Der Beitrag beschreibt ein laufendes Projekt zur computergestützten Erschließung und Analyse einer großen Sammlung handschriftlicher Liedblätter mit Volksliedern aus dem deutschsprachigen Raum. Am Beispiel dieses praktischen Projekts werden Chancen und Herausforderungen diskutiert, die der Einsatz von Digital Humanities-Methoden für den Bereich der Musikwissenschaft mit sich bringt.

This thesis aims to explore the current situation, challenges, and proposed recommendation of digitally-disadvantaged languages (DDL) in the social and digital context from six stakeholders' perspectives: academia, civil society organizations, for-profit corporations, government, language community, and language supporters, with additional language policy analysis in Indonesia and Sweden. Three interrelated theories - the digital divide, ecolinguistics, and digital justice - provide a framework for understanding digitally-disadvantaged languages' situations and challenges. The thesis employs semi-structured interviews for data collection and thematic analysis to analyze the collected data, and a comparative policy analysis accompanies it on digital language regulation in Indonesia and Sweden. Two established frameworks on general digital development issues, Principles for Digital Development (PDD) and Digital Justice Principles (DJP), were introduced to compare these languages’ challenges and propose recommendations for their future. Although the comparison demonstrates a strong connection between these established principles and these languages, there is still a need for a tailored framework focused explicitly on digitally-disadvantaged languages. The thesis concludes with the final result: collaborative efforts among stakeholders, especially the language community as the central actor and the government as the regulator, are the key to improving digital support and accommodating the need for digitally-disadvantaged languages.

In der Vergangenheit erfolgte die geisteswissenschaftliche Produktion klassischer Editionen meist in komplexen und kostenintensiven Langzeitprojekten. Mit den Möglichkeiten der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung und einer ubiquitären Verfügbarhaltung von fortschreitend digitalisierten Beständen aus kulturgutverwahrenden Institutionen im Internet rückt das traditionsreiche Verhältnis zwischen Edition und Bibliothek neu in den Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit. Das Interesse an einer auf bibliothekarischen Strukturen aufbauenden Weiterentwicklung der wissenschaftlichen Informationsinfrastruktur hin zu „virtuellen Forschungsumgebungen“ mit kollaborativen Werkzeugen für standortunabhängige und im Workflow standardisierte Arbeitsweisen ist ermutigend und wird derzeit in Initiativen und Projekten gefördert und erprobt. Nach einer theoretischen Annäherung an Entwicklungen und Typologien digitaler Editionen informiert die Arbeit durch eine Auswahl erfolgreicher Projekte über derzeit verfügbare Funktionalitäten. Im Zentrum der Betrachtungen steht die Etablierung eines Datenflusses zur Überführung unikaler Bestände und verifizierter bibliothekarischer Metadaten in virtuelle Forschungsräume. Anhand des kooperativen Pilotprojektes Digitale Briefedition A. W. Schlegel zwischen der SLUB Dresden, der Philipps-Universität Marburg und dem Center for Digital Humanities in Trier soll exemplarisch ein dem Open-Source-Paradigma folgender Autographenworkflow von der Digitalisierung und Formalerschließung der Handschriften, ihrer Präsentation in Digitalen Sammlungen bis zur Implementierung in eine virtuelle Forschungsumgebung für die fachwissenschaftliche Tiefenerschließung aufgezeigt werden. Der Transformationsprozess hin zu einer global vernetzten Informations- und Wissensgesellschaft kann nur in arbeitsteiliger Kooperation auf Augenhöhe gelingen und bedingt eine funktionale wie institutionelle Wiederannäherung zwischen Bibliotheken und Forschung.:Abstract i 1 Einleitung 1 2 Hauptteil 6 2.1 Digitale Editionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 Entwicklung und Typologie Elektronischer bzw. Digitaler Editionen 6 2.1.2 Beispiele Digitaler Editionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Die Vincent van Gogh-Briefedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Die Carl Maria von Weber-Gesamtausgabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Das Christian Dietrich Grabbe-Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Tabellarischer Funktionalitätsvergleich der Beispieleditionen . . . 15 2.2 Workflow – Vom Autographen zur Digitalen Edition . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.1 Empfehlungen, Positionspapiere und Praxisregeln zur digitalen Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.2 Infrastrukturelemente eines Autographenworkflows . . . . . . . . 21 Normdaten und Handschriftendatenbanken . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Digitalisierungssoftware – Digital Library Modules . . . . . . . . 24 Virtuelle Forschungsumgebungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Schnittstellen, Austauschformate und Datenmapping . . . . . . . 30 2.3 Pilotprojekt Digitale Briefedition August Wilhelm Schlegel . . . . . . . . 32 2.3.1 Der Nachlass August Wilhelm Schlegels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3.2 Kooperationspartner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.3 Inhaltliche und organisatorisch-technische Ziele . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.4 Vorleistungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.5 Workflow, präsentiert anhand eines Beispielbriefes . . . . . . . . 39 Bibliothekarische Schwerpunkte des Dresdner Teils . . . . . . . . 42 Informatische Schwerpunkte des Trierer Teils . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Editorische Schwerpunkte des Marburger Teils . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3.6 Zwischenergebnisse und Nachnutzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3 Schlussbemerkung und Ausblicke für die „Digital Humanities“ 64 Abbildungsverzeichnis 69 Quellcodeverzeichnis 71 Index und Glossar 72 Literaturverzeichnis 76 / In the past, the scholarly production of classical editions took place mostly in complex and costly long-term projects. The possibilities of electronic data processing and of making progressively digitized collections of institutions that act as custodians of cultural assets available on the internet on a ubiquitous scale are moving the relationship between edition and library into the focus of attention. There is an encouraging interest in enhancing the scientific information infrastructure on the basis of library structures to provide „virtual research environments“ with collaborative tools for location-independent work with standardized workflows; and these efforts are currently being promoted and tested in initiatives and projects. After giving a theoretical outline of developments and typologies of digital scholarly editions, this thesis will provide information on currently offered functionalities at the example of selected successful projects. The focus of consideration, however, is on the establishment of a data flow for transferring unique stocks and verified (library) metadata into virtual research spaces. The collaborative pilot project Digitale Briefedition A. W. Schlegel (Digital Edition of the Letters of A. W. Schlegel) between the SLUB Dresden, the University of Marburg and the Center for Digital Humanities in Trier will serve as an example to illustrate such an autograph workflow, based on the open source paradigm, from digitization and descriptive cataloguing of the manuscripts to their presentation in the Digital Collections through to their incorporation into a virtual research environment for scientific in-depth analysis. The process of transformation into a global networked information and knowledge society relies on division of labor and cooperation on a peer-to-peer basis and requires a functional and institutional rapprochement between libraries and the research community.:Abstract i 1 Einleitung 1 2 Hauptteil 6 2.1 Digitale Editionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 Entwicklung und Typologie Elektronischer bzw. Digitaler Editionen 6 2.1.2 Beispiele Digitaler Editionen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Die Vincent van Gogh-Briefedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Die Carl Maria von Weber-Gesamtausgabe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Das Christian Dietrich Grabbe-Portal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Tabellarischer Funktionalitätsvergleich der Beispieleditionen . . . 15 2.2 Workflow – Vom Autographen zur Digitalen Edition . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.1 Empfehlungen, Positionspapiere und Praxisregeln zur digitalen Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2.2 Infrastrukturelemente eines Autographenworkflows . . . . . . . . 21 Normdaten und Handschriftendatenbanken . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Digitalisierungssoftware – Digital Library Modules . . . . . . . . 24 Virtuelle Forschungsumgebungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Schnittstellen, Austauschformate und Datenmapping . . . . . . . 30 2.3 Pilotprojekt Digitale Briefedition August Wilhelm Schlegel . . . . . . . . 32 2.3.1 Der Nachlass August Wilhelm Schlegels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.3.2 Kooperationspartner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.3.3 Inhaltliche und organisatorisch-technische Ziele . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3.4 Vorleistungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.5 Workflow, präsentiert anhand eines Beispielbriefes . . . . . . . . 39 Bibliothekarische Schwerpunkte des Dresdner Teils . . . . . . . . 42 Informatische Schwerpunkte des Trierer Teils . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Editorische Schwerpunkte des Marburger Teils . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.3.6 Zwischenergebnisse und Nachnutzung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 3 Schlussbemerkung und Ausblicke für die „Digital Humanities“ 64 Abbildungsverzeichnis 69 Quellcodeverzeichnis 71 Index und Glossar 72 Literaturverzeichnis 76

<p>This project presents a case study of postmodern trauma, working at the boundaries of the humanities and computer science to produce an in-depth examination of trauma writing in David Foster Wallace’s novel <i>Infinite Jest</i>. The goal of this project is to examine the intricacies of syntax and language in postmodern trauma writing through an iterative process I refer to as <i>broken reading</i>, which combines traditional humanities methodologies (close reading) and distant, computational methodologies (Natural Language Processing). Broken reading begins with close reading, then ventures into the distant reading processes of sentiment analysis and entity analysis, and then returns again to close reading when the data must be analyzed and the broken computational elements must be corrected. While examining the syntactical structure of traumatic and non-traumatic passages through this broken reading methodology, I found that Wallace represents trauma as gendered. The male characters in the novel, when recollecting past traumata or undergoing traumatic events, maintain their subject status, recognize those around them as subjects, and are able to engage actively with the world around them. On the other hand, the female characters in the novel are depicted as lacking the same capacities for subjectivity and action. Through computational text analysis, it becomes clear that Wallace writes female trauma in a way that reflects their lack of agency and subjectivity while he writes male trauma in a way that maintains their agency and subjectivity. Through close reading, I was able to discover qualitative differences in Wallace’s representations of trauma and form initial observations about syntactical and linguistic patterns; through distant reading, I was able to quantify the differences I uncovered through close reading by conducting part of speech tagging, entity analysis, semantic analysis, and sentiment analysis. Distant reading led me to discover elements of the text that I had not noticed previously, despite the occasional flaw in computation. The analyses I produced through this broken reading process grew richer because of failure—when I failed as an interpreter, and when computational analysis failed, these failures gave me further insight into the trauma writing within the novel. Ultimately, there are marked syntactical and linguistic differences between the way that Wallace represents male and female trauma, which points toward the larger question of whether other white male postmodern authors gender trauma in their writings, too. This study has generated a prototype model for the <i>broken reading </i>methodology, which can be used to further examine postmodern trauma writing.</p>

Political language's power to influence public opinion drives the present investigation into proverbs used by presidents during 1945-2008. The study’s purpose is to explore the proverbial language of American presidents, employing a digital methods approach. In addition to the predominant use of quantitative and comparative analyses, qualitative analysis is also occasionally employed. The research examines proverb frequency, patterns, and shifts in political speeches, revealing shared trends and distinctive usage of the proverbs. It also considers presidency duration and political circumstances, uncovering the presidents that favored proverbs in their discourses. Adopting computational means and tools, the study intends to cover gaps in existing research by quantifying proverb usage, focusing on the nuanced sociopolitical fabric. The research is based on vast bibliographic references including studies conducted by old paremiologists, as well as modern computational endeavors. Although the proverbs’ nature involves challenges such as metaphoricity, and existence of variants can cause difficulties in their identification by the tools, the research has been completed, answered all research questions that spanned proverb presence, evolution, and disparities among presidents' speeches, and produced interesting results. Overall, the research enhances understanding of proverbs' role in political discourse, revealing how politicians shape leadership communication through language. Due to the fact that all data was retrieved by open accessed sources, the research has not encountered any copyright issues. Some of the findings were expected, while others were unpredicted. The alternating sequence of challenges and achievements resulted in an understanding of previously raised questions as well as the need to tackle new ones.

Diese Dissertationsschrift ist angesiedelt im Bereich Digitaler Edition archivalischer Quellen, deren Erschließung und (computergestützter) Analyse. Im Zentrum stehen die sog. Kosmos-Vorträge, die Alexander von Humboldts 1827/28 in zwei Vortragszyklen in Berlin gehalten hat. Diese werden als gleichwertige, zweifache Publikationen in Humboldts Werkbiographie eingeordnet. In einem zentralen Kapitel (Kap. 7) geht es mir um eine editionstheoretische Fundierung der Edition von Vorlesungsnachschriften, zunächst allgemein und dann bezogen auf die Nachschriften der Kosmos-Vorträge. Zuvor wird das Forschungsfeld beleuchtet, da über die Rahmenbedingungen und Inhalte der beiden Vortragsreihen bislang nur wenig bekannt war. Humboldts Motivation zu diesen Vorträgen, deren Zusammenhang mit dem Kosmos (1845–62) und weiteren seiner Publikationen, sowie die jeweiligen organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen werden untersucht. Inhaltlich sind die Kosmos-Vorträge bislang wenig erforscht worden, unter anderem weil die wichtigsten Quellen nicht rezipiert wurden. Dank der Digitalisierung des Humboldt-Nachlasses und vor allem durch die Digitale Edition der Nachschriften aus dem Hörerkreis sind die Voraussetzungen dafür mittlerweile sehr viel besser. Um die künftige Arbeit mit diesen Dokumenten zu unterstützen, dokumentiere und reflektiere ich in Kapitel 8 die praktische Umsetzung des Editionsmodells gemäß den Richtlinien der Text Encoding Initiative (TEI). Anschließend stelle ich die edierten Nachschriften aus beiden Vortragszyklen vor und zeige, wie sich mit den digitalen Volltexten arbeiten lässt. Dabei kommen quantitative Untersuchungen und Verfahren wie automatische Kollation bzw. Plagiatssuche, aber auch ‚traditionell hermeneutische‘ Methoden zum Einsatz. Schließlich geht es mir in meiner Arbeit darum, die Grundlage für die weitere Erforschung der beiden Vortragsreihen wesentlich zu verbessern und anhand einiger exemplarischer Analysen erste Schritte in diese Richtung zu unternehmen. / This dissertation is located in the field of digital editions of archival sources, their exploration and (computer-assisted) analysis. In terms of content, it deals with the so-called Kosmos-Lectures, which Alexander von Humboldt held in two distinct courses in Berlin in the winter of 1827/28. The two series are recognised as two distinct publications of equal value in Humboldt’s oeuvre. In a central chapter (chapter 7), I am concerned with an edition-theoretical foundation for the edition of attendee’s notebooks, first in general and then in relation to the transcripts of the Kosmos-Lectures. Before this, the research field of the long-neglected Kosmos-Lectures is illuminated, as little has been known about the framework conditions of the lecture series. Humboldt’s motivation for these lectures, their connection with the Kosmos (1845–62) and other of his publications, and the respective organisational framework of the courses are being examined. In terms of content, the Kosmos-Lectures have so far been little researched, partly because the most important sources have not been taken into consideration. The conditions for this are now much better thanks to the digitisation of the Humboldt legacy collection and, above all, the digital edition of the transcripts from the audience. To facilitate future work with these documents, I document and reflect the practical implementation of the edition model according to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) in chapter 8. In the following two chapters, I present the attendee’s notebooks from both courses, and show how to work with these digital full texts. Quantitative investigations and methods such as automatic collation or text re-use detection, but also ‘traditional hermeneutic’ approaches are used. Ultimately, my work aims to significantly improve the basis for research into the two lecture series, which has so far been lacking, and to take the first steps in this direction by means of some exemplary analyses.

The research presented in this thesis is based in the Humanities discipline of Ancient History and begins by attempting to understand the interpretation process involved in reading ancient documents and how this process can be aided by computer systems such as Decision Support Systems (DSS). The thesis balances between the use of IT tools to aid Humanities research and the understanding that Humanities research must involve human beings. It does not attempt to develop a system that can automate the reading of ancient documents. Instead it seeks to demonstrate and develop tools that can support this process in the five areas: remembering complex reasoning, searching huge datasets, international collaboration, publishing editions, and image enhancement. This research contains a large practical element involving the development of a DSS prototype. The prototype is used to illustrate how a DSS, by remembering complex reasoning, can aid the process of interpretation that is reading ancient documents. It is based on the idea that the interpretation process goes through a network of interpretation. The network of interpretation illustrates a recursive process where scholars move between reading levels such as ‘these strokes look like the letter c’ or ‘these five letters must be the word primo’. Furthermore, the thesis demonstrates how technology such as Web Services and XML can be used to make a DSS even more powerful through the development of the APPELLO word search Web Service. Finally, the conclusion includes a suggestion for a future development of a working DSS that incorporates the idea of a layer-based system and focuses strongly on user interaction.

This thesis examines the birth, rise in popularity, and evolution of the video essay, a subgenre of the essay found recently in online literary journals. Chapter one provides a brief history of the alphabetic essay as it expands to include photo essays, audio essays, and essay-films. The second chapter outlines the history of the online literary journal and John Bresland’s role in the introduction of the video essay as it appears in online journals. Chapter three contains an examination of the way image, text, and sound function in video essays and the tools and strategies essayists are using to create them. The fourth chapter is composed of three case studies of Bresland’s work in an attempt to analyze the continuing evolution and breadth of the form.

We propose a novel approach for analyzing scribal behavior quantitatively using information about the handwriting of characters. To implement this approach, we develop a computational framework that recovers this information and decomposes the characters into primitives (called strokes) to create a hierarchically structured representation. We then propose a number of intuitive metrics quantifying various facets of scribal behavior, which are derived from the recovered information and character structure. We further propose the use of techniques modeling the generation of handwriting to directly study the changes in writing behavior. We then present a case study in which we use our framework and metrics to analyze the development of four major Indic scripts. We show that our framework and metrics coupled with appropriate statistical methods can provide great insight into scribal behavior by discovering specific trends and phenomena with quantitative methods. We also illustrate the use of handwriting modeling techniques in this context to study the divergence of the Brahmi script into two daughter scripts. We conduct a user study with domain experts to evaluate our framework and salient results from the case study, and we elaborate on the results of this evaluation. Finally, we present our conclusions and discuss the limitations of our research along with future work that needs to be done.

This thesis addresses the complexity of digitalization and humanities research practices, with a specific focus on digital archives and film history research. I propose the term “Frankenstein Complex” to highlight and contextualize the epistemological collision and empirical challenges humanities scholars encounter when utilizing digital resources with digital methods. A particular aim of this thesis is to scrutinize digital archiving practices when using the Media History Digital Library (MHDL) as a case for a themed meta-inquiry on the preservation of and access to classic horror cinema in this particular digital venue. The project found conventional research methods, such as the close reading of classical cinema history, to be limiting. Instead, the project tried out a distant reading technique throughout the meta-inquiry to better interrogate with the massive volume of data generated by MHDL. Besides a general reassessment of debates in the digital humanities and themes relating to horror film culture, this thesis strives for a reflection on classic horror spectatorship through the lens of sexual identity, inspired by Sara Ahmed’s perspective on queer phenomenology. This original reading of horror history is facilitated by an empirical study of the digital corpus at hand, which in turn gives insights into the entangled relation between subjective identities and the appointed research contexts.