Refugees show higher prevalence of psychological disorders compared to the general population in host countries. At the same time, there is a lack in the provision of and knowledge about appropriate transcultural mental health support. The overall goal of this thesis was to investigate insider perspectives on the mental health support for refugee patients (MHSR). More specifically, the objective was to obtain insights into the MHSR in Brazil, a Latin-American and developing country. The research on refugees in Brazil is sparse, but the need to provide adequate MHSR is increasing with growing numbers of people who seek refuge in the country. The goal was approached in the first section of this thesis by reviewing and synthesising the existing research. In this, we aimed at obtaining insights into qualitative research findings on the perspectives of professionals and refugee patients concerning MHSR. The section starts with Chapter 2, a qualitative evidence synthesis of ten primary qualitative studies referring to 145 insider perspectives. The main findings highlight the importance of a trusting therapeutic relationship, of the adaptation of therapeutic approaches to patients’ needs and situation, and of psycho-social support, cultural sensitivity, as well as of external support structures for professionals. Negative or hindering aspects were identified as a lack of mental healthcare structures, the impact of the postmigration situation on patients’ well-being, cultural and language differences, and patients’ mistrust. Finally, ambivalences were formulated regarding verbal therapies, trauma exposure, the use of mental healthcare, and the impacts of the work with refugees on professionals. Section I ends with Chapter 3, that critically evaluates the method of a qualitative evidence synthesis and discusses some of its challenges, particularly with regard to the question of how to abstract and merge primary qualitative results without losing their in-depth-meaning. Chapter 3 also poses the question of the universality of the findings of the QES, as no primary studies from non-Western countries were included. The need for a greater international plurality in the research field of MHSR motivates Section II of this thesis. This second section looks at how psychologists in Brazil perceive the MHSR in this Latin- American country. Three different studies were performed for this second section using qualitative semi-structured interviews with professionals and thematic analysis, as well as consensual qualitative research strategies. The first study investigated how psychologists perceive the psychological suffering and symptoms of their refugee patients. It also provides background and contextual information for the following parts, such as concerning refugee patients’ countries of origin. The investigation found that the most frequently described conditions in refugee patients were anxiety and depression disorder and symptoms, grief, and PTSD symptoms. However, the results also showed that the use of manuals for the categorical classification and diagnosis of mental disorders is a debated topic among psychologists in Brazil, since psychiatric diagnostic categories are often perceived to be a poor representation of a person’s experience. Psychologists tended to stress patients’ socio-political suffering and to conceptualise patients’ symptoms as expected reactions to their profound losses and ongoing contextual instability. Participants discussed refugees suffering especially in relation to four clusters: the postmigration stressors, traumatic experiences, flight as life rupture, and the current situation in the country of origin. The second study of Section II explored the perspectives of psychologists on providing “acolhimento psicológico” (psychological care) for refugees in Brazil. It analysed the general experiences, positive and negative aspects, as well as facilitators and necessary changes to better the MHSR. Results showed, that psychologists experienced operating in a novel, precarious and xenophobic context, which led them to move beyond classical psychological work, engage in practical assistance and become very close to clients. Participants reported on a lack of public structures, insufficient competencies of professionals and high levels of staff fatigue. At the same time, they described gaining new perspectives and benefiting from witnessing their clients’ resilience. In terms of facilitating factors for the psychological care process participants pointed to the importance of psychologists being flexible, authentic, of showing a high resistance to frustration, and of making use of group-based approaches. Participants suggested that, in order to better refugees’ mental health in Brazil, efforts should focus on adopting a more social perspective in psychology, developing antidiscrimination campaigns, building policies for refugee’ integration, and scaling up investments in mental healthcare in general. The third study of Section II, retrieved the psychotherapists’ experience of providing psychotherapy for refugees in Brazil. Supportive and hindering elements in psychotherapy with refugee patients in Brazil were identified at eight different levels: the patient, the therapist, their relationship, the setting, the psychotherapeutic approach, the context of the patient, the context of the therapist and the societal context in Brazil. Hindering elements in the therapy included missing preparation for the integration of refugees, lack of interpreters, patients’ mistrust and therapists feeling untrained, helpless and becoming overinvolved. Supportive elements included a trusting therapeutic relationship, therapists’ cultural humility and structural competence, patients’ societal inclusion as well as working with groups and networks. This investigation showed that in light of the enormous structural challenges for the mental well-being of refugee patients, therapists’ flexibility and the reliance on collective work and networks of support is crucial. Finally, Section III, the integrative discussion summarizes, compares and contrasts the results of the various studies of this dissertation regarding, again, helpful/positive, ambivalent, and supportive/negative factors in the MHSR. These synthesised results are subsequently embedded within and discussed in relation to the scientific literature. The thesis closes by considering its limitations and by providing suggestions for future research, as well as an overall conclusion.

Marginalisés de la Colombie, le département du Vichada et la municipalité de La Primavera, situés dans le bassin de l'Orénoque, sont au centre d'un boom agraire. À l'origine de ceci, se trouvent des groupes de paramilitaires, guérilla et narcotrafiquants, qui essaient de contrôler la production de coca Le boom attire des investissements de tout type, résultant en une contreréforme agraire traduite par une accumulation de terres, de façon violente et illégale. Ce scénario contient les conditions pour que des nouvelles vagues de PDI se déplacent vers les bidonvilles des grandes villes. Parallèlement, la Colombie est dans une conjoncture avec des négociations entre le gouvernement et la guérilla, pour mettre fin à la guerre. Le point cl, de l'agenda est le développement durable de la campagne et la démocratisation de l'accès à la terre. Cette situation dichotomique représente une opportunité pour initier des laboratoires de développement alternatifs et durables, qui pourraient bénéficient à l'ensemble de la région. La recherche se centre sur La Primavera, un milieu nettement rural de 14.000 habitants disséminés sur une large extension sans infrastructures de base où un groupe norvégien a acheté 72.000 hectares de savane pour y développer un projet agroindustriel, qui aura besoin de main-d'œuvre intensive. Le projet, en cours de réalisation, prévoit de créer un village durable et autosuffisant pour 1.000 familles, dont la conception comporte une prise en compte du territoire et des autres villages ; et la mise en œuvre de solutions sociales, économiques et environnementales alternatives, se constituant le terrain d'observation principal, in situ et in vivo. / Marginalized from Colombia, the department of Vichada and the municipality of La Primavera, located in the Orinoco basin, are at the center of an agrarian boom. At the origin of this, there are paramilitaries groups, guerrilla and drug traffickers, who are trying to control the coca production. The boom is attracting investment of any kind, resulting in an agrarian counter-reform materialized in an accumulation of land, in a violent and illegal manner. This scenario contains the conditions for new IDP waves moving to slums in the large cities. Meanwhile, Colombia is in a conjuncture with the negotiations between the government and the guerrillas to end the war. The key point of the agenda is sustainable development of the countryside and the democratization of access to the land. This dichotomous situation represents an opportunity to introduce alternative and sustainable development laboratories, which could benefit the whole region. The research focuses on La Primavera, a distinctly rural area with 14,000 people scattered over a wide extension without basic infrastructure; where a Norwegian group bought 72,000 hectares of savannah in order to develop an agro-industrial project, which will need intensive manpower. The project, under construction, plans to create a sustainable and self-sufficient village of 1,000 families, whose conception includes taking into account of the territory and other villages; and the implementation of alternative social, economic and environmental solutions, constituting the main field of observation, in situ and in vivo.

A presente tese de doutoramento tem como objeto de pesquisa os imigrantes de origem russa no Brasil, principalmente na cidade de São Paulo, na primeira metade do século XX. A Revolução Russa de 1917 e a formação do Estado Soviético ocasionaram grandes mudanças na estrutura social da Rússia e produziram um fluxo emigratório inédito no século XX. As características migratórias dessas populações provocaram grandes debates nos países europeus e resultaram no surgimento de uma nova categoria migratória: o refugiado. No Brasil, os primeiros imigrantes da Rússia pós-­revolução começaram a chegar no começo dos anos 1920, tendo como principais destinos os estados do Sul e do Sudeste do país, principalmente a cidade de São Paulo, que se encontrava em fase de rápido crescimento econômico e urbano. Posteriormente, São Paulo recebeu mais duas grandes levas de imigrantes russos: os deslocados da Segunda Guerra Mundial, no final dos anos 1940, e os imigrantes russos da China, ao longo da década de 1950. Assim, as décadas de 1920 a 1950 foram o período de maior visibilidade dos imigrantes russos na cidade e dos processos mais intensos da estruturação de suas coletividades. Diante disso, a tese se concentra nesse intervalo de tempo. Num segundo momento, a tese se propõe a explorar o que significava ser russo em São Paulo nesse período. O trabalho está fundado na percepção de que nenhuma identidade é uma característica estável, mas um processo contínuo cujos resultados advém de uma complexa teia de interações entre o Estado, a sociedade, o grupo e o indivíduo. A tese, através de uma extensa pesquisa documental em arquivos públicos e particulares e com auxílio de depoimentos orais, busca identificar de que modo as formas de sociabilidade dos imigrantes russos em São Paulo foram fruto de suas concepções coletivas sobre seu pertencimento e sua lealdade nacional. A pesquisa identificou que a falta de homogeneidade nos percursos migratórios, e também nas concepções sobre o próprio pertencimento, resultou em uma comunidade de imigrantes marcada por constantes conflitos internos, com o Estado e com a sociedade no Brasil. Essa dinâmica comunitária, somada à postura repressiva do Estado à época em relação aos imigrantes, ocasionou grandes rupturas entre gerações e entre diferentes levas migratórias de russos na cidade, que impactaram as formas de sociabilidade dos russos na cidade até os dias de hoje. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is the research of the Russian immigrants in Brazil, mainly in the city of São Paulo, in the first half of the twentieth century. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the formation of the Soviet State led to major changes in the social structure of Russia and produced an unprecedented emigration flow. Migratory characteristics of these populations caused great debates in European countries and resulted in the emergence of a new immigration category: the refugee. The first post-­revolution Russian immigrants began to arrive in Brazil in the early 1920s. The main destinations were the South and the Southeast of the country especially the city of São Paulo, which was in rapid economic and urban growth phase. Later, São Paulo received two others large waves of Russian immigrants: the displaced persons of World War II in the late 1940s, and Russian refugees from China, throughout the 1950s. Thus, the decades from 1920 to 1950 were a period of increasing visibility of Russian immigrants in the city of São Paulo and of an intense process of structuring their communities. Therefore, the thesis focuses in this period. After this first analysis, this thesis explores what it meant to be Russian in São Paulo during said period. The work is based on the paradigm that no identity is a stable characteristic, but an ongoing process which results come from a complex network of interactions between the state, society, group and individual. The thesis, through an extensive documentary research in public and private archives and with the help of oral testimonies, seeks to identify how the forms of sociability of Russian immigrants in São Paulo were a result of their collective views on their sense of belonging and of national loyalty. The research identified that the lack of homogeneity in the migratory experiences and in the conceptions of belonging resulted in an immigrant community marked by constant internal conflicts. This communitarian dynamics, coupled with the repressive attitude of the Brazilian State towards immigrants, caused major gaps between generations of Russian immigrants in the city, which impacted the forms of their sociability in the city until today.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

A presente tese de doutoramento tem como objeto de pesquisa os imigrantes de origem russa no Brasil, principalmente na cidade de São Paulo, na primeira metade do século XX. A Revolução Russa de 1917 e a formação do Estado Soviético ocasionaram grandes mudanças na estrutura social da Rússia e produziram um fluxo emigratório inédito no século XX. As características migratórias dessas populações provocaram grandes debates nos países europeus e resultaram no surgimento de uma nova categoria migratória: o refugiado. No Brasil, os primeiros imigrantes da Rússia pós-­revolução começaram a chegar no começo dos anos 1920, tendo como principais destinos os estados do Sul e do Sudeste do país, principalmente a cidade de São Paulo, que se encontrava em fase de rápido crescimento econômico e urbano. Posteriormente, São Paulo recebeu mais duas grandes levas de imigrantes russos: os deslocados da Segunda Guerra Mundial, no final dos anos 1940, e os imigrantes russos da China, ao longo da década de 1950. Assim, as décadas de 1920 a 1950 foram o período de maior visibilidade dos imigrantes russos na cidade e dos processos mais intensos da estruturação de suas coletividades. Diante disso, a tese se concentra nesse intervalo de tempo. Num segundo momento, a tese se propõe a explorar o que significava ser russo em São Paulo nesse período. O trabalho está fundado na percepção de que nenhuma identidade é uma característica estável, mas um processo contínuo cujos resultados advém de uma complexa teia de interações entre o Estado, a sociedade, o grupo e o indivíduo. A tese, através de uma extensa pesquisa documental em arquivos públicos e particulares e com auxílio de depoimentos orais, busca identificar de que modo as formas de sociabilidade dos imigrantes russos em São Paulo foram fruto de suas concepções coletivas sobre seu pertencimento e sua lealdade nacional. A pesquisa identificou que a falta de homogeneidade nos percursos migratórios, e também nas concepções sobre o próprio pertencimento, resultou em uma comunidade de imigrantes marcada por constantes conflitos internos, com o Estado e com a sociedade no Brasil. Essa dinâmica comunitária, somada à postura repressiva do Estado à época em relação aos imigrantes, ocasionou grandes rupturas entre gerações e entre diferentes levas migratórias de russos na cidade, que impactaram as formas de sociabilidade dos russos na cidade até os dias de hoje. / The purpose of this doctoral thesis is the research of the Russian immigrants in Brazil, mainly in the city of São Paulo, in the first half of the twentieth century. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the formation of the Soviet State led to major changes in the social structure of Russia and produced an unprecedented emigration flow. Migratory characteristics of these populations caused great debates in European countries and resulted in the emergence of a new immigration category: the refugee. The first post-­revolution Russian immigrants began to arrive in Brazil in the early 1920s. The main destinations were the South and the Southeast of the country especially the city of São Paulo, which was in rapid economic and urban growth phase. Later, São Paulo received two others large waves of Russian immigrants: the displaced persons of World War II in the late 1940s, and Russian refugees from China, throughout the 1950s. Thus, the decades from 1920 to 1950 were a period of increasing visibility of Russian immigrants in the city of São Paulo and of an intense process of structuring their communities. Therefore, the thesis focuses in this period. After this first analysis, this thesis explores what it meant to be Russian in São Paulo during said period. The work is based on the paradigm that no identity is a stable characteristic, but an ongoing process which results come from a complex network of interactions between the state, society, group and individual. The thesis, through an extensive documentary research in public and private archives and with the help of oral testimonies, seeks to identify how the forms of sociability of Russian immigrants in São Paulo were a result of their collective views on their sense of belonging and of national loyalty. The research identified that the lack of homogeneity in the migratory experiences and in the conceptions of belonging resulted in an immigrant community marked by constant internal conflicts. This communitarian dynamics, coupled with the repressive attitude of the Brazilian State towards immigrants, caused major gaps between generations of Russian immigrants in the city, which impacted the forms of their sociability in the city until today.

This thesis analyzes how the interests of minority and majority groups in state-led development practices can be bridged, with the Indian tribals affected by the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project (SSP) serving as a context for my analysis. The SSP threatens the livelihoods of approximately 100,000 people with displacement, who are primarily comprised of Indian tribal minorities. The construction of the SSP makes tribals more vulnerable to the risks associated with development-induced displacement, such as landlessness, joblessness, homelessness, marginalization, and food insecurity. When analyzing the SSP, a lack of adequate compensation, resettlement, and legal protection for the tribals becomes apparent. This has led to discussions of human rights violations among the national and international community, raising concerns regarding the protection of minority groups affected by state-led development. Attention is placed on what it means to be a citizen of a country in terms of legal representation and state protection, and how the under-representation of societal groups can lead to the creation of second-class citizens. The objective is to go beyond current discussions of human rights neglect in the context of the SSP by analyzing the position of minority rights in state-led development practices.

No description available.

Doctor Educationis / Sudan is one of the countries with a large number of people who move around the country for safety and better living conditions due to conflicts and the long-lasting war. These people are referred to as Internally Displaced People (IDPs), and most of them live in rural areas. The war in Sudan has led to socio-economic deterioration and has negatively affected social services such as health and education, particularly in the IDP camps. As a result, children's access to education and the quality of education remains a great concern. Educational challenges include poor infrastructure, lack of facilities and teaching-learning materials, overcrowding, and shortage of trained teachers. Illiteracy rates are higher among women, and drop-out rates are higher among girls. It is believed that traditional socio-cultural practices are barriers to girls' access to education in this country. In light of the above, this study investigates factors that contribute to girls' construction of educational aspirations in the IDP camps of North and South Sudan. The girls' educational aspirations are explored concerning gender empowerment discourses to gain an understanding of how gender empowerment is perceived and implemented by young females as they move between the school and home environments. It analyzes the impact of socio-cultural factors on girls' educational aspirations, perceptions, and self-esteem to understand the significance of education within a gender empowerment framework in the lives of young girls 10 disadvantaged communities of Sudan. Through the lens of the Capabilities Approach and various Feminist views, the study explores how gender discourses in education are understood, and the extent to which they contribute to building girls' opportunities and capacities in the local context. The study provides an analysis of the girls' opinions of themself and the influence of socio-cultural factors on their inspirational plans and expectations.