Orientador: Jefferson de Lima Picanço / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T17:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goto_EricaAkemi_M.pdf: 2434424 bytes, checksum: d71a89d1c7e0e21eb6d76e865565159a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: As grandes cidades brasileiras, como é o caso do município de São Paulo, passaram por uma urbanização acelerada e desorganizada a partir dos anos 60, levando a ocupação de várzeas e morros, e consequente formação de diversas áreas de risco. Uma forma de contribuir para prevenção e mitigação de acidentes e desastres nesses locais é através de trabalhos educacionais, como as capacitações de educação não formal voltadas para moradores e técnicos que nesses locais atuam. Com o intuito de entender o papel dessas capacitações e propor diretrizes básicas, foi realizado um estudo dos cursos de educação não formal voltados para prevenção e mitigação de acidentes e desastres em áreas de risco a movimentos de massa oferecidos pela Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo (PMSP) nos anos de 2012 e 2013. Para este estudo, acompanharam-se três capacitações: "Percepção de risco", "Capacitação para Mapeamento e Gerenciamento de Áreas de Risco" e "Riscos Ambientais Urbanos: uma Abordagem Preventiva". Para melhor compreendê-las, foram escolhidos alguns indicadores a serem observados, como o público-alvo ao qual foram destinadas e qual atingiram, distribuição geográfica dentro do município, conteúdo e linguagem, uso ou não da pedagogia crítica do lugar, papel didático das saídas de campo e relação com o gerenciamento participativo de riscos proposto pela PMSP. Como metodologia de análise, elaborou-se e aplicou-se questionário, realizou-se entrevista com técnicos da PMSP, analisou-se o material didático e outros matérias cedidos pela PMSP e acompanharam-se as capacitações. Entende-se que essas capacitações são de suma importância, contribuindo para melhorar a percepção de risco dos moradores e técnicos da PMSP. Entretanto, para que elas consigam contribuir a longo prazo para prevenção e mitigação de acidentes e desastres é interessante que não sejam entendidas como atividades pontuais, e pelo contrário, que estejam integradas ao gerenciamento participativo de risco das comunidades em áreas de risco / Abstract: The Brazilian big cities, such as São Paulo, went through an accelerated and disorganized urbanization process after the 1960s. This urbanization process resulted in the construction of low-income housing units in valleys and on slopes, which lead to the formation of many hydrological risk areas. One way of mitigate and prevent accidents and disasters on those areas is with educational activities, like the non-formal courses developed to local inhabitants and municipality technicians who work on those at risk areas. With the goal of a better understanding of the role of those non-formal courses, the author developed a research on those types of courses given by Sao Paulo city municipality during 2012 and 2013. For this research, there were three types of courses studied: "Risk Perception", "Capacity for Risk Area Mapping and Management" and "Environmental Urban Risks: a Prevention Approach". During the research, there were some characteristics observed, such as proposal course target and final course target, geographic distribution of those courses, language and content of the courses, use or not of place conscious education, didactic role of the field activities and relationship with the risk management proposed by Sao Paulo city municipality. With this methodology, there was survey elaboration and application, interview with municipality technicians, didactical material and others materials related with the courses analysis and courses observation. Those types of courses are important to develop risk perception on local inhabitants and municipality technicians. Although, those courses can't be just punctual actions. They have to be put together with community risk management / Mestrado / Ensino e Historia de Ciencias da Terra / Mestra em Ensino e História de Ciências da Terra

In this study, the role of positive and negative religious coping was evaluated for their interrelationship with demographic variables, religious variables, and the outcome of mental health distress. A sample of 253 United Methodist Church leaders from counties throughout the state of Mississippi completed a survey including measures for demographic characteristics, religious coping, general coping, and mental health distress. Through regression analysis and path analysis, the relationships among the variables were measured to determine the importance of religious coping strategies while controlling for demographic variables and general forms of coping. Through regression analysis, the subjective report of personal losses immediately after Hurricane Katrina, participation in religious activities, and involvement in recovery efforts significantly predicted the presence of mental health distress among United Methodist Church leaders in Mississippi. In particular, religious participation insulated against the presence of mental health distress while personal losses and recovery involvement promoted the likelihood of mental health distress. Positive forms of general coping as well as religious forms of coping provided no significant contribution to the presence or absence of mental health distress, but negative forms of general coping did predict higher levels of mental health distress. Among this religiously oriented sample, religious forms of coping was not significantly predictive of the presence of mental health distress after accounting for general forms of coping which suggested that religious coping may be indistinguishable from forms of coping that are more generalized in nature. Through path analysis, negative religious coping significantly influenced the increased presence of mental health distress but did not serve as a mediator between mental health distress and other religious and demographic variables. A surprising finding in this study was the important mediating role of recovery involvement between mental health distress and other factors including religious participation, religious salience, and status as an ordained minister. Additionally, at nearly three years after the storm, persons reporting to currently live in close proximity to the disaster and persons continuing to experience loss due to the disaster reported a higher prevalence of mental health distress. Implications for the current literature and the need for further research were discussed.

Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies, Theatre, and Dance / Charles J. Griffin / Modern disasters have shown a disturbing tendency to disrupt normal community life by severing the connection between social services and the populace. Emergency managers realize that responding to disasters presents many unique communication challenges, both on the technical level and the symbolic level. Communities have begun to organize themselves to prepare for and respond to disasters in the event that emergency response agencies confront such challenges. The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program was established to train and deploy citizens to supplement the efforts of first responders. The CERT program's website provides information about the program, how to form a CERT and other training and administrative information. A close textual reading of the CERT website enables the rhetorical critic to identify the use of fantasy themes that construct a vision that defines CERT as a rhetorical community. Upon identifying the rhetorical vision at work, a comparison can be made to the features that define a social movement. Applying social movement theory to citizen initiatives opens the possibility for improving community response and the study of communication issues in disaster response.

This thesis comprises three stand-alone chapters: The first chapter is on the effect of natural disasters on labor markets. Using data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey, the Desinventar database, the US Geological Survey and district level employment indicators, we explore how a large earthquake in Indonesia affected local labor markets, in particular the evolution of wages and employment across sectors. We find that wage growth in the agriculture sector is significantly higher in earthquake affected areas. We propose two mechanisms for this result and show evidence for both mechanisms. The second chapter investigates the intra-household allocation of leisure and consumption among siblings. Children are often treated as passive members in the household and their preferences over consumption and leisure are rarely modeled. This chapter considers children as agents with their own preferences over leisure and consumption and builds a theoretical and empirical model for children's time and consumption allocations in a household. We test the predictions of the model with data from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. The results suggest that differences in siblings' relative time and consumption allocations are driven by their relative preferences over leisure and consumption rather than differences in parents' relative altruism. The third chapter examines the cost of transport infrastructure in developing countries. To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyzes drivers of unit costs of construction of transport infrastructure using a large data set of 3,322 unit costs of road work activities in low and middle income countries. We find a large dispersion in unit costs for comparable work activities. Unit costs are significantly higher in conflict and corrupt countries, and these effects are robust to controlling for a country's public investment capacity and business environment. Finally, higher unit costs are significantly negatively correlated with infrastructure provision.

Community resilience to disasters is an affected area’s ability to rebound after a catastrophic event. The mounting frequency and scale of natural disasters, increasing urbanization, a growing reliance on interdependent technologies and infrastructure systems, and inflated expectations of interventions are responsible for greater disaster vulnerability and demonstrate the need to develop more resilient communities. Given the increasing shocks of natural disasters, a more complete understanding of resilience is important for creating safer, more sustainable communities. One factor that is known to impact resilience is social networks. Urban planning research has shown that walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods can encourage the development of social networks and place attachment through an increase in interactions and a higher density of neighborhood amenities, including characteristics of the built environment that influence social networks, such as varied land uses and pedestrian-oriented design. The built environment connects residents to a place and can serve as a benchmark for recovery. Therefore, it is possible that the traditional planning domain of urban design can be harnessed to foster greater resilience by facilitating stronger social networks. In order to determine the legitimacy of this supposition, this research examines how social networks and the built environment create greater resilience to disasters. Given that social networks increase community resilience to all types of disasters, social networks are shown to be influenced by certain types of space, and the built environment is a common intervention for planners, this research explores the potential for creating cities that are more resilient by creating spaces that foster social networks. The Mississippi Gulf Coast was chosen as a case study area in order to explore the above relationships. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the region, resulting in massive wind and storm surge damage to the Mississippi Coast. Communities in the area have recovered at varying rates and levels. Therefore, this region provided an opportunity to contrast higher and lower resilience communities and to test the above research questions. The research was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, a quantitative model was developed in order to address whether there are statistically significant effects on resilience due to the built environment. In the second stage, a qualitative case study analysis of communities was undertaken using interviews with local residents. The results demonstrate that certain aspects of the built environment are associated with greater resilience, including intersection density, net residential density, the density of historic sites, and community amenities where social networks gather. Furthermore, urban design features with the greatest capacity to increase resilience were also useful features for the types of local social networks that were found to be most important for resilience.

This dissertation explores the implications of natural disaster risk for access to financial services, especially credit. Its results show that disasters can dramatically undermine the ability of financial intermediaries (FIs) to lend after an event, increasing the cost of the disaster and delaying recovery. Moreover, the risk of natural disasters discourages investment in vulnerable regions and economic sectors and so slows economic development. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance can help maintain lending following an event. While many international development projects have targeted disaster insurance markets to households, managing disaster-related credit risk may be done more effectively through insurance products for FIs. Additionally, prudential supervision and the credit risk rating methods of investors in developing and emerging economies are dominated by developed country standards that overlook natural disaster risks. Public and private interests align in the need to tailor such standards and so enhance the effectiveness with which vulnerable FIs manage disaster risk.

<p>Syftet med vår studie är att först ta reda på hur reseföretag har han-terat en katastrofsituation på en destination för att sedan kunna hitta strategier som ter sig lämpliga kring marknadsföringsarbetet för att locka tillbaka resenärer till den drabbade destinationen. Vi har valt att fokusera vår uppsats kring tsunamikatastrofen 2004 och hur olika reseföretag har gått till väga för att vinna tillbaka sina kunders förtroende.</p><p>Vi har i denna uppsats valt att använda oss utav en kvalitativ me-tod med en abduktiv och fenomenologisk ansats då vårt syfte är att undersöka fenomenet tsunamikatastrofen 2004 i Thailand och ta reda på hur reseföretag har hanterat katastrofsituationen. Den abduktiva ansatsen har varit central under arbetets gång då vi har kompletterat teorin allt eftersom empirin vuxit fram. Vår empiri består av fem stycken kvalitativa intervjuer med personer som har stor erfarenhet och kompetens inom det undersökta området.</p><p>Vi har utgått från en modell som förklarar hur återhämtnings-processen för en destination bör gå till och implementerat denna modell på reseföretag. De marknadsföringsfaktorer som vi under uppsatsens gång sett vara extra vitala är relationen med kunder samt relationen med media för att kunna återhämta sig efter en kris. För fullständig slutsatsdiskussion hänvisar vi till kapitel sju.</p> / <p>The aim of this study is primarily to explore how travel companies have managed certain crisis situation on a destination to be able to adopt appropriate strategies to be used when marketing such desti-nation with the purpose to reclaim their customers. We have cho-sen to focus this paper on the tsunami disaster in 2004 and how different travel companies handled that situation when trying to regain their customers confidence.</p><p>We have chosen to use a qualitative method with an abductive and a phenomenological approach as our aim with this study is to investigate the phenomena of the tsunami disaster 2004 in Thail-and and in which way travel companies handled this situation. The abductive approach has been fundamental when working with this paper as it made it possible for us to update the papers theory as the empirics has grown. Our empiric approach includes five qual-itative interviews with people who have a lot of experience compe-tence within the area we chosen to investigate.</p><p>We have built this paper upon a model that explains how the reco-very period at a crisis destination should be handled and used this model on travel agencies. The marketing strategies that we have found fundamental during this period and essential for travel agen-cies to be aware of are those relating to the customers and media in order to recover from a crisis in the best possible way. We would like to refer the reader to chapter seven for our complete version of conclusions.</p>

This thesis looks at a variety of stakeholders and how they inform the conversations around disasters and disaster sites. In particular it focuses on the way knowledge frameworks of different actors informs this dialogue and defines the nature of their response. The thesis argues that this has an implication for debates on democracy, governance and citizenship. The thesis looks at four sets of actors: individuals confronting and coping with the everydayness of disasters.; the states of Gujarat and Orissa in India which innovate in the face of disasters to either create a techno-managerial response and institute different methodologies or use the existing structures to embed themselves further and perpetuate the poverty and disaster industry; the Christian and secular humanitarian groups: the former make a transition from charity to rights discourse while intervening in disasters. The latter focus on building methodologies which institute certain norms of responding to disasters and catering to those it considers as more vulnerable when disaster strikes. The thesis finally turns its attention to the response of four Hindu groups who draw on civilizational categories to engage with issues of pain, suffering, healing. Each stakeholder, the thesis argues, in articulating its response to disasters, presents a 'counter model' or at least a complementary understanding of how to think and respond to disasters. This plurality of engagement by questioning the preconceived frameworks adds not just to the democratic imagination but also to the debates on what constitutes governance and citizenship. Methodologically, the thesis is an ethnographic exploration located in two sites in India: Gujarat and Orissa. It keeps storytelling, ethnography, analysis, policy documents together and tries to show that they become a weave in disaster studies.

Water, and particularly clean water is essential for humans with a profound effect on health and has the capacity to reduce illnesses. Paradoxical, water is a medium where disease causing agents could be transmitted into the human body. Water can cause illness both from distribution of pathogenic organisms into the human system and also if not consumed in a required amount, leading to dehydration and other complications. Today catastrophes and disasters hit different areas in various forms. When such an event occurs, infrastructure is often disturbed or destroyed, and the supply of fresh water may be threatened. The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) is a government agency in Sweden, with a task to developing the community’ssocietal ability to prevent and handle emergencies, accidents and crises. The agency support various actors when a crisis or an accident occurs, both abroad and at a national level. The personnelal supporting at a crisis zone is sometimes working under extreme conditions where basic needs, such as access to food and fresh water can be a deficiency. To ensure that the personnel working at these sites can continue to solve problems without risking their own health caused by dehydration or other waterborne diseases, different methods can be used to treat water for personal use. Five different products intended for personal water treatment are chlorine dioxide pills, chlorine dioxide liquid, the Katadyn filter bottle, the Lifesaver filter bottle and the UV-lamp SteriPEN. These products use different water treatment techniques to purify water and secure the access to fresh water during exposed conditions. The aim with this study is to create an information basis in order for MSB to choose water treatment product for their future international missions. This is done by examine four parameters of these different products; purification capacity, manageability, environmental impact and economic aspects. The study showed that there is no product that pervading is best according to all parameters, they all have their pros and cons. The product that was best on average throughout the whole study is the SteriPEN but only if used during 10 or more missions. If a product should be used for only five or fewer missions, the chlorine dioxide liquid is recommended to use. At sites where the raw water is heavily contaminated a combination of two products could be an option, as a result of this thesis it is recommended to combine the chlorine dioxide liquid and the SteriPEN. This study is done qualitative and the result is based on literature, laboratorial reports and own measurements and calculations. Actual field tests are needed to further evaluate the products. The importance is that the product functions practically during MSBs working conditions, so relief workers really applicate the product to purify water and not refrain because it is not compatible with the working situations. If the product isn’t used because of these reasons it shouldn’t be used because it puts the relief workers at health risks. / Vatten, och i synnerhet rent vatten är livsavgörande för människor och har en grundlig hälsoeffekt med en förmåga att reducera hälsoåkommor. Paradoxalt nog är vatten samtidigt ett transportmedium för ämnen som orsakar sjukdomar. Vatten kan orsaka sjukdom och illamående både från distributionen av patogena ämnen in i människokroppen men också om intaget av vatten inte är tillräckligt för kroppen, vilket kan leda till uttorkning med stora komplikationer. Idag drabbas vissa områden av katastrofer och olyckor i varierande form. När sådana kriser och katastrofer sker, blir ofta infrastruktur skadad eller förstörd vilket kan medföra att tillgången till rent vatten hotas. Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap (MSB) är en myndighet i Sverige, med uppgift att utveckla social kapacitet för att motverka och hantera nödsituationer, olyckor och kriser. Myndigheten stödjer olika aktörer när en kris eller olycka uppstår, både utomlands och på nationell nivå. Personalen som stödjer på plats i en kriszon arbetar ibland under extrema förhållanden där basala nödvändigheter, som t.ex. tillgången till mat och rent vatten kan vara en bristvara. För att säkerhetsställa att personalen som arbetar på dessa platser kan fortsätta att lösa sin uppgift utan att riskera sitt eget välbefinnande på grund av vattenbrist eller andra vattenrelaterade sjukdomar, kan olika metoder för vattenrening på personlig nivå användas. I den här studien valdes fem olika produkter avsedda för personlig vattenrening ut; klordioxid i tablettform, klordioxid i vätskeform, Katadynflaskan, Lifesaverflaskan och UV-lampan SteriPEN. Dessa produkter utnyttjar olika tekniker för att rena vatten och säkerhetsställa tillgången av rent vatten under utsatta situationer. Målet med den här studien är att skapa en informationsbas som underlag för MSB att använda sig av när de väljer vattenreningsmetod för kommande internationella insatser. Fem produkter utvärderats därför utifrån fyra parametrar; reningskapacitet, handhavande, miljöpåverkan och ekonomisk aspekt. Studien visade att det inte var någon enskild produkt som genomgående var bäst utifrån alla parametrar, de hade alla sina för och nackdelar. Produkten som överlag fick bäst resultat genom studien var SteriPEN men det utifrån att produkten används under tio insatser eller mer. Om en produkt endast ska användas under ett fåtal insatser är klordioxid i vätskeform att föredra. På platser där råvattnet är skarpt kontaminerat kan en kombination av två olika produkter vara aktuell, rekommenderat är att kombinera klordioxid i vätskeform med SteriPEN, draget som slutsats av resultatet av denna studie. Det här är en kvalitativ studie och resultatet grundar sig på litteratur, analysresultat från laboratorietester samt egna mätningar och beräkningar. Faktiska tester i fält är nödvändiga för att vidare utvärdera produkterna. Det viktiga är att produkten faktiskt fungerar praktiskt baserat på förhållandena MSB arbetar under så att hjälparbetare verkligen använder produkten för att rena kontaminerat vatten och inte avstår att använda produkten på grund av att den inte är kompatibel med arbetsförhållandena. Om produkten inte används på grund av den anledningen ska den inte användas i fält då den utsätter hjälparbetarnas hälsa för risk. / <p>2016-12-01</p>

The role of exposure to a human-made disaster and the subsequent development of post-traumatic stress reactions were examined. Subjects included 49 males and 30 females who were variously exposed to the Luby's shooting incident in Killeen, Texas in October of 1991. Post-traumatic stress symptomatology was measured by the SCL-90R. Exposure was operationalized by using a scenario-rating scheme with independent raters estimating each subject's level of exposure. A regression and commonality analysis revealed that exposure is an important predictor in post-traumatic symptomatology. Premorbid functioning and gender were also found to play important roles, with females expressing higher levels of symptomatology.