This thesis demonstrates the necessity of inventarisation of word-formation components in the bi-lingual dictionaries, taking adjective affixoids as an example. Describing the hands-on approach to addition of these word-formation components into the upcoming Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary, it points to the issues arising in connection with the inventarisation itself.

The aim of the given work was to point out the problems of the collocability of german adjectives in dictionaries and on the basis of the executed analysis to suggest possible solutions which could be exploited in the entries. The primary information sources were the german dictionary Duden and the german-czech dictionary Siebenschein, the secondary ones were the internet corpus DeReKo and the web search engine Google. The dictionary collocations should not be chosen by the criterion of their quantity, but by the criterion of their usefulness. They should exemplify the differences between both languages and they should be used as the assure instance for the dictionary user.

Ce travail de recherche se situe à un moment particulier de réforme du système éducatif algérien. Il prend sa source dans les difficultés suscitées par la mise en œuvre de cette réforme, du point de vue, pour l’enseignement des mathématiques, de l’approche par les compétences et de l’intégration des TICe. Il questionne le potentiel des ressources de Sésamath, une association française d’enseignants, pour soutenir le travail des professeurs confrontés à cette réforme.Ancrée dans l’approche documentaire du didactique, la thèse a suivi plus particulièrement trois professeurs d’un collège, à la fois dans leurs classes régulières et dans un atelier de mathématiques, laboratoire d’intégration des ressources de Sésamath.Elle considère particulièrement les systèmes de ressources des enseignants en analysant leur structure et leur évolution, dans la perspective d’une modélisation de ces systèmes. Elle exploite la notion de schème, et notamment d’invariants opératoires, pour décrire l’évolution des connaissances des professeurs.Elle montre comment l’intégration des ressources de Sésamath, dans un milieu arabophone, conduit à développer un travail collectif de sélection, d’adaptation, de traduction et de mise en œuvre de ses ressources. Elle montre comment l’intégration des activités de Sésamath basées sur la résolution de problèmes a soutenu les enseignants dans leur travail de mise en œuvre de la réforme. Elle met en évidence l’intérêt de ces interactions pour l’évolution des connaissances et le développement professionnel des enseignants impliqués.L’étude ouvre des pistes, aussi bien pour la formation des enseignants que pour la modélisation de leur système de ressources / This research is situated at a particular moment of reform of the Algerian educational system. It originates from the difficulties of implementing this reform from a point of view, for mathematics education, of the competency-based approach and the integration of ICT. It questions the potential of the resources of Sésamath, a French association of teachers, for supporting the work of teachers facing this reform.Anchored in the documentary approach to didactics, the PhD followed in particular three teachers from a college, both in their regular classes and in a mathematics workshop, the Sésamath resource integration laboratory.It particularly considers teacher resource systems by analyzing their structure and evolution, aiming to modelling these systems. It exploits the notion of scheme, and especially operational invariants, to describe the evolution of teachers' knowledge.It shows how the integration of Sésamath's resources, in an Arabic-speaking environment, leads to developing a collective work of selection, adaptation, translation and implementation of these resources. It shows how the integration of problem-based Sésamath activities has supported teachers in their work for implementing the reform. It highlights the value of these interactions for the evolution of knowledge and professional development of the teachers involved.The study opens ways, both for teacher training and for modelling their resource system

Cette étude s’appuie sur l’enseignement de la lecture-compréhension en français pour un public universitaire débutant en FLE au Brésil. Après avoir fait le point sur cette approche didactique et les enjeux de l’enseignement-apprentissage de la lecture en langue étrangère, dans lequel l’acquisition lexicale joue un rôle important, nous rappelons des notions-clés de la lexicologie et de la sémantique lexicale et présentons le cadre des travaux développés en lexicographie pédagogique, où nous situons plus précisément notre travail. En effet, malgré la diffusion de cet enseignement parmi les étudiants en Amérique latine et sa constante réélaboration afin de rendre compte de nouvelles situations d’apprentissage, il présente des lacunes importantes. Ces lacunes se trouvent autour d’un point névralgique pour une grande partie des lecteurs : le déficit lexical. Un déficit qui n’est pas lié qu’à un simple manque de vocabulaire, mais qui passe aussi par un savoir-apprendre les mots. Cette situation est mise à l’épreuve dans cette thèse par deux recherches expérimentales. Une première recherche à caractère plutôt prospectif vise à repérer le rôle du dictionnaire, et particulièrement du dictionnaire bilingue lors de la lecture et l’effet de son usage sur la construction du sens. Une deuxième recherche met en rapport l’emploi de deux outils lexicographiques, un dictionnaire bilingue et un dictionnaire pédagogique destiné à des apprenants de FLE. Ces recherches nous donnent des pistes essentielles pour l’intégration de l’étude lexicale à ce genre d’enseignement et sont complétées par l’analyse des dictionnaires disponibles pour ce public particulier. Ce parcours nous aide à tracer les principes méthodologiques pour l’élaboration d’un dictionnaire pédagogique d’appui à la lecture et à l’acquisition lexicale fondés sur la lexicographie fonctionnelle. / This study is based on the teaching model of reading French as a foreign language by university students who are beginners in this language in Brazil. After presenting the essential topics of this didactic approach and the issues related to the teaching-learning process when reading in a foreign language, in which the lexical acquisition plays a major role, we present the basics of lexicology and lexical semantics, and finally we portray the works developed in pedagogical lexicography, in which we place this study. Regardless of its dissemination among Latin America students and of its continuous reformulation to account for new learning situations, this teaching method contains some gaps. The gaps refer to a critical issue for a large number of readers: the lack of lexical knowledge. This issue relates not only to a lack of vocabulary knowledge, but also to the ability of word learning. In this study, this question has been further studied based on two experimental researches. The first one, using a more prospective approach, aims at identifying the role of the dictionary–especially bilingual dictionaries–in the reading process and the effects of dictionary use in the construction of meaning. The second one compares the use of two lexicographic instruments: a bilingual dictionary and a pedagogical dictionary for learners of French as a foreign language. Both researches yield important information about the integration of a lexical study with this teaching model; additionally, they are complemented by the analysis of the dictionaries available to this target audience. In this way, we can set methodological principles to build a pedagogical dictionary that helps students in reading activities and that supports vocabulary acquisition on the basis of functional lexicography.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur comment les représentations parcimonieuses peuvent aider à augmenter les performances pour réduire le bruit, extraire des régions de texte, reconnaissance des formes et localiser des symboles dans des documents graphiques. Pour ce faire, tout d'abord, nous donnons une synthèse des représentations parcimonieuses et ses applications en traitement d'images. Ensuite, nous présentons notre motivation pour l'utilisation de dictionnaires d'apprentissage avec des algorithmes efficaces pour les construire. Après avoir décrit l'idée générale des représentations parcimonieuses et du dictionnaire d'apprentissage, nous présentons nos contributions dans le domaine de la reconnaissance de symboles et du traitement des documents en les comparants aux travaux de l'état de l'art. Ces contributions s'emploient à répondre aux questions suivantes: La première question est comment nous pouvons supprimer le bruit des images où il n'existe aucune hypothèse sur le modèle de bruit sous-jacent à ces images ? La deuxième question est comment les représentations parcimonieuses sur le dictionnaire d'apprentissage peuvent être adaptées pour séparer le texte du graphique dans des documents? La troisième question est comment nous pouvons appliquer la représentation parcimonieuse à reconnaissance de symboles? Nous complétons cette thèse en proposant une approche de localisation de symboles dans les documents graphiques qui utilise les représentations parcimonieuses pour coder un vocabulaire visuel / In this thesis, we focus on how sparse representations can help to increase the performance of noise removal, text region extraction, pattern recognition and spotting symbols in graphical documents. To do that, first of all, we give a survey of sparse representations and its applications in image processing. Then, we present the motivation of building learning dictionary and efficient algorithms for constructing a learning dictionary. After describing the general idea of sparse representations and learned dictionary, we bring some contributions in the field of symbol recognition and document processing that achieve better performances compared to the state-of-the-art. These contributions begin by finding the answers to the following questions. The first question is how we can remove the noise of a document when we have no assumptions about the model of noise found in these images? The second question is how sparse representations over learned dictionary can separate the text/graphic parts in the graphical document? The third question is how we can apply the sparse representation for symbol recognition? We complete this thesis by proposing an approach of spotting symbols that use sparse representations for the coding of a visual vocabulary

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teles_lb_me_sjrp.pdf: 1897923 bytes, checksum: 2efe41f708d46e1f7eaaf2b9093201b4 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho pretende dar uma contribuição ao trabalho dos tradutores públicos e intérpretes comerciais por meio da elaboração de uma proposta de modelo de dicionário bilíngue português- francês/ francês-português de termos de estatutos sociais. Esta pesquisa se situa no campo da Terminologia, mais especificamente da Terminologia Bilíngue, e, para realizá-la, utilizamos um córpus comparável constituído por três córpus: (CTTJ – conjunto de textos (estatutos sociais) traduzidos do francês para o português sob a forma juramentada; CTOP – conjunto de textos (estatutos sociais) originalmente escritos em português; CTOF – conjunto de textos (estatutos sociais) originalmente escritos em francês). Desses córpus retiramos os termos a serem estudados, bem como seus respectivos dados. Esses foram inseridos em fichas eletrônicas de uma base de dados que criamos com o auxílio do aplicativo Microsoft Access. Após o registro das informações terminológicas, estabelecemos as equivalências portuguêsfrancês com a ajuda de uma bibliografia de apoio nas duas línguas, composta por dicionários jurídicos, econômicos e comerciais e por documentos legais. Para tanto, procedemos a uma análise comparativa do conteúdo semântico-conceptual dos candidatos a equivalentes e do contexto de uso das unidades terminológicas levantadas nas duas línguas. Na busca pelas equivalências, encontramos principalmente equivalentes totais, fato que demonstra a proximidade dos estatutos sociais e dos sistemas jurídicos brasileiro e francês, já que, como constatamos na pesquisa, os termos desse tipo de documento são principalmente de origem jurídica. Em seguida, realizamos um estudo teórico básico com o fim de identificarmos as principais necessidades dos tradutores no que concerne aos dicionários bilíngues. Com base nesse estudo, elaboramos nossa proposta de modelo... / This work aims at contributing to the sworn translators’ work by developing a proposal of model of bilingual dictionary Portuguese-French/ French-Portuguese of terms of by laws. This research takes place in the field of Terminology, specifically Bilingual Terminology, and, in order to develop it, we used a comparable corpus, consisting of three corpus: (CTTJ – set of texts (by laws) translated from French to Portuguese under sworn translation; CTOP – set of texts (by laws) originally written in Portuguese; CTOF – set of texts (by laws) originally written in French). From this corpus we extracted the terms to be studied and its data, which were entered in electronics records of a database we created with the help of Microsoft Access application. After storing the terminological information, we established the equivalences Portuguese-French with the help of the support bibliography in both languages, composed by juridical, economical e commercial dictionaries, besides of legal documents. For that, we developed a comparative analysis of the semantic-conceptual content of the equivalents applicants and of the use context of the terminological units in both languages. During the search for the equivalences, we found mainly total equivalents, fact that show us the proximity between Brazilian and French by laws and juridical systems, since we found out during the research that the terms of this kind of document come mainly from juridical source. Next, we developed a basic theoretical study to identify the sworn translators’ primary needs in relation to the bilingual dictionary. Based on this study, we developed our proposal of model of bilingual dictionary Portuguese-French of terms of by laws, which can be useful, in the future, for the sworn translators’ work. We received FAPESP support to the achievement of this project, with a bourse to the period of 2008, March... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_eb_me_sjrp.pdf: 1252999 bytes, checksum: d0ed3936b01515979af65077e22742e0 (MD5) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal aplicar o modelo de dicionário terminológico onomasiológico bilíngüe, proposto por Babini (2001), na elaboração de um dicionário eletrônico inglês-português e português-inglês dos termos fundamentais das Redes Neurais Artificiais. O dicionário onomasiológico caracteriza-se por permitir a busca de uma unidade lexical ou terminológica a partir de seu conteúdo semântico. Constituímos um corpus de especialidade e um corpus de língua geral com o auxílio do programa computacional WordSmith Tools. A metodologia terminológica foi norteada pela Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia, que nos auxiliou nas reflexões quanto as diferenças terminológicas existentes entre os dois idiomas estudados. As principais referências metodológicas, que guiaram nossas buscas pelos equivalentes lexicais, foram Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Alpizar-Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Berber Sardinha (2001), Barros (2004), Babini (2001a, 2001b). Nosso modelo de dicionário permite dois tipos de pesquisa: semasiológica e onomasiológica. A busca onomasiológica é viabilizada pelo conjunto de semas ou traços semânticos que compõe o conceito de cada termo do dicionário. Foram utilizados o aplicativo MS Access, o gerenciador de banco de dados MySQL e a linguagem de programação PHP. / The present thesis majorly aims at applying a bilingual onomasiological terminological dictionary model, proposed by Babini (2001), so as to develop an English-Portuguese and Portuguese-English electronic dictionary of the fundamental terms of the Artificial Neural Networks. The onomasiological dictionary allows the search of a lexical or terminological unit from its semantic content. We constituted a specialty corpus and a general language corpus with the aid of the computational program WordSmith Tools. The methodological approach was guided by the Communicative Terminology Theory, which allowed us to identify the existing differences among the languages studied. The main methodological basis, which guided our search for lexical equivalent, were Felber (1984), Dubuc (1985), Alpizar- Castillo (1995), Cabré (1993, 1999), Berber-Sardinha (2001), Barros (2004), Babini (2001a, 2001b). Our dictionary model allows two types of search: semasiological and onomasiological. The onomasiological search is made viable by a set of semantic traits that make up the concept of each term in the dictionary. The following computational resources were used: MS Access software, the MySQL database management system and the PHP programming language.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'élaboration de nouvelles méthodes d'acquisition et de traitement de données en IRM de diffusion (IRMd) afin de caractériser la diffusion des molécules d'eau dans les fibres de matière blanche à l'échelle d'un voxel. Plus particulièrement, nous travaillons sur un moyen de reconstruction précis de l'Ensemble Average Propagator (EAP), qui représente la fonction de probabilité de diffusion des molécules d'eau. Plusieurs modèles de diffusion tels que le tenseur de diffusion ou la fonction de distribution d'orientation sont très utilisés dans la communauté de l'IRMd afin de quantifier la diffusion des molécules d'eau dans le cerveau. Ces modèles sont des représentations partielles de l'EAP et ont été développés en raison du petit nombre de mesures nécessaires à leurs estimations. Cependant, il est important de pouvoir reconstruire précisément l'EAP afin d'acquérir une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes du cerveau et d'améliorer le diagnostique des troubles neurologiques. Une estimation correcte de l'EAP nécessite l'acquisition de nombreuses images de diffusion sensibilisées à des orientations différentes dans le q-space. Ceci rend son estimation trop longue pour être utilisée dans la plupart des scanners cliniques. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons des techniques de reconstruction parcimonieuses et en particulier la technique connue sous le nom de Compressive Sensing (CS) afin d’accélérer le calcul de l'EAP. Les multiples aspects de la théorie du CS et de son application à l'IRMd sont présentés dans cette thèse. / This thesis is dedicated to the development of new acquisition and processing methods in diffusion MRI (dMRI) to characterize the diffusion of water molecules in white matter fiber bundles at the scale of a voxel. In particular, we focus our attention on the accurate recovery of the Ensemble Average Propagator (EAP), which represents the full 3D displacement of water molecule diffusion. Diffusion models such that the Diffusion Tensor or the Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) are largely used in the dMRI community in order to quantify water molecule diffusion. These models are partial EAP representations and have been developed due to the small number of measurement required for their estimations. It is thus of utmost importance to be able to accurately compute the EAP and order to acquire a better understanding of the brain mechanisms and to improve the diagnosis of neurological disorders. Estimating the full 3D EAP requires the acquisition of many diffusion images sensitized todifferent orientations in the q-space, which render the estimation of the EAP impossible in most of the clinical dMRI scanner. A surge of interest has been seen in order to decrease this time for acquisition. Some works focus on the development of new and efficient acquisition sequences. In this thesis, we use sparse coding techniques, and in particular Compressive Sensing (CS) to accelerate the computation of the EAP. Multiple aspects of the CS theory and its application to dMRI are presented in this thesis.

L'apprentissage de dictionnaire pour la représentation parcimonieuse est bien connu dans le cadre de la résolution de problèmes inverses. Les méthodes d'optimisation et les approches paramétriques ont été particulièrement explorées. Ces méthodes rencontrent certaines limitations, notamment liées au choix de paramètres. En général, la taille de dictionnaire doit être fixée à l'avance et une connaissance des niveaux de bruit et éventuellement de parcimonie sont aussi nécessaires. Les contributions méthodologies de cette thèse concernent l'apprentissage conjoint du dictionnaire et de ces paramètres, notamment pour les problèmes inverses en traitement d'image. Nous étudions et proposons la méthode IBP-DL (Indien Buffet Process for Dictionary Learning) en utilisant une approche bayésienne non paramétrique. Une introduction sur les approches bayésiennes non paramétriques est présentée. Le processus de Dirichlet et son dérivé, le processus du restaurant chinois, ainsi que le processus Bêta et son dérivé, le processus du buffet indien, sont décrits. Le modèle proposé pour l'apprentissage de dictionnaire s'appuie sur un a priori de type Buffet Indien qui permet d'apprendre un dictionnaire de taille adaptative. Nous détaillons la méthode de Monte-Carlo proposée pour l'inférence. Le niveau de bruit et celui de la parcimonie sont aussi échantillonnés, de sorte qu'aucun réglage de paramètres n'est nécessaire en pratique. Des expériences numériques illustrent les performances de l'approche pour les problèmes du débruitage, de l'inpainting et de l'acquisition compressée. Les résultats sont comparés avec l'état de l'art.Le code source en Matlab et en C est mis à disposition. / Dictionary learning for sparse representation has been widely advocated for solving inverse problems. Optimization methods and parametric approaches towards dictionary learning have been particularly explored. These methods meet some limitations, particularly related to the choice of parameters. In general, the dictionary size is fixed in advance, and sparsity or noise level may also be needed. In this thesis, we show how to perform jointly dictionary and parameter learning, with an emphasis on image processing. We propose and study the Indian Buffet Process for Dictionary Learning (IBP-DL) method, using a bayesian nonparametric approach.A primer on bayesian nonparametrics is first presented. Dirichlet and Beta processes and their respective derivatives, the Chinese restaurant and Indian Buffet processes are described. The proposed model for dictionary learning relies on an Indian Buffet prior, which permits to learn an adaptive size dictionary. The Monte-Carlo method for inference is detailed. Noise and sparsity levels are also inferred, so that in practice no parameter tuning is required. Numerical experiments illustrate the performances of the approach in different settings: image denoising, inpainting and compressed sensing. Results are compared with state-of-the art methods is made. Matlab and C sources are available for sake of reproducibility.

A produção textual de Georges Bataille (1897-1962), privilegiadamente estudada nos campos da Literatura e da Filosofia, apresenta uma vasta gama de temas e é considerada por seus comentadores como refratária a qualquer classificação rigorosa e indexável. Contudo, ele é autor de uma obra de grande interesse para área da Antropologia em função de um forte experimentalismo dos conceitos e da escrita e de uma compreensão totalizante da experiência do pesquisador e do escritor. O presente estudo tem como objetivo o exame de parte específica da produção e atuação de Bataille que coincide com os inícios da institucionalização da antropologia francesa (anos 1920- 1930), quando o autor encontra-se envolvido com o projeto da revista Documents, Doctrines Archélogie Beaux-Arts Ethnographie (1929-1930) e bastante próximo dos antropólogos que colaboram com a publicação. Ao recuperar a formação primeira de Bataille como arquivista paleógrafo na École des chartes e seus primeiros escritos e interesses, entre os quais se encontra a antropologia de Marcel Mauss, o trabalho se dedica a construir as conexões entre a profissão de arquivista paleógrafo nas bibliotecas Francesas e a produção do escritor que tem lugar entre os anos 1918 e 1930, interessado em destacar os nexos entre essas dimensões e o processo de constituição dos museus na França sobretudo aquele que culminará no Musée de lHomme (1937). As experiências nas bibliotecas, nos museus e na revista colocam Bataille diante da questão da classificação e do arquivamento de objetos e documentos. O interesse em uma leitura de Bataille por essa via que procura relacionar a institucionalização da disciplina etnográfica na França ligada à formação, catalogação e arquivamento de documentos nos museus e o processo de criação do Dicionário de Documents auxilia a iluminar uma dupla intervenção crítica que consiste em construir um deslocamento, uma derivação da forma de pensar. Essa perspectiva diversa nos oferece um duplo olhar para os modos pelos quais a reflexão sobre o lugar das histórias da disciplina e seus praticantes tem sido experimentada. / This present study has the purpose of examining some specific parts of George Bataille´s production and action that correspond with the beginning of French anthropology institutionalization (1920s and 1930s), when the author finds himself immersed in the Documents, Doctrines Archélogie Beaux-Arts Ethnographie (1929-1930) magazine project and building a very close relationship with the professionals involved in the publications creation. By resuming Batailles first occupation as paleographer archivist at École des chartes and his primary written pieces and interests, among which is the anthropology of Marcel Mauss, the work is dedicated to build connections between his job inside French libraries and his activities as a writer from 1918 to 1930, when his interests were focused on highlighting the links between these dimensions and the constitution of the museums in France - especially the one that will culminate at the Musée de l\'Homme (1937). The experiences in the libraries, museums and the magazine put Bataille before the classification and filing of objects and documents. His interest in this path that searches for relating the institutionalization of the ethnographic discipline in France connected to framing ideas, cataloging and archiving documents in museums and the creational process of the Dictionary of the magazine helps to illuminate a double critical intervention that consists in building a movement, an offshoot of thinking. This different perspective offers us another look to the means through which the reflections on the place discipline stories and its practitioners have been experienced.