Apresenta-se um procedimento para estimativa da matriz origem-destino (O/D) a partir de um modelo de escolha discreta em combinação com uma matriz O/D de transporte público, a qual pode ser estimada de maneira relativamente fácil e rápida. O modelo de escolha discreta utilizado para realizar a divisão modal é o modelo logit multinomial. A calibração do modelo logit é realizada com base em 505 observações e considerando três situações: a população de viajantes sem segmentação, com segmentação segundo posse de automóvel no domicílio, e com segmentação segundo a distância de viagem. Analisa-se a precisão da estimativa do número de viagens quando as zonas de controle que formam a área de estudo são divididas segundo o critério de distância de acesso às linhas de ônibus. Na verificação realizada são empregados dados obtidos da pesquisa domiciliar realizada na cidade de Bauru, SP. Os erros cometidos na estimativa são medidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos na pesquisa domiciliar sem expansão. O trabalho demostrou experimentalmente que o procedimento proposto é uma alternativa viável para se obter a distribuição de viagens e, portanto, para determinar a matriz O/D. / A procedure is presented for estimating an origin-destination (O/D) matrix using a discrete choice model jointly with a public transport O/D matrix; the latter being relatively easy and fast to obtain. A multinomial logit discrete choice model is used to determine the mode split of travelers among several available modes. The model is estimated using a sample of 505 observations chosen from a household 0/D survey in the city of Bauru, state of Sao Paulo. This survey is used throughout to verify the results of the proposed methodology. Three different models are considered: one without segmentation of the population, one with segmentation according to car ownership and one with segmentation according to travel distance. An examination is made of the changes on the level of precision of the number of trips estimated with the division of the control zones that conform the study area; the aforementioned division was carried out on the basis of an access distance to the bus network criterion. The estimation errors are measured and compared to the unexpanded O/D survey results. The research shows empirically that the proposed procedure can be used to obtain the distribution of trips and hence to determine an aggregate O/D matrix.

Apresenta-se um procedimento para estimativa da matriz origem-destino (O/D) a partir de um modelo de escolha discreta em combinação com uma matriz O/D de transporte público, a qual pode ser estimada de maneira relativamente fácil e rápida. O modelo de escolha discreta utilizado para realizar a divisão modal é o modelo logit multinomial. A calibração do modelo logit é realizada com base em 505 observações e considerando três situações: a população de viajantes sem segmentação, com segmentação segundo posse de automóvel no domicílio, e com segmentação segundo a distância de viagem. Analisa-se a precisão da estimativa do número de viagens quando as zonas de controle que formam a área de estudo são divididas segundo o critério de distância de acesso às linhas de ônibus. Na verificação realizada são empregados dados obtidos da pesquisa domiciliar realizada na cidade de Bauru, SP. Os erros cometidos na estimativa são medidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos na pesquisa domiciliar sem expansão. O trabalho demostrou experimentalmente que o procedimento proposto é uma alternativa viável para se obter a distribuição de viagens e, portanto, para determinar a matriz O/D. / A procedure is presented for estimating an origin-destination (O/D) matrix using a discrete choice model jointly with a public transport O/D matrix; the latter being relatively easy and fast to obtain. A multinomial logit discrete choice model is used to determine the mode split of travelers among several available modes. The model is estimated using a sample of 505 observations chosen from a household 0/D survey in the city of Bauru, state of Sao Paulo. This survey is used throughout to verify the results of the proposed methodology. Three different models are considered: one without segmentation of the population, one with segmentation according to car ownership and one with segmentation according to travel distance. An examination is made of the changes on the level of precision of the number of trips estimated with the division of the control zones that conform the study area; the aforementioned division was carried out on the basis of an access distance to the bus network criterion. The estimation errors are measured and compared to the unexpanded O/D survey results. The research shows empirically that the proposed procedure can be used to obtain the distribution of trips and hence to determine an aggregate O/D matrix.

In both developed and emerging-economies, major cities continue to experience increasing traffic congestion. To address this issue, complex Traffic Management Systems (TMS) are employed in recent years to help manage traffic. These systems fuse traffic-surveillance-related information from a variety of sensors deployed across traffic networks. A TMS requires real-time information to make effective control decisions and to deliver trustworthy information to users, such as travel time, congestion level, etc. There are three fundamental inputs required by TMS, namely, traffic volume, vehicular speed, and traffic density. Using conventional traffic loop detectors one can directly measure flow and velocity. However, traffic density is more difficult to measure. The situation becomes more difficult for multi-lane motorways due to drivers lane-change behaviour. This research investigates statistical modelling and analysis of traffic flow. It contributes to the literature of transportation and traffic management and research in several aspects. First, it takes into account lane-changes in traffic modelling through incorporating a Markov chain model to describe the drivers lane-change behaviour. Secondly, the lane change probabilities between two adjacent lanes are not assumed to be fixed but rather they depend on the current traffic condition. A discrete choice model is used to capture drivers lane choice behaviour. The drivers choice probabilities are modelled by several traffic-condition related attributes such as vehicle time headway, traffic density and speed. This results in a highly nonlinear state equation for traffic density. To address the issue of high nonlinearity of the state space model, the EKF and UKF is used to estimate the traffic density recursively. In addition, a new transformation approach has been proposed to transform the observation equation from a nonlinear form to a linear one so that the potential approximation in the EKF & UKF can be avoided. Numerical studies have been conducted to investigate the performance of the developed method. The proposed method outperformed the existing methods for traffic density estimation in simulation studies. Furthermore, it is shown that the computational cost for updating the estimate of traffic densities for a multi-lane motorway is kept at a minimum so that online applications are feasible in practice. Consequently the traffic densities can be monitored and the relevant information can be fed into the traffic management system of interest.

每個人在面臨特定的選擇集合時, 可能會有不同的選擇行為發生, 如果將每個人的反 應集合起來, 組成一組資料, 利用這些資料, 我們就可以導出一種行為模式。一般的 行為模式都將應變數視為連續變數( 例如需求量),近年發展出的個體選擇模式(Discr -ete Choice Model)則將應變數視為間斷的(Discrete)孌數( 例如交通工具的選擇: 汽車=1、火車=2、飛機=3等等) 。藉由這種模式, 我們可以進一步研究或預測人類在 面臨各種選擇時所產生的行為。 一個行為模式, 包含了可以被觀察的自變數和未知的參數, 我們利用抽樣觀察而得的 資料來推估這些未知的參數, 但不同的抽樣方法會導致不同的估計值。一般而言, 在 這類問題中應用到的抽樣方法有三種:1. 簡單隨機抽樣、2.外生分層抽樣、3.內生分 層抽樣。本文主要的研究內容集中在探討運用不同的內生分層抽樣法所推估的參數值 之間的差異。 研究方法大致可分為三個步驟: 一. 閱讀前人的文獻, 彙總整理前人的方法, 并發現新的抽樣與估計法: 此法是先決 定內生分層后每層的抽樣比例, 再用系統抽樣的方法抽出樣本, 最后用最大概似法對 參數加以推估。以Binary Logit Model為例: P(1︱x)=1/(1+exp(-xb)) P(0︱x)=1/(1+exp(xb)) 其log likelihood fuction為 logL=Σ {y [log(gl)+log(p(1︱x )]+(1-y )[log(g0)+log(P(0︱x )]-log[gl P (1︱x )+g0 P(0︱x )]} 其中y =1 or 0;gi是選擇i 選項的抽樣比例(i=1 or 0);x 為自變數;b是欲估計的參 數。 二、證明利用新法所產生之估計式, 和前人所研究出的估計式同樣具有一致性。 三、模擬一組母體, 再比較新法與前人的估計式間的差異。

個體選擇模式(discrete choice model)廣泛應用於國外的交通運輸及行銷領域，而國內交通運輸領域，也長期以此模式分析個體的運具選擇行為。反觀國內的行銷領域，因較難取得消費者的商品品牌購買紀錄，而鮮少應用個體選擇模式分析消費者的選擇行為。有鑒於此，本研究嘗試以問卷收集消費者對三個洗髮精品牌的選擇行為，以個體選擇模式中的多項邏輯模式(multinomial logit model)、巢狀邏輯模式(nested multinomial logit model)、混合多項邏輯模式(mixed logit model)進行分析，檢驗問卷設計中的促銷活動、消費者特性對選擇行為的影響性。 實證分析的結果發現，洗髮精的原價格及促銷折扣、贈品容量、加量不加價等促銷活動，皆對消費者的選擇行為有顯著的影響力，其中促銷折扣與贈品容量影響的程度較大，是較具有效果的促銷活動。而消費者的性別、年齡、職業及品牌更換的頻率，皆影響洗髮精的選擇行為。此外，消費者若固定選擇自己最常購買的洗髮精，此類型的消費者與其他人的品牌選擇行為，也有顯著的不同。 此外，根據本研究樣本，我們也發現海倫仙度絲與潘婷間的替代、互補性較強。 / Discrete choice model has been demonstrated to be a useful tool for analyzing consumers’ choice behavior data in the area of transportation and marketing research. However, since a complete data set containing consumers’ history of purchase behavior was rarely available to public, the model was less popular in the marketing research area than in the transportation research in Taiwan. Based on limited survey data on consumers’ choice among three different brands of shampoo, we applied multinomial logit model、nested multinomial logit model、mixed logit model in this study to understand promotion program’s effect on consumers’ choice behavior , the result showed that shampoos’ original price、discount、volume of hair conditioner bestowal、more volume with the same price all had significant impacts on consumers’ choice behavior, among them, discount and volume of hair conditioner bestowel influenced more .In addition, consumers’ gender、age、occupation and frequency of changing brands also affected consumers on choosing brands of shampoos. The study also found that a consumer who chose the same brand regularly behaved notably differently.

L’objectif est d’analyser les déterminants et les mécanismes de transmission de la politique monétaire en Chine au cours des deux décennies passées. Elle contribue à la littérature par le biais de deux nouvelles mesures de la politique monétaire en Chine, l'une combinant les instruments utilisés par la banque centrale et l'autre basée sur les discours de la banque centrale sur la politique monétaire. Ces deux approches permettent de prendre en compte le comportement complexe et adaptatif de la banque centrale. Ces mesures permettent de mettre en évidence des changements substantiels dans le style de la politique à partir de 2002, plus graduelle et agressive envers l’inflation, en lien avec le début du mandat du gouverneur Xiaochuan, le processus de libéralisation des taux d’intérêt et l’ouverture commerciale et financière de la Chine. De plus, l’estimation d’un modèle à choix discret révèle une politique monétaire caractérisée par une politique accommodante sur l’inflation avant 2002 et un ciblage implicite de l’inflation à partir de 2002, similaire à celles du G3 pré- et post-1979. Enfin, cette thèse analyse les facteurs expliquant la déformation de la courbe des taux obligataires en Chine au cours de la dernière décennie. Alors que le contrôle des taux d’intérêt peut entraver l’usage de la courbe de taux comme référence pour évaluer les actifs risqués, celle-ci évolue bien en lien avec les autres instruments, la situation macroéconomique en Chine et de plus en plus aux communications de la banque centrale. Enfin, nos analyses révèlent l’influence de la politique monétaire américaine sur celle de la Chine et sur l’évolution de la courbe de taux sur la décennie passée. / The objective of this thesis is to enhance the understanding of the determinants and the transmission mechanisms of monetary policy in China over the last two decades. It contributes to the literature providing two new composite measures of monetary policy in China based on alternative approaches, one combining the large range of monetary policy instruments and the other based on central bank speeches. Both prove to be essential to take into account the complex and adaptive behavior of the People’s Bank of China (PBC). Our instrument-based monetary policy index emphasizes substantial changes in policy style towards smoother but more hawkish policy moves from 2002 onwards, consistent with the start of the mandate of Governor Zhou Xiaochuan, the interest rate liberalization process and the increasing trade and financial opening. Moreover, the estimation of a discrete-choice model implies a conduct of monetary policy characterized by an inflation-accommodating policy before 2002 and an implicit inflation targeting from 2002 onwards, which respectively resembles that of pre-1979 and post-1979 policy of the G3. Our thesis examines the deformation of the bond yield curve over the last decade to evaluate monetary policy transmission mechanisms. While regulated interest rates can hamper the use of the yield curve as benchmark for pricing risk, the latter moves in line with the other instruments, the macroeconomic situation, and increasingly to central bank communication, a crucial step toward a market oriented system. Finally, US monetary policy significantly affects monetary policy determinants and transmission mechanisms in China, particularly from its WTO accession in 2001.

Die vorliegende Studienarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Fragestellung, inwiefern sich Revealed-Preference-Daten aus der deutschen Mobilitätsbefragung "Mobilität in Städten" SrV 2008 dazu eignen, um basierend auf denen im Datensatz enthaltenen Wegen Verkehrsmittelwahlmodelle zu schätzen. Dazu wurden Wegedaten aus der Befragung verwendet, und die Wahlalternativen mit Hilfe der Google Directions API rekonstruiert. Mit den rekonstruierten Variablen Reisezeit und Reisekosten sowie verschiedenen sozioökonomischen und externen Variablen aus SrV 2008 wurden verschiedene Wahlmodelle geschätzt. Durch schrittweises Hinzufügen der Variablen konnte das Modell immer weiter verbessert werden. Wie zu erwarten, erwiesen sich dabei die Reisezeit und die Reisekosten als hoch signifikant. Von den restlichen Variablen waren jedoch lediglich das Geschlecht der befragten Person sowie die Wettersituation zum Zeitpunkt der Wahlentscheidung signifikant. Für das finale Modell wurden Zeitkostensätze errechnet und mit verschiedenen europäischen Studien verglichen. Die errechneten Zeitkostensätze erwiesen sich dabei als plausibel. Die SrV-Daten eignen sich also für die Schätzung von Wahlmodellen. / The following thesis analyzes, if revealed preference data from the German mobility survey "Mobilität in Städten" SrV 2008 is suited to estimate mode choice models. For that purpose, trip data from the survey was used and the different choice alternatives were reconstructed with the Google Directions API. Several mode choice models were estimated with the help of the reconstructed variables travel time and travel costs plus several socioeconomic and external variables from SrV 2008. The variables were added to the model step by step, thereby the quality of the model improved. As expected, travel time and travel costs were highly significant. However from the remaining variables only the gender of the person and the weather at the time of the trip were significant. For the final model, values of time were calculated and these were compared with values from different European studies. The calculated values of time proved to be feasible. Therefore, SrV data is suited to be used for mode choice models.

國內對於住宅需求的相關研究，多偏向住宅價格、合理房價與購買力、消費量等研究，但是對於消費者住宅選擇行為的研究則較少見。住宅需求的主體以個體的家戶為單位，家戶在所得的限制之下，追求效用的最大化，做出遷移決策、區位選擇、增建決策等。 觀察台灣的都市現象，台北市的房價所得比高達8倍以上，不但居全台灣之冠，更遠超過歐美國家的水準，國內高房價的壓力會影響家戶的遷移成本與區位選擇。另外，在台北市的住宅類型八成以上為公寓大廈，只能從陽台或屋頂平台小幅增建，增加的住宅面積有限，未申請建照的增建多屬不合法的違建行為，無法自由調整，因此家戶採取增建方式調整住宅需求的行為會受到限制。而國內住、商、工混雜，土地相容使用，就業區位可能與住宅區位相距不遠，因此通勤成本可能較低，這些與國外迥異的都市背景，使得本研究想解構在台灣家戶的住宅調整決策與區位選擇行為。 本研究將家戶的生命週期類型與住宅遷移、區位選擇、增建決策相連結，探討每個特殊的生命週期家戶，其住宅調整決策的差異，分析各生命週期家戶的區隔，其結果有助於了解住宅次市場區隔以及住宅下濾、換屋行為。進一步探討家戶的住宅區位選擇: 台北市女性就業，使家庭所得、通勤成本增加，其住宅區位選擇與通勤行為應與單薪家戶不同，並驗證是否受到房價與通勤成本的取捨、相關資源與夫妻決策權力、以及家庭責任義務的影響。最後，探討戶長及配偶對於區位選擇的影響，驗證戶長配偶模式是否比過去研究以戶長屬性代替家戶屬性的模式較佳，分析家戶屬性所引申的住宅需求如何影響家戶的住宅區位選擇，以及分析夫妻的資源與決策影響力的性別差異關係。女性身為戶長，其決策影響力的消長應與一般傳統家戶的成員不同，分析是否產生女性特殊的住宅區位需求，其結果可以作為住宅政策的參考。 本文回顧相關文獻，發現單從經濟學的模式不足以說明家戶的選擇行為，而社會學與性別方面的議題和假說也未深入探討家戶的住宅區位選擇，因此考量現實的背景，希望從實證主義，剖析不同生命週期家戶的住宅調整方式，以及從大幅改變住宅屬性的遷移方式中，進一步解構家戶的住宅區位選擇行為與通勤的決策，並討論家庭責任、性別差異等相關課題。實證資料係採1990年台閩地區戶口及住宅普查台北市的資料，探討家戶對於自有住宅的調整決策，將台北市各行政區中位置相鄰、性質相近者分為六區，作為住宅區位選擇的替選區位。本研究以效用理論為基礎，分析家戶的遷移決策、遷移選擇一個新的住宅區位、以及增建決策等，追求家戶住宅需求效用的最大化，以不連續選擇模型進行實證。 結果發現高所得家戶選擇遷移的機率較高，低所得、或小孩正在成長的家戶較傾向選擇增建，住宅區位選擇的結果，也可印證人口往新興發展的郊區移動，老舊的西區流動性較差，應用在都市發展的政策上，可以針對資源的流動與新興地區的住宅及公共設施建設、交通運輸建設等相關政策做出建議。 另外，藉由女性的決策權力與需求的結果，發現女性就業的特性與所得資源對於區位、通勤選擇的影響力較低，反而是照顧小孩的家庭責任是關鍵因素，女性同時在外工作與擔任母職的角色，非常需要工作地點與住宅區為方便的連結，工作與居住分離的都市形式或許不敷台灣社會的需要，方便的交通與大眾運輸工具、以及價格合理且鄰近社區的兒童扥育設施都是女性急需的公共服務。 同時考慮夫妻兩位家戶成員的戶長配偶模式比傳統的戶長模式較能解釋住宅區位選擇的決策，但是在1990年當時的已婚女性多是無酬的家屬工作者或未就業，因此較沒有顯著的經濟影響力，惟獨年輕、教育程度較高的女性展現較不同於傳統的決策行為，而且以女性為戶長的家戶的確有孑然不同的區位選擇影響力，與台北市全體家戶、以男性為戶長的家戶相比，女性的戶長影響力較大。 / This dissertation consisted of four relative essays. Due to lack of housing adjustment decisions and location choice issues in Taiwan’s housing research, this study focus on some specific background in Taipei City, and reference to the existing studies. The relative resources and couple’s decision-making power effect is an important discussion point to which I drew attention. Using the discrete choice model and the data from “1990 Census of Population and Housing in Taipei”, the empirical studies are tested. As we known, the housing price in Taipei is the highest in Taiwan, households choose moving decision would pay higher adjustment cost. The most popular housing types in Taipei are apartments, the addition behavior without government permission is normally illegal. But under the constraint of affordability, some families would choose home improvement instead of moving to satisfy their housing needs for saving adjusting cost. In the first paper, I examined different choices of moving decision, housing location choice, and addition decision, which every household made. Households in different life cycle stages, indicating different income level, number of members, marriage status or other specific characteristics, they how to adjust their housing demand and make their housing decisions. The results will provide housing market segmentation information and explain the housing filtering behaviors. This second paper explores the effects on housing location choice in single and double income households in Taipei, and examines the relative hypotheses, such as relative resources and couple’s decision-making power, and household responsibility constrains. Households’ residential location choice are subjected to income constrains, facing the trade-off between housing price and commuting cost. Husbands who are usually the financial resources of a family economy get more decision- making power than wives. However, it would not play more significant role on location and commuting choices for wife to taking care of children. The results would suggest the government to provide convenient public transportation mode and children care service. The last two papers examine the impact of aggregated needs of household members on the choice of housing location in Taipei. Especially the discussion of family decision- making issues was raised. The results indicate that the choice of housing location is significantly impacted by the age, family origin, past housing location, education and occupation status, and the location of workplaces of both spouses.　We also find that this decision is more significantly influenced by the attributes of the male spouse□than the female.　However, among the households with a female household head, the female spouse□characteristics are more likely to be significant.　Our results also offer a snapshot of today□Taiwanese culture that is dramatically different from the commonly understood male-dominance in the Chinese tradition.

Submitted by Ramon Francisco Fernandez Gonzalez (ragonzalez82@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-29T01:08:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-05-02T13:22:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-05-06T20:17:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T12:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / In this paper we seek to identify the determinants of demand for mutual funds in Brazil through the logit model, which is widely used in the theory of industrial organizations. Whenever possible we perform 'links' with the main concepts of behavioral finance. Thus, we clarify the main variables that impact variations of 'market share' in the mutual funds industry. We conclude that the main indicators observed by investors at the time of decision-making, are the CDI, inflation, the real interest rate, the variation of the dollar and the stock market, on the other hand the accumulated return of the last three months is factor decisive for investors to apply or redeem an investment fund. Risk variables and expected return we thought to have a strong impact, not significant for variations of 'share'. / Neste trabalho buscamos identificar os principais determinantes da demanda por fundos de investimento no Brasil através do modelo Logit, que é bastante utilizado na teoria das organizações industriais. Sempre que possível realizamos 'links' com os principais conceitos de finanças comportamentais. Assim, conseguimos aclarar as principais variáveis que impactam as variações de 'market-share' na indústria de fundos de investimento. Concluímos que os principais indicadores observados pelos investidores no momento de tomada de decisão são o CDI, a inflação, a taxa real de juros, a variação do dólar e da bolsa de valores, por outro lado a rentabilidade acumulada dos últimos três meses é fator decisivo para que o investidor aplique ou resgate um fundo de investimento. Variáveis de risco e de retorno esperado que imaginávamos ter forte impacto, não se mostraram significativas para as variações de 'share'. / En este trabajo buscamos identificar los determinantes de la demanda de los principales fondos de inversión en Brasil através del modelo Logit, que es ampliamente utilizado en la teoría de las organizaciones industriales. Siempre que posible hemos realizado 'links' con los principales conceptos de las finanzas comportamentales. Por lo tanto, fue posible aclarar las principales variables a que las variaciones de impacto de 'cuota de mercado' en la industria de fondos de inversión. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los principales indicadores observados por los inversores en el momento de la toma de decisiones, es el CDI, la inflación, la tasa de interés real, la variación del dólar y el mercado de valores, por otro lado, la rentabilidad acumulada de los últimos tres meses es un factor decisiva para que los inversionistas invirtan o salgan de un fondo de inversión. Las variables de riesgo y rendimiento esperado que pensabamos tener un impacto fuerte, no se demonstraran significativas para las variaciones de las cuotas de mercado.

This dissertation seeks to contribute to the policy discussion on how to design efficient and sustainable energy policies. In three self-contained chapters, it applies microeconomic theory and empirical analysis to identify three market failures in European energy markets and to evaluate specific policy measures that strive to overcome these failures in order to increase market efficiency and to enhance environmental or societal sustainability. Chapter 1 and 2 study European electricity markets, which play an important role in the transition towards a carbon-neutral energy future. Overcoming barriers to efficient electricity markets is a crucial step to keep the costs of this transition as low as possible to society. Both chapters focus on obstacles to electricity market efficiency that have recently been highlighted by the European Commission. On the supply side, subsidies for renewable electricity may distort production incentives and competition in wholesale electricity markets. Chapter 1 applies a theoretical model to study the effect of different subsidies on producer strategies and competition in wholesale electricity markets. On the demand side, the European Commission seeks to overcome the reluctance of residential electricity consumers to switch electricity supplier in order to ensure effective competition in the retail electricity market. Chapter 2 empirically quantifies different reasons for switching inertia using a structural discrete choice model and performs counterfactual analysis to study the effect of different policy measures that seek to overcome switching inertia. Chapter 3 looks at the building sector, which accounts for 40% of final energy consumption in Europe and is a major emitter of carbon emissions. In the residential housing market information asymmetries hamper incentives to invest in energy efficiency improvements of rental property. This chapter empirically analyzes the effect of a European policy that mandates the use of energy performance certificates aiming at establishing an efficient market for energy efficient dwellings. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished