<p>Israel has many meanings that are crucial to the analysis and interpretation of any resolution of the Israel-Palestine conflict. With the Middle East Peace process initiated in 1993, both Jews and Palestinians have begun to rethink their relationship to their homelands. But negotiations take place within an arena where two nations claim one territory, and where one nation also claims a "diasporic" relationship to homeland. Using anthropological and cultural studies' approaches to nationalism, diaspora and the politics of location, I explore how North American Jews construct and experience their relationships to Israel. Traveling on organized Jewish tours to Israel and participating in numerous Jewish community events over a 4-year period, I have /~ < examined how the "Israel" displayed and enacted as a Jewish homeland and nationstate through Israeli nationalist and Zionist narratives is "taken up" or interpreted by I Jews in diaspora. An identifiable, shared, tragic past, and common ancestry helps to l define all Jews as a nation, and Israel as their homeland, but, significantly, not their home. Jews in diaspora envision Israel as the Jews' homeland, and as modem nation state. It is a symbol of the Jews' accomplishments and survival as a nation. But their primary focus is on the relations of nation and feelings of responsibilities towards other Jews. These practices and ideas require a recasting of ideas of "national" identity which assume territoriality, so as to include the practices of deterritorialised identifications with the nation, or what I call "diaspora nationalism.'\ Moreover, I suggest that the" diaspora nationalism" of North American Jews is part of a general post-Zionist phenomenon.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The dissertation is focusing on migration in the EU, specifically on comparing Vietnamese communities in the Czech Republic and in France. The first and the second part of the dissertation is comparing these two Vietnamese communities. The historical background, migrants'integration to local community and position of immigrants at the Czech and French labour markets. The third part is assessing the impact of these communities on Vietnam.

Le Web est un environnement éphémère. Alors que de nouveaux sites Web émergent chaque jour, il arrive que certaines communautés disparaissent entièrement de la surface de la toile, ne laissant derrière elles que des traces incomplètes voire inexistantes. Face à la volatilité du Web vivant, plusieurs initiatives d’archivage cherchent malgré tout à préserver la mémoire du Web passé. Mais aujourd’hui, force est de constater qu’un mystère demeure : Pourquoi, alors qu’elles n’ont jamais été aussi vastes et aussi nombreuses, les archives Web ne font-elles pas déjà l’objet de multiples recherches historiques ? Initialement construites pour inscrire la mémoire de la toile sur un support durable, ces archives ne doivent pourtant pas être considérées comme une représentation fidèle du Web vivant. Elles sont les traces directes des outils de collecte qui les arrachent à leur temporalité d’origine. Partant de là, cette thèse ambitionne de redonner aux chercheurs les moyens théoriques et techniques d’une plus grande maniabilité du Web passé, en définissant une nouvelle unité d’exploration des archives Web : le fragment Web, un sous-ensemble cohérent et auto-suffisant d’une page Web. Pour ce faire, nous nous inscrirons dans l’héritage des travaux pionniers de l’Atlas e-Diasporas qui permit, dans les années 2000, de cartographier et d’archiver plusieurs milliers de sites Web migrants. Source principale de données à partir desquelles nous déploierons nos réflexions, c’est à travers l’angle particulier des représentations en ligne des diasporas que nous chercherons à explorer les archives Web de l’Atlas. / The Web is an unsteady environment. As Web sites emerge every days, whole communities may fade away over time by leaving too few or incomplete traces on the living Web. Facing this phenomenon, several archiving initiatives try to preserve the memory of the Web. But today, a mystery remains : While they have never been so vast and numerous, why are the Web archives not already the subject of many historical researches ? In reality, Web archives should not be considered as a faithful representation of the living Web. In fact, they are the direct traces of the archiving tools that tear them away from their original temporality. Thus, this thesis aims to give researchers the theoretical and technical means for a greater manageability of the Web archives, by defining a new unit of exploration : the Web fragment, a coherent and self-sufficient subset of a Web page. To that end, we will follow the pioneering work of the e-Diasporas Atlas which allowed, in the 2000s, to map and archive thousands of migrant Web sites. Main source of data from which we will unfold our reflections, it is through the particular angle of online representations of diasporas that we will explore the Web archives of the Atlas.

[pt] O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar como os refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio oriundos da República Democrática do Congo inseridos na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro acessam as políticas públicas. Para chegar a tais fins, este estudo se utilizou de uma pesquisa de caráter qualitativo, cujos instrumentos eleitos para a produção dos dados foram entrevista semiestruturada e as observações e reflexões contidas no diário de campo fundadas na prática profissional, enquanto assistente social em uma instituição da sociedade civil que atende a população refugiada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, além da análise bibliográfica e do estudo das normativas brasileiras para proteção ao refúgio. Foram realizadas nove entrevistas com refugiados e solicitantes de refúgio congoleses, sendo uma mulher e oito homens, inseridos em diferentes municípios que compõem a Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. As entrevistas foram realizadas entre janeiro e abril de 2021 e foram todas gravadas mediante o consentimento dos entrevistados. Para análise dos dados obtidos na pesquisa empírica foram estabelecidos como método de operacionalização a técnica de análise de conteúdo qualitativo. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que o acesso da comunidade congolesa às políticas de saúde, assistência social, emprego/trabalho e habitação não acontecem de forma ampla, já que o acesso está intrinsecamente relacionado à assistência efetiva desempenhada pelas organizações da sociedade civil que atendem esta população. Ademais, as dimensões socioculturais, assim como as estratégias por eles construídas são elementos determinantes no modo como os refugiados congoleses acessam as políticas públicas brasileiras, sobretudo em contexto pandêmico. / [en] This study aimed to analyze how refugees and asylum seekers from the Democratic Republic of Congo who are inserted in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro access public policies. To reach such ends, this study used qualitative research, whose instruments chosen for the production of data were semi-structured interviews and observations and reflections contained in the field diary that are based on professional practice as a social worker. in a civil society institution that serves the refugee population in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in addition to the bibliographical analysis and the study of Brazilian regulations for refugee protection. Nine interviews were carried out with Congolese refugees and asylum seekers, one woman and eight men, inserted in different spaces that make up the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro. The interviews were carried out between January and April 2021 and were all recorded with the consent of the interviewees. To analyze the data obtained in the empirical research, the technique of qualitative content analysis was established as an operationalization method. The survey results show that the Congolese community s access to health, social assistance, employment/work and housing policies does not happen in a broad way, as the access of refugees and asylum seekers to the policies is intrinsically related to the effective assistance provided by civil society organizations that serve the refugee population in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, the sociocultural dimensions, as well as the strategies they build, are determining elements in the way Congolese refugees access Brazilian public policies, especially in a pandemic context.

ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS THE STRING OF 10,000 FIRECRACKERS by Jan Becker Florida International University, 2017 Miami, Florida Professor Les Standiford, Major Professor THE STRING OF 10,000 FIRECRACKERS is a collection of personal essays that examines the narrator’s upbringing as a Marine Corps brat, and her experience immigrating into civilian society in the United States after a childhood segregated behind barbed-wire on military bases. The collection begins with the title essay, when the narrator, at nine years-of-age, tosses an ignited string of 10,000 firecrackers at her stepfather, a decorated Vietnam veteran, triggering post-traumatic flashback, and a reflection on the author’s experience recovering traumatic amnesia. Intended to mimic the disjointed recall of trauma, the opening essay also serves to inform the subsequent essays in the collection, which take place between 1974 and 2014. Thematically, the collection explores: alienation from homeland and family, the diasporic nature of military life, the devastating effects of war, childhood sexual abuse, violence, death and grief, breaking the silence of long-held family secrets, and finding a place to call home.

This thesis seeks to analyse the role of the Gambian diaspora activists in Gambian politics particularly during the December 1st, 2016, Presidential election in which the long-time dictator Yahya Jammeh was defeated by the less experienced and known Adama Barrow. Despite an extensive mobilization effort over the past twenty-two years, spanning across continents, the fragile and disorganized Gambian diaspora has been unable to exert influence in Gambian politics due to unfavourable domestic conditions such as the unwillingness of the opposition to unite as well as state repression. However, the formation of coalition 2016 provided the diaspora activists an opportunity to engage effectively in mobilizing against the Jammeh regime through their online media platforms as well as financial contribution.  By using a multi-level research design using interviews and document analyses, the thesis explores the mobilization strategies of the Gambian diaspora as means of influencing at both the homeland and international levels.

Lors des trois derniers siècles, comment les Écossais, Irlandais, Gallois, Cornouaillais, Mannois et Bretons sont-ils parvenus à construire leurs identités celtiques ? Au dix-huitième siècle, les régions celtiques et leurs expatriés à Londres et à Paris s’appuyèrent sur la redécouverte de leur héritage celtique pour exprimer leur voix nationale. Les Bretons et les Gallois, puis les Écossais, les Irlandais, les Mannois et les Cornouaillais, se rapprochèrent lors de trois congrès qui identifièrent six langues celtiques apparentées comme essentielles à la survie des cultures celtiques. Elles le sont toujours aujourd’hui. La revitalisation de ces langues a permis aux cultures celtiques de contrecarrer des attaques visant à les éradiquer. Autrefois considérées comme arriérées, les langues celtiques se sont adaptées à l’écriture, à l’imprimerie et au monde moderne. En assurant une continuité entre passé et présent, ces langues forment la mémoire du celtisme. L’héritage celtique de la Galice, lui, a fusionné mémoire et imagination car cette région ne parle plus de langue celtique depuis la conquête romaine de la péninsule ibérique. La celticité qu’elle revendique est à l’origine de son nationalisme face à l’État espagnol. Les six régions celtiques se sont elles aussi inventé une ethnicité celtique car elles utilisent leur nationalisme pour se distinguer de leurs États-hôtes. Le nationalisme a exporté le celtisme au-delà des frontières des régions celtiques. Les identités celtiques écossaises sont issues d’un partenariat entre l’Écosse, lieu de naissance des tartans, des clans et du gaélique écossais, et l’Amérique du Nord, qui a rendu ces aspects mondialement célèbres. Les interprétations diasporiques de la culture celtique écossaise ont ensuite été réintroduites en Écosse, si bien que celtisme d’origine et celtisme diasporique semblent avoir fusionné. Les diasporas celtiques participent à la survie des identités celtiques en élaborant leurs moyens d’expression. / How have the Scots, Irish, Welsh, Cornish, Manx and Bretons maintained their Celtic identities over the last three centuries? The Celtic revivals Scotland, Ireland, Brittany and Wales started experiencing in the eighteenth century were not confined to these regions. They were supported by expatriate Celts in London and Paris. The search for a distinct national voice encouraged the Welsh and Bretons, and subsequently the Scots, Irish, Manx and Cornish, to form a pan-Celtic union consolidated by three Celtic congresses. Since the revivals, the Celtic regions have come closer together thanks to the Celtic languages, whose revitalisation has enabled the Celtic cultures to overcome attacks meant to eradicate them. Once regarded as backward, the Celtic tongues have adapted to modernity through the passage to writing and print, and through their extension to new fields. As a bridge between past and present, they form the memory of modern Celticism. Comparatively, Galicia has fused memory and imagination together because it no longer speaks any Celtic language. The Celticity Galicia has fashioned for itself since the mid-nineteenth century has given birth to Galician nationalism, embodied within an autonomous community. Similarly, the six Celtic regions have invented a Celtic ethnicity for themselves, since there is no continuity between the ancient and the modern Celts. The latter have used nationalism to strengthen their distinctiveness from their dominant neighbours. Nationalism has exported Celticism beyond the boundaries of the Celtic regions. Celtic Scottishness results from a partnership between Scotland, the initiator of tartans, clan gatherings and Scottish Gaelic, and North America, which has made these aspects internationally popular. Diasporic versions of Scottish Celtic culture have been introduced into the homeland, so that original and diasporic Celtic Scottishness have blended together. The diaspora Celts give Celtic identities new forms of expression.

Comment concevoir l'« intégration » à l’ère de la mondialisation ? Dans quelle mesure le mot « intégration » demeure-t-il encore pertinent pour les migrants eux-mêmes à notre époque dite « mondialisée » et « transnationale » ? En soulignant les caractéristiques normatives, désormais performatives et interactives, du concept d’« intégration », cette thèse se propose de fournir une réponse partielle à partir d'expériences de politisation des nouveaux migrants chinois dans la région parisienne. Grâce à une ethnographie multi-située dans plusieurs communes chinoises et plusieurs quartiers parisiens, nous reconstituons le processus dynamique d’intégration via des actions politiques collectives. Arrivés avant tout avec des motivations économiques, les migrants en viennent à s'impliquer dans divers quartiers, ce qui les conduit à se mobiliser et se confronter aux règles tacites du système sociopolitique français. À travers leur apprentissage politique à plusieurs niveaux, ils créent une conscience de minorité désirant une reconnaissance politique en tant que membre de la société française. Un tel désir n’affaiblit pas pour autant leur sentiment d’appartenance à la communauté chinoise. Plus leur statut social est élevé, plus les migrants semblent capables de s'approprier leur origine chinoise comme une ressource en vivant des expériences à la fois « transnationales » et « translocales ». L’accès à la citoyenneté est donc inégal au sein d’une même communauté et ne peut être mesurée qu'en croisant les origines migratoires et le statut social. / How to grasp the notion of “integration” in an era of globalization? To what extent does the word “integration” remain relevant for migrants themselves in “globalized” and “transnational” times? By emphasizing the normative, thereby performative and interactive, characteristic of the concept of “integration”, my dissertation proposes a partial answer to these questions based on the experiences of political mobilization of Chinese migrants in Paris. Drawing on a multi-sited ethnography in several towns in China and neighborhoods in Paris, I reconstitute Chinese migrants’ dynamic processes of integration through collective actions. Arriving in Paris with primarily economic motivations, their involvement in different neighborhoods pushes them to engage in a political process of mobilization while confronting the tacit rules of the French political system. Through their political learning process, they create a minority consciousness with a desire for their political recognition as members of the French political community. However, such a desire does not weaken their feelings of belonging to the Chinese community. The higher their social status is, the more the migrants prove capable of capitalizing on their ethnic origin and use it as a resource to live a “transnational” as well as “translocal” experience. The access to political rights and citizenship is thus unequal within the Chinese community and cannot be measured without crossing ethnic origins and social class positions.

Les langues d'immigration sont une catégorie spéciale de langues minoritaires, caractérisées par le fait qu'elles peuvent être majoritaires dans leur pays d'origine. C'est d'ailleurs pour cette raison que le Conseil de l'Europe, dans sa Charte Européenne des Langues Régionales ou Minoritaires, a choisi de ne pas les intégrer en argumentant que leur statut officiel, ou du moins majoritaire, dans leurs Etats d'origine suffit à assurer leur protection et à leur promotion. Néanmoins, les locuteurs de ces langues, en contexte de migration, sont tout de même en position de minorités. L’étude de ces dernières revêt alors toute son importance. Comment les locuteurs parlent-ils, protègent-ils et enseignent-ils leurs langues d'origine ? Quelle représentation de leurs langues ont-ils ? Peut-on, pour mieux comprendre ces phénomènes linguistiques, catégoriser les migrations et ainsi différencier plusieurs types de communautés ? Une diaspora se différencie-t-elle d'une migration économique par ses pratiques linguistiques ? Un modèle est-il envisageable ? Le rapport au territoire de ces communautés sera central dans ce questionnement. Trois communautés migrantes d'origine européenne seront étudiées pour essayer de répondre à ces questions. Le choix de ces dernières est représentatif de différentes configurations migratoires mais aussi culturelles et, évidemment, linguistiques. Les concepts de diaspora et de communauté transnationale seront analysés. Le choix de travailler sur des langues européennes découle d'un raisonnement simple. Le statut de citoyen de l'Union Européenne des locuteurs de ces langues leur confère le droit de circuler librement dans les Etats membres et cette mobilité intra-communautaire va aller crescendo au fil des années jusqu'à devenir - ne l'est-il pas déjà ? - un enjeu capital de l'UE. De plus, la proximité culturelle, religieuse et linguistique de ces communautés vis-à-vis de la France, ainsi que la proximité géographique des territoires d'origine et d'accueil sont des éléments à prendre en compte. / Immigration languages are a special category of minority languages, characterized by the fact that they may be majoritarily spoken in their original countries. It is for this reason that the Council of Europe, in their European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, chose not to integrate them basing on the argument that their official status, or at least their majoritarily-spoken status, in their original countries is sufficient to ensure their protection and promotion. However, speakers of these languages in immigration context are still in a position of minorities. Hence it is important to study them. How speakers speak, protect and teach their native languages? What representations of their languages do they have? Can we, to have a better understanding of these linguistic phenomena, categorize the migrations and differentiate several types of communities? Do diasporas differ from economics migrations in their linguistics practices? Is it possible to establish a model? The relation to the territory of these communities will be central to this inquiry. Three migrant communities of European origin will be studied in the end to answer these questions, the choice of which is based on the representativity migration and cultural patterns and, of course, language patterns. The concepts of diaspora and transnational community will be analyzed. The choice to work on European languages derives from a simple reasoning. The European Union citizenship status of the speakers of these languages gives them the right to move freely within the Member States and the intra-EU mobility will go crescendo over the years to come – isn’t it already the case? - a key issue in the EU. In addition, the proximity to these communities - cultural, religious and linguistic - with French people, as well as the geographical proximity between original and host countries are taken into account.

La présente étude s’intéresse à une diaspora de femmes chinoises qui s’est développée en volume et en diversité au cours de la dernière décennie, mais qui reste peu visible dans la recherche scientifique et dans les médias grand public. Ces femmes migrantes, connues sous le nom « peidu mama » (陪读妈妈), accompagnent leur enfant mineur à étudier dans des pays développés réputés pour leur éducation nationale. Située dans les contextes socioculturels de la Chine et du Canada, cette étude vise à explorer la négociation et la (re)construction d’identités des peidu mama sur et avec les réseaux sociaux à l’ère du Web 2.0. S’appuyant sur une analyse thématique des données issues d’entrevues individuelles semi-structurées avec cinq participantes et de leurs contenus numériques sur les réseaux sociaux, cette étude a examiné comment elles s’approprient stratégiquement les affordances des médias sociaux pour produire un soi transnational à travers une mise en récit de leurs expériences de migration. Les résultats démontrent que les participantes ont négocié la féminité traditionnelle associée aux peidu mama, tout en reproduisant certaines normes de genre issues de l’intersection du néolibéralisme et du confucianisme. À travers une coproduction de connaissances entre la chercheuse et les participantes, cette étude cherche à contribuer de nouveaux points de vue aux réflexions sur la migration des femmes à l’ère numérique. / This present study focuses on a diaspora of Chinese women that has grown in volume and diversity over the past decade, yet remains largely invisible in scientific research and mainstream media. These migrant women, known as “peidu mama” (陪读妈妈), accompany their underage child to study in developed countries renowned for their national education. Situated within the sociocultural contexts of China and Canada, this study aims to explore peidu mama’s negotiation and (re)construction of identities on and with social media in the era of Web 2.0. Drawing upon a thematic analysis of data derived from semi-structured individual interviews with five participants and their digital content on social media platforms, this study examined how they strategically appropriate the affordances of social media to craft a transnational self through a storytelling of their migration experiences. The results show that the participants negotiated the traditional femininity associated with peidu mama, while reproducing certain gender norms stemming from the intersection of neoliberalism and Confucianism. Through a coproduction of knowledge between the researcher and the participants, this study seeks to contribute new points of view to reflections on women’s migration in the digital age.