This thesis investigates the use of the pragmatic particles (PPs) 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film dialogue, and their translations in British English subtitles. Using a corpus of nine films and eight episodes drawn from two television series – all released in the UK between 2005 and 2015, and equating to approximately twenty-two hours – the study identifies tokens across a much wider range of contexts than has previously been possible using traditional corpora. The main contribution is an analysis of PP functions. The results for 'enfin' show a different functional distribution of the particle to other corpora, with corrective 'enfin' occurring significantly less frequently. The relatively large number of tokens of performative and emotional (or affective) 'enfin' allows for an elaboration of these two categories, and a tendency is observed for 'enfin' to appear as an apparent disagreement mitigator in discussions between peers. With regard to 'écoute', it is argued that écoute1 functions as a face-threat mitigator in unequal relationships and écoute2 as an FTA, although the particle is multifunctional and some tokens exhibit characteristics of both categories. Attention is given to combinations of 'enfin' and 'écoute' with other particles: while there is a clear tendency for disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' to co-occur with 'mais', and for the precision and restrictive subcategories of the corrective to co-occur with 'je veux dire', other previously documented combinations ('enfin bon' and 'ben écoute') are not frequently occurring in the present corpus. The thesis also makes a significant contribution to the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The English subtitles show high rates of omission for both particles consistent with previous research, with disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' particularly vulnerable to omission. However, the analysis reveals a surprising pattern regarding 'écoute': a clear division of labour between ‘look’ (used to translate more confrontational tokens) and ‘listen’ (more conciliatory and socially distant). The study includes an experimental analysis of the subtitles relative to their character limits, demonstrating a potential new approach for researchers wishing to investigate the impact of various subtitling constraints.

The thesis deals with the epistemic modality, its types and modes of expression in specialized Spanish and Czech texts. The aim of this thesis is to perform a comparative analysis which is based on a statistical analysis of linguistic texts. The introduction primarily concentrates on the different typologies of Czech and foreign authors, the classification of modal attitudes, and the lexical and grammatical means of expressing modality. The result of this thesis is the comparison of the frequency that can be observed between the aforementioned languages.

Cette thèse propose une nouvelle approche des écrits scientifiques en prenant comme point de départ les marqueurs discursifs (MD). Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre du Français sur Objectif Universitaire (FOU). Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement aux MD polylexicaux et les intégrons dans une conception large de la phraséologie. La particularité de cette recherche réside dans le fait de relier les descriptions linguistiques des MD et la transposition didactique de ces unités lexicales à l'aide de corpus, ce qui est encore peu abordé dans le champ de la didactique francophone. Nous cherchons à répondre à des objectifs à la fois linguistiques et didactiques. Pour les objectifs linguistiques, nous mettons en place un modèle d'analyse des MD polylexicaux associant les propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques et qui est tout à fait réadaptable à d'autres MD. Les analyses linguistiques des MD serviront par la suite à l'enseignement/apprentissage de ces unités. Pour les objectifs didactiques, cette recherche vise à concevoir une méthodologie d'enseignement/apprentissage des MD à partir de l'observation de corpus. Les considérations méthodologiques proposées dans le cadre de cette thèse ouvrent des pistes intéressantes pour l'enseignement/apprentissage de ces éléments linguistiques ainsi que pour faciliter l'accès aux écrits scientifiques auprès des étudiants non-natifs. / This thesis proposes a new approach to scientific writings which takes discourse markers as starting point. It is part of the framework of French for Academic Purposes. In this work, we are particularly interested in multi-word discourse markers and we integrate them into a broader concept of phraseology. The particularity of this work lies in linking linguistic descriptions of discourse markers and didactic transposition of these tokens with a corpus, which is still little discussed in the didactic francophone field. We aim to meet two main objectives of linguistic and didactic nature. The linguistic objectives are to set up a model for analyzing multi-word discourse markers that combines both syntactic and semantic properties and is totally reconfigurable to other discourse markers. Linguistic analyses will then be used for the teaching/learning of these units. For didactic purposes, this research aims to develop a methodology for teaching/learning discourse markers from the observation of the corpus. Methodological considerations proposed in the framework of the thesis provide attractive ways for teaching/learning these language elements and for making access to the academic writings easier to non-native students.

Discursive markers are a set of linguistic items that work in the cognitive, expressive, social, and textual domains, with two aspects of communicative knowledge closely related to one another: the expressive and the social, which are the speaker's ability to use language to show his personal and social identities, to convey attitudes and perform actions, and to negotiate relationships between self and other (SCHIFFRIN, 2001). Interactional discourse markers arising from speech in interaction and one of its functions is to attract for itself the or to draw closer to the attention of the interlocutor, maintaining the speaker/listener interaction in the discourse process. In this perspective and in the light of the Accommodation Theory (GILES; COUPLAND; COUPLAND, 1991) and Audience Design (BELL, 1984), the aim is to analyze how the speakers adjust their linguistic behavior during the interaction and makes use of discursive strategies to control differences, to approach or to move away from their listeners, and shift the speech style to get approval from the participants in the interaction. This research analyzes the interactional discourse markers of verbal nature entendeu?, sabe? e viu? [you understand?, you know?, you see?], from the observation of the speech in the interaction of young students in the State College Atheneu Sergipense speech community, taking into account that in a school community the social universe is culturally shared among its members that, to greater or lesser extent of participation, share communicative needs, as well as lexical and semantic structures. The samples used in this study are part of the Falares Sergipanos database (FREITAG, 2013). From this proposal, we investigate: (i) the uses, the functions and the distribution of frequencies of interactional discourse markers entendeu?, sabe? e viu? [you understand?, you know?, you see?] (ii) the relation of these interactional discourse markers in the process of linguistic accommodation and, (iii) the uses of these discursive markers as traces of social identity. The corpus investigations in this study point out that the specificities of linguistic variations arise from the social relation between the speakers, the nature of the speech community and the sharing of the discursive and social context, where the speaker recognizes himself as a member of a group and adjusts his linguistic behavior, according to their goals and objectives, to express their attitudes and beliefs. / Marcadores discursivos são um conjunto de itens linguísticos que funcionam nos domínios cognitivo, expressivo, social e textual, havendo dois aspectos do conhecimento comunicativo intimamente relacionados entre si: o expressivo e o social, que são a capacidade do falante de usar a linguagem para mostrar suas identidades pessoais e sociais, transmitir atitudes, executar ações e negociar relações entre o eu e o outro (SCHIFFRIN, 2001). Marcadores discursivos interacionais emergem na fala em interação e uma de suas funções é atrair para si a, ou aproximar-se da, atenção do interlocutor, mantendo a interação falante/ouvinte no processo do discurso. Nessa perspectiva e à luz da Teoria da Acomodação (GILES; COUPLAND; COUPLAND, 1991) e Audience Design (BELL, 1984), busca-se analisar como o falante ajusta seu comportamento linguístico durante a interação e faz uso de estratégias discursivas para controlar diferenças, se aproximar ou se afastar do seu ouvinte e alternar seu estilo de fala para obter a aprovação dos participantes da interação. Esta pesquisa analisa os marcadores discursivos interacionais de natureza verbal entendeu?, sabe? e viu?, a partir da observação da fala em interação de adolescentes escolares na comunidade de fala do Colégio Estadual Atheneu Sergipense, tendo-se em conta que em uma comunidade escolar o universo social é culturalmente compartilhado entre seus membros que, em maior ou menor grau de participação, compartilham necessidades comunicativas, além de estruturas lexicais e semânticas. As amostras utilizadas nesta pesquisa integram o banco de dados Falares Sergipanos (FREITAG, 2013). A partir dessa proposta, investiga-se: (i) os usos, as funções e a distribuição de frequências dos marcadores discursivos de base interacional entendeu?, sabe? e viu?; (ii) a relação desses marcadores discursivos interacionais no processo de acomodação linguística e, (iii) os usos desses marcadores discursivos como traços de identidade social. Investigações do corpus apontam que as especificidades das variações linguísticas decorrem da relação social entre os falantes, da natureza da comunidade de fala e do compartilhamento do contexto discursivo e social, onde o falante se reconhece como membro de um grupo e ajusta seu comportamento linguístico, de acordo com suas metas e objetivos, para expressar suas atitudes e crenças.

Orientador: Marcos Aurelio Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fortes_FabiodaSilva_M.pdf: 852135 bytes, checksum: 6844247a948a6e0fd5ce5eb1b25d6e64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Os marcadores discursivos (MDs) podem ser definidos, de forma geral, como um grupo bastante amplo de mecanismos verbais (vocábulos, pequenas cláusulas, expressões cristalizadas etc.) que atuam no nível pragmático, inscrevendo a enunciação no discurso, e textual, organizando coesivamente partes do texto (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). Realizam-se, freqüentemente, por usos não prototípicos de conjunções, preposições e interjeições. Suas propriedades têm sido encontradas em ocorrências discursivas análogas no latim. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) destacou um grupo de vocábulos latinos que pareciam conjugar as funções textuais-discursivas supramencionadas: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero e at, desenvolvendo extensa pesquisa de seu funcionamento no texto. O objetivo central de nossa pesquisa é verificar nos textos de Donato (séc. IV d.C.) ¿ nas seções De coniunctione, De praepositione e De interiectione, contidos na sua Ars maior ¿ e Prisciano (séc. VI d.C.) ¿ nos livros XIV, parte do XV e XVI, de suas Institutiones grammaticae ¿, a maneira como são neles tratadas as propriedades hoje consideradas ¿textuais¿ e ¿pragmáticas¿, que permitem uma aproximação entre as antigas preposições, conjunções e interjeições latinas e o atual conceito de MDs / Abstract: Discourse markers (DMs) can be defined as a very wide range of verbal mechanisms (words, small clauses, crystallised expressions etc.) that play a role both on a pragmatic level, inscribing enunciation in discourse, and on a textual level, organising parts of the text cohesively (cf. Schiffrin, 1996; Risso et al., 1996). They are expressed by non-prototypical usages of conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. Their properties have been found in analogous discourse occurrencies in Latin. Caroline Kroon (1995, 1998) has developed an extensive research on a number of words that she considered having these same discourse and textual properties: nam, enim, igitur, ergo, autem, vero and at. The core objective of our research is to verify within Donatus¿s Ars maior (c. IV a.D) ¿ in the sections De coniunctione, De praepositione and De interiectione ¿ and Priscian¿s Institutiones grammaticae (c. VI a.D) ¿ in the books XIV, part of XV and XVI ¿ the way the properties considered nowadays as belonging to the ¿textual¿ and ¿pragmatic¿ domains, had been addressed by the Latin grammarians and allow us to make an approximation between the ancient concepts of Latin prepositions, conjunctions and interjections and the current concept of DMs / Mestrado / Mestre em Linguística

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-21T11:25:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartins.pdf: 1418945 bytes, checksum: a422ba05347afc37f2d612971fbfac7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:06:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartins.pdf: 1418945 bytes, checksum: a422ba05347afc37f2d612971fbfac7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:06:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartins.pdf: 1418945 bytes, checksum: a422ba05347afc37f2d612971fbfac7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-11 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo a inclusão dos marcadores discursivos (MDs) derivados dos verbos de percepção visual “olhar” e “ver” em configuração imperativa e na segunda pessoa do discurso (P2) no âmbito da abordagem da gramaticalização de construções (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2010a, 2011a, 2011c; NOËL, 2007; BYBEE, 2010, 2011; FISCHER, 2011; GISBORNE & PATTEN, 2011; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013). É nesse contexto que (i) demonstraremos que o desenvolvimento de tais MDs inclui, entre outras características, aumento em esquematicidade e em produtividade e diminuição em composicionalidade, aspectos fundamentais à gramaticalização de construções (TRAUGOTT, 2011c; TEIXEIRA & OLIVEIRA, 2012) e que (ii) proporemos a sistematização desses MDs a partir dos quatro níveis de esquematicidade propostos por Traugott (2008a, 2008b) – macroconstrução, mesoconstrução, microconstrução e construto. Realizamos, para tanto, uma análise pancrônica, a partir de amostras do português falado e de amostras da modalidade escrita da língua, constituídas por textos que compõem os seguintes corpora: o corpus do “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, o corpus do projeto “PEUL – Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua”, o corpus do NURC/RJ – Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”, o corpus do projeto “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” e o corpus do projeto “Tycho Brahe”. Nossa análise se realiza a partir do equacionamento entre o cálculo da frequência de uso (BYBEE, 2003, 2011; VITRAL, 2006; MARTELOTTA, 2009) e a análise qualitativa, uma vez que nossos objetivos são definir o processo de gramaticalização dos marcadores discursivos analisados e descrever e interpretar os contextos específicos de uso de cada um deles. Os resultados apontam que o esquema construcional verbo de percepção visual em configuração imperativa e em P2, que atua na chamada de atenção do ouvinte, configura a macroconstrução, que, juntamente com as mesoconstruções, seria responsável pelo surgimento de novas construções bem como pelo estabelecimento de um esquema construcional. Ainda, identificamos os seguintes contextos de atuação discursiva destes MDs, que, cada qual com seu padrão construcional, comporiam as mesoconstruções: prefaciação, opinião/sustentação, discurso reportado, interjeição e contraexpectativa. É nesse sentido que defendemos que a macroconstrução e as mesoconstruções, que estariam na base do desenvolvimento dos marcadores discursivos, através do mecanismo da analogia, seriam responsáveis pela emergência de novas construções bem como pelo estabelecimento de um esquema construcional disponível para o falante. / The present work intends to include the discourse markers (henceforth DMs) derived from the verbs of visual perception "olhar" and "ver" in imperative configuration and in second person (P2) within the approach of grammaticalization of constructions (TRAUGOTT, 2003, 2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2010a, 2011a, 2011c; NOËL, 2007; BYBEE, 2010, 2011; FISCHER, 2011; GISBORNE & PATTEN, 2011; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013). It is in this context that we (i) demonstrate that the development of such MDs includes, among other features, increase of schematicity and productivity and decrease in compositionality, that are important aspects of the approach of grammaticalization of constructions (TRAUGOTT, 2011c; TEIXEIRA & OLIVEIRA, 2012) and (ii) propose a systematization of these DMs based on the four levels of schematicity that are proposed by Traugott (2008a, 2008b) – macroconstruction, meso-construction, micro-construction and construct. In order to prove these hypotheses, we accomplished a panchronic analysis that is represented by samples of spoken Portuguese and samples of the written language through the following corpora: the corpus of the “Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto”, the corpus of “PEUL – Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua” and the corpus of “NURC/RJ – Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro”, the corpus of “CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval” and the corpus of “Tycho Brahe” project. Our analysis is done from the equation between the consideration of the frequency of use (BYBEE, 2003, 2011; VITRAL, 2006; MARTELOTTA, 2009) and the achievement of a qualitative treatment of data, since our intention is to define the process of grammaticalization of the analysed DMs and to describe and interpret the specific contexts of use of each DM. The results indicate that the constructional schema visual perception verb in imperative configuration and in P2, which operates in calling the listener’s attention, represents a macro-construction, that, with the mesoconstructions, would be responsible for the emergence of new constructions as well as for the establishment of a constructional network. We have also identified the following discursive contexts that, each one with its particular constructional pattern, integrate the meso-constructions: foreword, opinion/sustaining, reported speech, interjection and counter-expectation. In this context, we argue that the macroconstruction and the meso-constructions would be the basis for the development of DMs through the mechanism of analogy, that would be responsible for the emergence of new constructions as well as the for the establishment of constructional schema that is available to the speaker.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T17:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_VaniaRosanaMattos Sambrana_maio de 2017.pdf: 1166153 bytes, checksum: 158fc041d3c774a28930c9e808627e1f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-05-29T14:45:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_VaniaRosanaMattos Sambrana_maio de 2017.pdf: 1166153 bytes, checksum: 158fc041d3c774a28930c9e808627e1f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T14:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO_VaniaRosanaMattos Sambrana_maio de 2017.pdf: 1166153 bytes, checksum: 158fc041d3c774a28930c9e808627e1f (MD5) / Ao postularmos que a língua é um inventário de construções, assumimos a visão de língua como arquitetura complexa de um sistema adaptativo com padrões mais ou menos regulares. Nesta perspectiva, investigamos o padrão construcional responsável pela formação dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual olhar e ver, no português brasileiro do século XX. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar, levantar e descrever esse padrão construcional, contribuindo para o entendimento de suas formas de apresentação, principalmente as microconstruções, virtualmente, tipos individuais de construção. Para tal investigação, utilizamos a base teórica da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso, apoiada pelo modelo da Gramática de Construção, e os corpora: Corpus Discurso e Gramática, Corpus do Português, Projeto Norma Linguística Urbana Culta e Programa de Estudos do Uso da Língua. Como resultado da coleta de dados, levantamos dez exemplares de marcadores discursivos formados pela base verbal olhar e treze pela base verbal ver. Partimos da hipótese de que, por motivações cognitivo-interacionais, funções discursivo-pragmáticas são desempenhas pelos marcadores como um conjunto de funções para cada contexto específico. Averiguamos que, sincronicamente, pressões discursivas resultam em variabilidade de alinhamento de forma-função, demonstrada no compartilhamento morfossintático entre marcadores discursivos em rede construcional. Através das análises dos contextos de uso, concluímos que a função dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual consiste em manipular o espaço de atenção para regular a interação entre os interlocutoresAo postularmos que a língua é um inventário de construções, assumimos a visão de língua como arquitetura complexa de um sistema adaptativo com padrões mais ou menos regulares. Nesta perspectiva, investigamos o padrão construcional responsável pela formação dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual olhar e ver, no português brasileiro do século XX. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar, levantar e descrever esse padrão construcional, contribuindo para o entendimento de suas formas de apresentação, principalmente as microconstruções, virtualmente, tipos individuais de construção. Para tal investigação, utilizamos a base teórica da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso, apoiada pelo modelo da Gramática de Construção, e os corpora: Corpus Discurso e Gramática, Corpus do Português, Projeto Norma Linguística Urbana Culta e Programa de Estudos do Uso da Língua. Como resultado da coleta de dados, levantamos dez exemplares de marcadores discursivos formados pela base verbal olhar e treze pela base verbal ver. Partimos da hipótese de que, por motivações cognitivo-interacionais, funções discursivo-pragmáticas são desempenhas pelos marcadores como um conjunto de funções para cada contexto específico. Averiguamos que, sincronicamente, pressões discursivas resultam em variabilidade de alinhamento de forma-função, demonstrada no compartilhamento morfossintático entre marcadores discursivos em rede construcional. Através das análises dos contextos de uso, concluímos que a função dos marcadores discursivos de base verbal perceptivo-visual consiste em manipular o espaço de atenção para regular a interação entre os interlocutores / When we say that language is an inventory of constructions, we assume language‘s view like a complex building of an adaptative system with constructional patterns with some regularity. In this way, we investigate the constructional pattern of the discourse markers formed by visual perceptive verbs to look (olhar) and to see (ver), from the Brasilian Portuguese, 20th century. The aim of this paper is to identify, to list, and to describe this constructional pattern, contributing to the raising of their forms, mainly, – the micro-constructions. For this purpose, we use as theoretical base the Usage-Based Functional Linguistics. The corpus is from Corpus Discurso e Gramática, Corpus do Português, Projeto Norma Linguística Urbana Culta and the Programa de Estudos do Uso da Língua. As a result of data collection, we list ten exemplars of discourse markers by the verbal base to look (olhar), and thirteen exemplars of discourse markers by the verbal base to see (ver). We have, as first hypothesis that, because for cognitive and interactional motivations, discursive-pragmatic functions are fulfilled by the discourse markers as a conjunct of functions to each specific context. We investigate, synchronically, discursive pressions result in a variation of form-function arrangements, evident in the morphosyntactic partaking among the discourse markers in the constructional network. From the analysis of usage contexts, we conclude that the function of discourse markers consist of manipulating the attention‘s space to regulate the interaction between speaker and hearer

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att, utifrån olika exempel på ungdomsspråk, undersöka gymnasieelevers och svensklärares attityder till samt användning av ungdomsspråk i och utanför gymnasieskolans verksamhet med ett fokus på muntlig språkproduktion i svenskämnet. Vidare utreder uppsatsen om det finns likheter och skillnader mellan gymnasieelevers och svensklärares användning av ungdomsspråk samt vad för attityder de har till det. Uppsatsen visar också på om och hur gymnasieelevers prestationer i svenskämnet påverkas av deras användning av ungdomsspråk. Dessutom undersöks gymnasieelevers och svensklärares uppfattning om det ovanstående och om motpartens användning av ungdomsspråk. Två underliggande faktorer, det vill säga kön och ålder, undersöks också i koppling till de ovannämnda målgrupperna. Två enkäter distribuerades till gymnasielever och svensklärare vid en gymnasieskola där de fick besvara kvalitativa och kvantitativa frågor angående attityder till och användning av ungdomsspråk. Resultatet visade att gymnasieelever använder ungdomsspråk mer än svensklärare, både i och utanför gymnasieskolans verksamhet, exempelvis genom slang, svordomar och diskurspartiklar. Båda målgrupperna har olika attityder till ungdomsspråk där svensklärare kan se det som begränsande medan gymnasielever anser att det skapar gemenskap. Svensklärare och gymnasieelever har också varierande åsikter om huruvida elevers användning av ungdomsspråk påverkar deras prestationer i svenskämnet. Dock anser majoriteten av dem att det har en negativ inverkan. Likaså finns det både likheter och skillnader hos båda målgruppernas uppfattning av motpartens användning av ungdomsspråk. Det visas till exempel genom att svensklärarna anser att ungdomsspråk kan vara innovativt medan gymnasielever uttrycker att det är pinsamt om deras lärare försöker använda ungdomsspråk i klassrummet. / The purpose with this essay is to, based on different examples of youth language, examine upper secondary students’ and Swedish teachers’ attitudes to and usage of youth language in and outside upper secondary school with a focus on oral language production in the school subject of Swedish. This essay will also focus on if and how upper secondary students’ accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish are affected by their usage of youth language as well as what kind of view that upper secondary students and Swedish teachers have about this and about the opposite group’s usage of youth language. Two underlying factors, as in gender and age, will also be examined in relation to the previously mentioned target groups. Two surveys were handed out to upper secondary students and Swedish teachers. They got to answer qualitative and quantitative questions about attitudes to and usage of youth language. The result showed that upper secondary students use youth language more than Swedish teachers, both in and outside upper secondary school, for example through slang, curse words and discourse markers. Both of the target groups have different attitudes to youth language where Swedish teachers consider that it is limited while upper secondary students believe that it creates solidarity. Swedish teachers and upper secondary students also have different opinions about the fact that students’ usage of youth language might affect their accomplishments in the school subject of Swedish. However, the majority of both target groups believe that it has a negative influence. There are also similarities and differences between both target groups’ views on the counterpart’s usage of youth language. For example, the Swedish teachers believe that youth language can be innovative while upper secondary students express that it is embarrassing if their teachers try to use youth language in the classroom.

Les langues offrent une multitude d’éléments linguistiques pour organiser et délivrer les informations (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch & Rosado, 2002). Il y a plusieurs manières d’exprimer en mot la représentation mentale des événements. Le locuteur, en fonction des outils linguistiques dont il dispose, choisit les formes qui lui apportent le plus de valeur communicative pour transmettre son message.Notre étude est centrée sur deux connecteurs de l’amharique, -mm et dämmo, qui sont abondants dans la langue, et dans la narration en particulier. Nous avons pour objectif d’examiner, dans une perspective développementale, comment les locuteurs les utilisent, et les fonctions que ces particules ont dans leurs narrations. Nous cherchons à distinguer les fonctions communicatives ou pragmatiques qui sont signalées dans l’énoncé au moyen de ces marques. Pour ce faire, nous avons constitué un corpus de soixante productions narratives d’enfants de groupes d’âges différents (5-6, 7-8 et 10-12 ans) et d’adultes locuteurs d’amharique. Nous avons utilisé le support imagé sans texte « Frog, where are you? » (Mayer, 1969) pour recueillir nos données. Ce matériel expérimental a déjà servi à de nombreuses études développementales dans plusieurs langues (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail & Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman & Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete & Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 entre autres).Les résultats montrent que le clitique -mm et la locution dämmo, bien qu’ils soient tous les deux employés par tous les locuteurs, n’ont pas toujours la même portée selon le locuteur et varient en fonction de l’âge. dämmo, marque principalement le thème contrasté pour montrer la concomitance des événements. Il s’avère être plus maniable pour les enfants par rapport à –mm qui est beaucoup plus complexe, non seulement de par sa structure synthétique mais surtout parce qu’il est multiusage. –mm ancre l’information dans le contexte, il met en exergue le constituant sur lequel il opère. / Languages provide speakers with a wide range of linguistic units to organize and deliver information (Jisa, Reilly, Verhoeven, Baruch & Rosado, 2002). There are several ways to verbally express the mental representations of events. The speaker, according to the linguistic tools he has acquired, selects the one that brings out the most communicative effect to convey his message.Our study focuses on two markers in Amharic, -mm and dämmo, which abound in the language and in narratives in particular. Our aim is to examine, from a developmental perspective, how the speakers use them, and the functions these elements have in their narratives. We seek to distinguish the communicative and pragmatic functions indicated by means of these markers. To do so, we created a corpus of sixty narrative productions of children from 5-6, 7-8 to 10-12 years old and adult Amharic speakers. The material we used to collect our data is a series of pictures without text “Frog, Where are you?” (Mayer, 1969). This experimental material has already been used in many developmental studies and in several languages (Bamberg, 1987 ; Kail & Hickmann, 1992 ; Berman & Slobin, 1994 ; Kern 1997 ; Akinci, 1999 ; Strömqvist &Verhoeven 2003 ; Jisa, Chenu, Fekete & Omar, 2010 ; Fekete, 2011, Saïdi 2014 and many more).The results show that -mm and dämmo, although all the speakers use them both, do not always have the same scope according to the speaker and vary according to the age. dämmo is mainly used to mark a contrastive topic to signal the concomitance of the events. It seems to be easy to use for children compared to -mm which is much more complex, not only because of its synthetic structure but primarily because it is a multi-purpose morpheme. -mm anchors the information into the context, it highlights the constituent on which it operates.

Cette thèse aborde la reformulation dans des discussions entre jeunes Libanais francophones. Après une approche lexicologique de formuler/reformuler/reformulation qui vise à faire émerger leurs spécificités par rapport à dire/redire, énoncer/réénoncer, etc., et une tentative de trouver une unité à l’objet discursif qu’est la reformulation, une double approche des reformulations du corpus est engagée. La première, linguistique, dresse une typologie de ce phénomène dans le corpus. Se voulant globale, elle prend en compte des critères linguistiques (phonologique, sémantique, lexical, morphosyntaxiques) et d’autres qui relèvent de la dimension interactive dans laquelle s’inscrivent les reformulations (instances, initiation et rôle de la reformulation dans le discours). Le principal apport de cette approche qualitative et quantitative est d’avoir montré l’aspect central de la morphosyntaxe dans le marquage des reformulations nuançant ainsi les approches du phénomène à travers les marqueurs lexicaux et les connecteurs. La deuxième approche se centre sur les locuteurs et sur leur statut de non-natifs en s’interrogeant sur le potentiel des reformulations à nous renseigner sur leur compétence de communication. De plus, le travail se penche sur des phénomènes de contacts de langues dans le cadre de l’activité reformulatoire des locuteurs dans le corpus. Cette thèse se consacre enfin, dans le cadre théorique de la grammaticalisation/pragmaticalisation, à l’étude d’un marqueur discursif du dialecte libanais «jæʕne» qui fait irruption dans le discours des locuteurs et témoigne, entre autres emplois, de celui de marqueur de reformulation. Les emplois de jæʕne sont considérés aussi comme des phénomènes de contacts de langue d’une part dans le cadre d’alternance codique et d’autre part, à travers des calques opérés par les locuteurs sur c’est-à-dire. / This PhD thesis approaches reformulation in conversations between young francophone Lebanese. It starts with a lexicological approach of the words formulate/reformulate/reformulation in order to emphasize their differences with say/say again, utter/utter again and goes on with a deep analysis of reformulation as a discursive object, followed by a two-fold approach of the occurrences in the corpus. The first approach is a linguistic one and also deals with the interactional dimension of reformulations. Quantitative and qualitative analyses emphasize the role of morphosyntax in marking reformulations, completing the approaches based on discourse markers and connectives. The second approach, focusing on the speakers, takes into account their non-native speaker status. We are questioning here the way in which reformulations can provide information about their communicative competence. Reformulation is seen as a communicative strategy they use in order to solve communication problems. Our work ends with the analysis of a Lebanese French discourse marker, jæʕne, used by the speakers to indicate reformulation (among other things). The first part of the analysis draws a typology of all its uses within the grammaticalization/pragmaticalization framework while the second one studies it as a language contact phenomenon.