um question?rio estruturado para determina??o de poss?veis indicadores de risco de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Finalmente, aplicou-se o Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II (Teste de Denver II). Os dados coletados foram analisados em conjunto, atrav?s do programa Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS, vers?o 6.1. Utilizou-se o intervalo de confian?a de 95%. Atrav?s da aplica??o do Teste de Denver II, obtivemos resultados Normais e Question?veis. Estes sugerem preju?zos no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor da crian?a examinada e merece maior investiga??o. A correla??o dos resultados com as vari?veis de risco materno pr?-estabelecidas renda familiar, escolaridade da m?e, idade ao engravidar, uso de drogas durante a gesta??o e idade gestacional foi fortemente significativa. As outras vari?veis de risco materno - intercorr?ncias gestacionais, tipo de parto e desejo de ter filho - n?o foram significativas. Atrav?s da t?cnica multivariada de regress?o log?stica, chegamos ? estimativa de maior probabilidade de uma crian?a ser suspeita de atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor: m?e com instru??o escolar formal _ 4 anos, idade cronol?gica inferior a 20 anos e usu?ria de droga durante a gesta??o. Este estudo gerou dois manuscritos, um deles publicado na "Acta "Cir?rgica Brasileira , pela qual se faz uma an?lise de crian?as com suspeita de atraso no seu desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor na rede p?blica de sa?de, da cidade de Natal. O outro manuscrito, a ser publicado, analisa a magnitude da vari?vel independente escolaridade materna associada ? suspeita de atraso de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, trimestralmente, nos doze primeiros meses de vida das crian?as selecionadas. Os resultados apresentados neste estudo refor?am a caracter?stica multifatorial de neurodesenvolvimento e o efeito cumulativo dos fatores de risco ix materno; alertam para a necessidade de uma pol?tica regional que promovam programas de baixo custo e abordagem comunit?ria, envolvendo crian?as com riscos de atraso no seu desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor. Al?m disso, sugere um melhor preparo de todos os profissionais de sa?de em rela??o ? vigil?ncia do desenvolvimento da crian?a. Esta foi uma pesquisa inter e multidisciplinar pela participa??o integrada de profissionais da sa?de, como m?dicos, enfermeiros, auxiliares de enfermagem e profissionais de outras ?reas, como estat?sticos e profissionais de inform?tica, que preenchem todos os requisitos do Programa de P?sgradua??o em Ci?ncias da Sa?de da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte

The thesis is focused on talents and methods to deal with them. The basic terms (gifts, their types, talent etc.) are explained at the beginning of the work, followed by methods of detection and recognition of individual talent, types of talent and specific groups of talented individuals. Furthermore, there are mentioned approaches in educating gifted children and ways to choose appropriate method for specific individuals. In the practical part of this thesis, these approaches and methods are judged on the basis of realistic usage and use in practice. The basis for this judgement is the evaluations of the teachers and the parents. The information acquired by research work is compared with conclusions of the theoretic part.

The thesis deals with creativity of the older school age within the leisure time edu-cation. The theoretical part shows the different points of view to the phenomenon of creativity and basic methods of its developement. It describes the specifics of the older school age stage emphasising the way of spending their leisure time. The practical part puts the theoretical knowledge into practice through preparation and realization of the one-week project for the older school age children. The individual activities are linked with a compact game.

The thesis deals with general creativity and creativity development of adolescent children by the means of project method. Theoretical part describes creativity as a term, its factors and levels. It further characterizes these terms: creative activity, creation, creative thinking, brainware, and creative experience. Further it analyses creativity importance for an individual person and society as a whole. It also characterises creative type of personality, describes pedagogical creativity and offers ways and means of creativity support. Next part draws up creative thinking development possibilities and development possibilities of qualities important for creative personality development. Next chapter pursues project method character. It describes case-history, then it targets the project-problem relation, highlights project education effects and basic principles. It focuses on phases of the project process and project pattern overview. In following chapters school subject art education, its characteristic, its main goals, and art education pedagogy methods and forms are described. Artistic expression development and crises of artistic expression are described, too. The thesis further concerns leisure time, extracurricular education and its institutions, relations of leisure time, lifestyle and focus on social values. Last chapter considers adolescence. Practical part contains description of an art project, which is divided into several creative activities. This part is focused particularly on spontaneous expression of a group supporting.

L’évaluation des capacités motrices est une activité essentielle de l’analyse de mouvement. Cette activité permet de quantifier la performance d’un patient et ainsi d’être capable de suivre et de contrôler son évolution pour assurer un traitement adapté. Les kinésithérapeutes ont donc besoin d’outils précis leurs permettant de mesurer cette performance. Pour cela, ils ont développé leurs propres outils basés sur l’observation et des exercices normés. Pourtant, cette activité pourrait être supportée et augmentée par l’utilisation de technologies avancées. Il existe une catégorie d’outils technologiques permettant le suivi et la capture de ces mouvements. Leur utilisation dans des systèmes d’aide à l’évaluation pourrait affiner l’évaluation des thérapeutes et également augmenter sa reproductibilité. Pour assurer l’utilisation dans la durée de ce type d’outils, il est nécessaire de répondre à la question suivante : « quels sont les enjeux et les critères de développement spécifiques aux systèmes d’évaluation des capacités motrices ? ». Dans ce travail de thèse, cette question a été restructurée suivant 3 axes : « comment mesurer les capacités motrices ? », « comment analyser et communiquer le résultat ? » et enfin « comment intégrer ce système dans la pratique médicale ? ». Pour chacun de ces axes, les critères clés de développement ont été investigués et des contributions sont présentées. Afin d’illustrer ces critères, une étude de cas a été menée : l’instrumentation, à l’aide de nouvelles technologies de capture de mouvements, d’un protocole de mesure de capacités motrices (aussi appelé MFM ou Mesure de la Fonction Motrice). / The motor capacities (motor skills)’ evaluation is an essential activity for movement analysis. This activity aims is to quantify the human’s motor performance to be able to follow-up and control the evolution of the patient’s pathology thus allowing an adapted treatment. The physiotherapists need accurate tools able to measure this performance. They developed their own tools based on observations and normalized exercises. This activity can be supported and enhanced by the technological advances. A category of motion tracking tools exists to track and record those movements. Their use in motor evaluation system could refine the therapist’s evaluations and increase their reproducibility. To insure the correct development and use of such tools it is necessary to answer the following question: “what are the development stakes and criteria related to a system for measure and evaluation of motor capacities?” This thesis work refined this question into the 3 following research axis: “how to measure motor capacities?”, “how to analyze and communicate the result?”, “how to integrate this system in the medical practice?” For each of those axis the key criteria for development were investigated and contributions are presented. To illustrate those criteria a case study was conducted: the instrumentation, with new motion capture technologies, of an assessment protocol for motor capacities also called MFM (The Motor Function Measure).

Das selektive Laserschmelzen (SLM) erlaubt komplexe Geometrien zu fertigen, die, z. B. in Form von integrierten Kühlkanälen, bei Werkzeugen von großer Bedeutung sind. Aktuell werden in der Industrie hauptsächlich Aluminium-, Stahl-, Titan-, Nickel- und Kobaltchromlegierungen mit SLM verarbeitet. Für die additive Fertigung sind Stähle interessant, die besondere Eigenschaften aufweisen. So wird für Konstruktionsbauteile größtenteils korrosionsbeständiger Stahl verwendet. Ein weiteres Anwendungsfeld ist die Herstellung von Werkzeugen. Die besonderen Ansprüche an die mechanischen Eigenschaften, die für Werkzeuge benötigt werden, erfüllen die Werkzeugstähle. Durch die Neigung zu Rissbildung und Verzug resultiert eine herausfordernde Verarbeitbarkeit im SLM-Prozess. Werkzeugstähle wurden bisher auf Grund dieser Herausforderungen selten mit SLM prozessiert. Es besteht daher ein großer Bedarf die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Prozess, der Verarbeitbarkeit, dem entstehenden Gefüge und den resultierenden Eigenschaften aufzuklären. In dieser Arbeit werden die Mikrostruktur und die mechanischen Eigenschaften dreier hochfester Stahllegierungen, verarbeitet im SLM-Prozess, untersucht. Eine Legierungsentwicklung, speziell auf die Anforderungen des SLM-Prozesses zugeschnitten, ermöglicht, das volle Potenzial des SLM-Prozesses auszuschöpfen. Die Verarbeitbarkeit der neu entwickelten Legierung im SLM-Prozess konnte erfolgreich gegenüber den Ausgangslegierungen verbessert werden.

This thesis describes the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) and the Vietnamese national Standards on Auditing (VSA), their genesis and current situation. The thesis presents a development of the audit in Vietnam, it's present situation and expected progress. The research refers to a survey. The aim of this survey was finding out the opinions and attitudes of Vietnamese's auditors to ISA and VSA.

This thesis analyzes the private health insurance as a supplement to public health insurance in the Czech Republic. The first part discusses the theoretical concepts and the definition of insurance in the Czech insurance market. Concurrently carried out in detail the previous and upcoming reforms of health system. The second part focuses on the analysis of the impact of the introduction of commercial health insurance products to insurance economics and the economy forecast of further development in this area.

Studiens syfte är att synliggöra förskollärares didaktiska arbete i förskolan medspråkutveckling som exempel. Detta för att skapa djupare kunskaper och förståelse förförskollärarnas undervisning utifrån studiens fyra frågeställningar. Utifrån syftetutmynnar frågeställningar som handlar om hur förskollärare arbetar med didaktiskafrågor med inriktning på språkutveckling i förskolan. Även hur lärarna bedriverundervisning och hur den kommer till uttryck i förskolan. Det görs genom att få reda påvarför förskollärare väljer att arbeta på ett visst sätt, hur de väljer att undervisa, det villsäga vilka metoder förskollärarna väljer att använda sig av. Även vad förskollärarnaväljer att arbeta med innehållsmässigt. Jag har genomfört tre semistruktureradeintervjuer med två förskollärare från en förskola belägen i centrala delarna av en svenskstorstad och med en förskollärare i ett förortsområde av den valda storstaden. För attbelysa resultatet ligger det didaktiska perspektivet till grund för studiens empiri. Detteoretiska ramverket är utgångspunkten för studiens analys, det vill säga det didaktiskaperspektivet och det sociokulturella perspektivet, samt de fyra frågeställningarna.Resultatet i studien visar att undervisningen som ska genomföras på förskolan är enaning svårtolkad om huruvida det ska bedrivas av förskollärarna. Det beror påförskollärarnas olika tolkningar om hur undervisningen ska implementeras i förskolan.Förskollärarna planerar undervisning utifrån didaktiska planeringsmallar för att den skabli kvalitativ. Lärarna använder sig av färre didaktiska val i verksamheten närplaneringstiden uteblir på grund av tidsbrist. På så vis tillämpas spontanaundervisningar framför planerade tillfällen. I resultatet framgår det också hurförskollärare tillämpar olika metoder för att ha en framgångsrik språkutveckling och detbehövs inte göras utifrån planeringensunderlag. Det visar att i yrkesrollen skaförskolläraren kunna tillämpa spontana aktiviteter. Enligt intervjuerna kan denkvalitativa undervisningen utebli om och när personalstyrkan inte är fulltaliga. Det göratt förskollärarna inte kan dela in barnen i smågrupper vilket resulterar i att utrymme förspråklig utveckling och lärande blir mindre för barnen. Då kan lärarnasundervisningsformer blir bristande. Utifrån intervjuerna ser samtliga förskollärareproblematik i genomförandet när planeringensunderlag inte blir genomtänkt i denutsträckningen som förskollärarna önskar.