Esta dissertação buscou verificar como a incidência da língua inglesa nos discursos dos jovens em espaços não formais de educação possibilita a valorização individual (distinção) e que efeitos de sentido são produzidos na língua inglesa e na língua portuguesa. Para tanto, foram feitas observações participativas e aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada com vinte e três jovens entre 13 a 25 anos, oriundos das regiões leste e nordeste de São Leopoldo/ RS, assistidos pela organização não governamental PROAME. A partir das observações participativas gravadas em áudio, foram retiradas sequências discursivas que foram analisadas a partir da Análise de Discurso francesa e sob o referencial teórico da sociologia e da educação a partir de conceitos Bourdiesianos(distinção-habitus) e Freirianos(valorização-dignidade). Como resultados, constatamos: a) muitos jovens utilizam a LI para nomear, identificar produtos ofertados pelo mercado do consumo, nos espaços frequentados pelos seus pares; b) a reprodução do discurso pedagógico legitimado pela escola, o qual percebe a língua inglesa como necessidade básica para obtenção de um emprego; c) reprodução do discurso de mídia e de consumo, ressaltando que a LI enquanto a língua do belo e do glamour coloca-os em posição de valorização individual; d) jovens apontam, lamentam e colocam a necessidade de terem aprendido mais a língua adicional no tempo em que frequentaram a escola; e) jovens deslocam sentidos tirando substantivos comuns para nomear objetos, nomeando-os com substantivos próprios, ou seja, por marcas e grifes dos produtos na LI. Além desses resultados, também pudemos verificar que o habitus do grupo permite mesclar as línguas, pois isso remete alguns dos jovens a uma valorização individual por parte do grupo social de convívio, respeitando-os e colocando-os em posição de destaque no grande grupo. Contudo, percebemos que embora as línguas mesclem-se nos discursos dos jovens, há um descompasso que se evidencia no processo de ensino e aprendizagem nos espaços escolares e isto fez com que esses jovens, para sentirem-se incluídos numa língua adicional na sociedade moderna, criassem diferentes repertórios de resposta, como também diferentes efeitos de sentido para todo o universo vocabular da língua inglesa, até porque pensar a práxis pedagógica exige ir além das formas para entrever mediações que religam a palavra à ação e constituem as chaves do processo de ser do sujeito social (jovem). / This master thesis aimed to verify how the incidence of English language in the young discourses atnon-formal spaces of education leads to individual valorization (distinction) and what meaning effects are produced in English and in Portuguese. For this, participative observations were made and a semi structured interview was applied for twenty three young average age 13 to 25, from the east and northeast regions of São Leopoldo city/RS. All of them were assisted by a non-governmental organization called PROAME. Since the participative observations audio recorded, were selected several discursive sequences which were analyzed based on French Discourse Analysis and the theoretical references of sociology and education since Bourdesian concepts (distinction – habitus) and Freirian concepts (valorization – dignity).As results were found: a) many young use English to name, identify products offered in the consumption market and in placesfrequented by their groups; b) a reproduction of pedagogical discourse legitimated by school, which sees English as a basic necessity to apply for a job position; c) a reproduction of media and consumption discourses, highlighting English as a beauty and glamorous language putting the young intoa position of individual valorization; d) the young point out, complain and see the necessity of having had learnt more foreign languages at the time they attended school; e) young dislocate meanings exchanging common nouns to name objects, for proper nouns, in other words, they name objects using trades and brands of products in English. Besides these results, we also verified that the group habitus allows mixed languages, because it consigns some young an individual valorization by the social living group, respecting and putting them in prominence in the larger group. However, we realized that even though the languages are mixed in the young discourses, many faults in the learningand teaching processin school periodwas identified and it impelled this group of young to feel included in foreign languages and in our modern society, they also have created different repertoires of answers and different meaning effects for all the vocabulary universe of English language.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T13:54:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Camila.pdf: 3043764 bytes, checksum: 9381fcced725bc795e238d84ccbb7d8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / The passage of the nineteenth to the twentieth century gave birth in São Luís-MA a climate of hope, based on republican discourse of progress. The scenery of this city, until the mid-nineteenth century, had characteristics slave and rural, the switch to a modern city, caused several changes not only political, economic and structural, but also social. And to adapt to this new scenario was the need that the population, in general, acquired habits and behaviors consistent with the purpose of civilizing and modernizing the time. It is this path that the present research seeks to analyze the education received by women lounge, particularly women from the middle and upper strata of society ludovicense. Since these transformations, as well as charges related to the symbols of "civility" and "modernity", focused mainly on women, which was necessary to retain the "eternal" feminine qualities such as gentleness, modesty, among others, enhanced through newspapers, magazines and manuals of civility and etiquette. In this sense, it was essential to keep the woman attributes such as marriage, motherhood, beauty, being trendy, relevant, above all, their social class elite, and still have school education, and especially "education room" in order to and be prepared to play the roles of wife, mother and homemaker. The study reveals that in addition to these roles, she should represent her family socially through behavioral practices that highlighted the "good manners" as a means of obtaining prestige and distinction. To this end, this study guide the following categories: modernity (Baudelaire, 1996; Hall, 1998), civilization (Elias, 1994, Starobinski, 2001), etiquette (Elias, 2001), distinction (Bourdieu, 2007) and gender (Bourdieu, 1999, Scott, 1996). For this purpose, we use sources the newspapers, the Elegant Magazine, civility and etiquette manuals and literary works, present at the Public Library Benedito Leite and Public Archives of Maranhão. / A passagem do século XIX para o século XX engendrou em São Luís-MA um clima de esperança, firmado no discurso republicano de progresso. O cenário desta cidade que, até meados do século XIX, possuía características rurais e escravistas, ao mudar para o de uma cidade dita moderna, ocasionou diversas transformações não somente políticas, econômicas e estruturais, como também sociais. E para adaptar-se a esse novo cenário havia a necessidade de que a população, de modo geral, adquirisse hábitos e comportamentos compatíveis com o propósito civilizacional e modernizador da época. É nesse percurso que a presente pesquisa busca analisar a educação de salão recebida pela mulher, em especial a mulher das camadas média e alta da sociedade ludovicense. Tendo em vista que essas transformações, bem como os encargos relativos aos símbolos de civilidade e modernidade , incidiam principalmente nas mulheres, o que fazia necessário que conservassem as eternas qualidades femininas, tais como docilidade, recato entre outras, reforçadas através dos jornais, das revistas e dos manuais de civilidade e etiqueta. Neste sentido, tornava-se fundamental a mulher manter atributos como casamento, maternidade, beleza, estar na moda, pertinentes, sobretudo, a sua camada social elite, e ainda possuir educação escolar e, especialmente educação de salão , de modo a estar preparada para bem desempenhar os papéis de esposa, mãe e dona de casa. O estudo revela que além desses papéis, a mulher deveria representar socialmente sua família por meio de práticas comportamentais que destacassem as boas maneiras como meio de obtenção de prestígio e distinção. Para tanto, norteiam este estudo as seguintes categorias: modernidade (Baudelaire, 1996; Hall, 1998), civilização (Elias, 1994, Starobinski, 2001), etiqueta (Elias, 2001), distinção (Bourdieu, 2007) e gênero (Bourdieu, 1999, Scott, 1996). E, utilizamos como fontes os jornais, a Revista Elegante, manuais de civilidade e etiqueta e obras literárias, presentes na Biblioteca Pública Benedito Leite e Arquivo Público do Estado do Maranhão.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo problematizar a formação dos campos da engenharia e da arquitetura, na cidade de São Paulo, a partir da perspectiva e da intensa atuação dos construtores não diplomados. Principais agentes da construção civil e doméstica da cidade, na passagem do século XIX para o XX, os chamados não diplomados não só continuaram atuando após a regulamentação da profissão em 1933, como tiveram importante participação na constituição do mercado de trabalho, no prestígio profissional e nos mecanismos de consagração de duas das mais importantes profissões da sociedade contemporânea. No entanto, por conta de sua paulatina exclusão profissional e de seu esquecimento historiográfico, ainda são interpretados como \"menores\" na história da arquitetura e do urbanismo. Não obstante, pela quantidade e pela qualidade do que produziram, suas trajetórias trazem à baila uma cidade produzida por centenas de sujeitos de múltiplas nacionalidades e práticas construtivas distintas. Portanto, não se trata apenas de narrar como e por que o movimento corporativo de engenheiros e arquitetos diplomados paulatinamente excluiu os profissionais sem diploma, mas perceber a historicidade da formação dos campos profissionais a partir de uma estreita relação entre os \"licenciados\" e os diplomados, evidenciando assim um círculo de distinção que não dependeu apenas da lógica do diploma. / This research aims to problematize the formation of the fields of engineering and architecture, in the city of São Paulo, from the perspective and the intense performance of the non - qualified constructors. The main agents of the city\'s civil and domestic construction, from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century, the so-called non-graduates not only continued to act after the regulation of the profession in 1933, but also had important participation in the labor market, professional prestige and In the mechanisms of consecration of two of the most important professions of contemporary society. However, because of their gradual professional exclusion and their historiographical oblivion, they are still interpreted as \"minor\" in the history of architecture and urbanism. Nevertheless, because of the quantity and quality of what they produced, their trajectories bring to light a city produced by hundreds of subjects from multiple nationalities and different constructive practices. Therefore, it is not only a matter of narrating how and why the corporate movement of graduated engineers and architects has gradually excluded professionals without a diploma, but rather of perceiving the historicity of the formation of professional fields from a close relationship between \"graduates\" and graduates , Thus evidencing a circle of distinction that did not depend solely on the logic of the diploma.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-04T20:21:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 luizfernandorodrigueslopes.pdf: 2451065 bytes, checksum: 282eca7a9060b33ac153c50ff44fe462 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-05T11:53:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 luizfernandorodrigueslopes.pdf: 2451065 bytes, checksum: 282eca7a9060b33ac153c50ff44fe462 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T11:53:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 luizfernandorodrigueslopes.pdf: 2451065 bytes, checksum: 282eca7a9060b33ac153c50ff44fe462 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / Limite interdito entre a dita “civilização” e as “gentes incultas”, a freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga, região de fronteira agrícola no Termo de Mariana em meados do século XVIII, era um lugar bastante conveniente para se firmar diferenças e externalizar hierarquias, e vimos que homens potencialmente distintos da localidade - portugueses, brancos e minimamente abastados - buscaram, dentre outros meios, a habilitação de Familiar do Santo Ofício para afiançarem posição prestigiosa. Consideramos a habilitação como uma estratégia de mobilidade social, lhes servindo como passo importante na escalada hierárquica, onde unir pureza de sangue e riqueza material era o caminho para adentrar no seio das elites locais. O cargo de Familiar do Santo Ofício serviu então como apanágio de um setor ascendente em uma sociedade que em meados do século XVIII estava em pleno processo de enraizamento. Ao reconstituir o espaço relacional de nossos personagens, constatamos que as redes de reciprocidade que teceram com homens respeitáveis da localidade - inclusive, com outros agentes inquisitoriais e membros da estrutura eclesiástica local - antes de se candidatarem ao cargo, foram indispensáveis para os habilitandos alcançarem o posto de funcionários laicos do Santo Ofício. Por fim, acompanhamos as trajetórias de nossos personagens após conquistarem o cargo de Familiar do Santo Ofício e percebemos que a patente inquisitorial foi almejada para atender diferentes expectativas e realidades de cada um de nossos personagens, mas de forma geral, a nomeação foi um importante colaborador para abrir portas para a conquista de titulações e patentes de maior prestígio. / Interdicted limit between the so-called "civilization" and "uneducated people", the parish of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Guarapiranga, agricultural frontier zone in Termo de Mariana during the mid-eighteenth century, was a very convenient place to steady differences and outsource hierarchies, and we saw that the potentially fine men of the locality - Portuguese, and minimally wealthy whites - sought, among other means, the qualification as “Familiares do Santo Ofício” to have a prestigious position guaranteed. We consider the qualification a strategy for social mobility, which served them as an important step in the hierarchy climb-up, where uniting purity of blood and material wealth was the way to penetrate the core of the local elites. The post of “Familiar do Santo Ofício” served, therefore, as an attribute for ascending in a society that in the mid-eighteenth century was in the process of rooting. By reconstituting the relational space of our characters, we found that the reciprocity networks that they wove with respectable men of the town - even with other inquisitorial agents and members of the local ecclesiastical structure - before applying for the position, were indispensable for them to achieve the position of secular officials of the Holy Office. Finally, we followed our characters’ paths after they had acquired the post of “Familiares do Santo Ofício” and we realized that the inquisitorial patent was longed to meet different expectations and realities of each of our characters, but in general, the appointment was an important contributor to open doors for the conquer titles and patents of greater prestige.

Les conflits armés ont toujours été émaillés de nombreuses exactions commises contre les populations civiles, notamment lorsque la guerre présentait une dimension identitaire ou politique relativement affirmée. C'est encore le cas dans de nombreux conflits contemporains. Le droit international n'a pourtant cessé de se renforcer pour garantir à ces populations une meilleure protection contre les effets des hostilités, notamment par la signature de plusieurs conventions internationales à La Haye ou Genève qui constituent aujourd'hui le socle du droit international humanitaire. Il existe donc un contraste flagrant entre l'état du droit et la protection effective des populations sur le terrain. Pourquoi ? Recentré sur l'analyse de la conflictualité contemporaine, ce travail s'efforce d'en rechercher la cause dans l'évolution des cadres de référence des combattants et dans la manière dont ils influent sur leur définition de l'ennemi et sur leur conception de la place des civils dans la guerre. Il démontre comment l'évolution des causes de conflit comme de la pratique des combattants dans les guerres asymétriques ou déstructurées tend à replacer toujours plus les civils au coeur de la guerre. Cela ne signifie pas pour autant que le droit international humanitaire, adopté pour l'essentiel à l'issue des deux Guerres mondiales et au cours des années 1970, soit obsolète. De fait, au contraire, ses principales règles relatives à la protection des populations civiles sont assez souples pour s'adapter aux défis que posent les conflits contemporains, pour peu que les combattants veuillent les appliquer et en faire une interprétation raisonnable et de bonne foi / Armed conflicts have always been interspersed with numerous abuses committed against the civilian populations, notably when the war was of identity or political nature. This is also the case in number of modern conflicts. International law has however continued to strengthen in order to guarantee better protection to civilians against the effect of hostilities, notably by the signing of several conventions at the Hague and Geneva, which today constitute the basis of international humanitarian law. There is, therefore, a sharp contrast between the state of the law and the effective protection of civilians on the field. Why ? Refocusing on the analysis of modern conflicts, this work attempts to look for the cause in the development of soldier's references and in the way they influence their definition of the enemy and their conception of the role of civilians in war. It demonstrates how the evolution of the causes of conflict and the practices of soldiers in asymmetric and deconstructed conflicts tend to place more and more civilians at the heart of the war. This does not mean that international humanitarian law, adopted for the main part after the two World wars and during the seventies, is obsolete. On the contrary, its principal rules relative to the protection of the civilians are flexible enough to adapt to the challenges of modern conflicts, as long as the soldiers are willing to apply them and interpret them reasonably and honestly

This thesis investigates the function of number marking in Persian, within the framework of principles and parameters (P&P), and its relationship to inflectional and derivational number marking. Following the assumption in Distributed Morphology that inflectional and derivational morphology are not distinct, the distribution and properties of number marking in Persian provide evidence for both inflectional and derivational number marking. Assuming the two parameters of number marking (Wiltschko, 2007, 2008), number marking as a functional head and number marking as a modifier, I propose that number marking in Persian is mainly inflectional while number functions as a functional head; moreover, I propose that number marking in Persian can be derivational while number functions as a modifier. This explains that number morphology in Persian is not split to either inflectional or derivational. Rather, following Booij’s (1993, 1995) claim that inflectional morphology can be used contextually as well as inherently, I propose that number morphology in Persian is inflectional while number is a functional head; however, it has inherent residues as a modifier. Considering the functions of inflectional plural morphology in Persian, I argue that the functional category Number Phrase (NumP) is projected in Persian, and number is generated in the head of this functional category. Besides, Persian is a classifier language in which classifiers are in complementary distribution with plural marking. Following Borer’s (2005) discussion of the complementary distribution of plural marking and classifiers in Armenian, I argue that the head of NumP in Persian is either occupied by the plural maker or by full/empty classifiers. Moreover, I show that the presence of bare singulars/plurals in certain syntactic positions in Persian is related to the projection/non-projection of NumP.

Devant le nombre croissant d’atteintes commerciales intentionnelles et la prétendue incapacité du droit à y faire face, les sociétés commerciales ne sont plus en mesure d’obtenir efficacement réparation du préjudice subi. Forts de ce constat, certains auteurs proposent l’instauration des dommages-intérêts punitifs, alors que d’autres préconisent ceux à caractère restitutoire. Cette étude a pour objet de démontrer que les sociétés commerciales peuvent subir des atteintes à leurs intérêts extra-patrimoniaux, et que celles-ci peuvent et doivent être réparées sur le fondement du préjudice au moins moral. Dans ce cadre, les notions d’image de marque,de savoir-faire, de culture d’entreprise, d’identité et de réputation seront au coeur de cet ouvrage. En outre, la distinction des termes de dommage et de préjudice est essentielle, en ce qu’elle permet de clarifier le régime juridique du préjudice moral. Les conséquences patrimoniales et extra-patrimoniales de l’atteinte doivent donc être envisagées distinctement.Il conviendra de faire une place importante aux règles relatives à la réparation du préjudice moral. Le rôle du juge et celui de l’expert seront mis en exergue, et nous tenterons de faire apparaître les critères utilisés par le juge. Une méthode alternative consistant à prendre en compte certains critères complémentaires sera proposée et nous observerons les conséquences de la réparation auprès des différents protagonistes. / As they face a growing number of commercial torts, and their inalility to manage them, companies are no longer able to obtain effective compensation for property and pecuniary losses. On the basis, some authors suggest the introduction of punitive damages, while others advocate restitutory damages.This study aims to desmonstrate that companies can suffer damage to their extra-patrimonial interests, and that in this case they should be compensated at least on the basis of moral damages. In this context, this thesis will focus on the concepts of brand, know-how, corporate culture, identity, and reputation. Furthermore, the distinction between the terms “damage” and“harm” is critical, as it clarifies the legal status of non-pecuniary damages suffered by acompany while the consequences of patrimonial and extra-patrimonial damages are considered separately. Hence, new rules regarding the moral damages should be considered. The role of judges and experts will be highlighted, as well as the criteria therefore used by the judge. An option isalso to consider some additional criteria. It is also worth mentionning the results of redress onthe various protagonists.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-07T18:52:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 joanabritodelimasilva.pdf: 6061527 bytes, checksum: 2e22e6da38f251a4972d613bb281eff9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-07T21:45:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 joanabritodelimasilva.pdf: 6061527 bytes, checksum: 2e22e6da38f251a4972d613bb281eff9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-07T21:45:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 joanabritodelimasilva.pdf: 6061527 bytes, checksum: 2e22e6da38f251a4972d613bb281eff9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O objetivo desta pesquisa exploratória é compreender as demarcações hierárquicas formadas em espaços sociais elitizados de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Trata-se de investigar, a partir de entrevistas com indivíduos de diferentes perfis, as hierarquias simbólicas e os marcadores distintivos existentes na alta sociedade juiz-forana. No intuito de não reduzir o recorte empírico analisado em termos de classes sociais, as pessoas entrevistadas foram agrupadas em três grupos, aqui nomeados emergentes, tradicionais e anônimos, conforme suas semelhanças e peculiaridades. Ao questionar a própria aplicabilidade do conceito de classe social nesta amostragem, a análise das entrevistas mostrou aspectos geralmente desconsiderados nas abordagens classistas: a valorização da ancestralidade e da visibilidade nas mídias locais (colunismo social). Neste sentido, a pesquisa explora tais diferenças hierárquicas entre os membros dos nichos pesquisados, e mostra as lutas em busca de distinção, nas quais se disputa o domínio de capitais simbólicos e de marcadores distintivos. / The purpose of this research is to understand the hierarchical boundaries formed in social fractions selected of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Considering the information from the interviews with individuals of different profiles, we found symbolic hierarchies and distinctive markers in the local high society. In order to do not reduce the empirical object analyzed in terms of social classes, people interviewed were grouped into three groups, named here emerging, traditional and anonymous, as their similarities and peculiarities. Questioning the very applicability of the concept of social class in this review, the analysis of the interviews showed aspects disregarded in some classist approaches: the valuation of ancestry and visibility in local media (social column). In this sense, the research explores such hierarchical differences among members of those three groups, and shows the struggles around distinction, in which it is disputed the domain of symbolic capital and distinctive markers.

The sex shop has existed as spatially Othered and ideologically transgressive. However, the last decades have witnessed both a literal and figurative move into a position of normalcy and legitimacy. Previous research conducted on this topic has covered this shift, and the importance of a “feminization” of the market for this to happen. While the previous research is extensive on the “new” sex shop, it has partly overlooked the hybridization of the traditional with the feminized. This essay has thus aimed to discern the trends of a “mixed-gender” sex shop, in order to both contribute to the understanding of the Swedish context as well as how class, gender, and past & present work as distinctions within this. The results show that a stereotypical femininity and masculinity is visually used by the store as tropes of distinction. As abstract ideals they converge in a rhetoric of an aspirational class, that sees knowledge as well as consumption as vital to a “sexual health”. However, while the commodities on offer are partly marketed with such sophistication, they are equally advertised as realistic resemblances of genitalia or parts of the body. Thus, the sophisticated consumption is diversified with a realistic, at times vulgar, address. The conclusive observation here is hence that the traditional sexuality-related consumption can coexist with a feminized version within one and the same store. Consequently, this essay sees that a plurality of desires is a part of the market’s continual expansion.

The following is intended to suggest a fairly simple contention concerning a number of interconnected propositions made in connection with the debates on modernity and secularism. None of these propositions is particularly novel, nor is this the first time that they have been put forward. Yet the issues raised have remained with us and become all the more pressing; I can see that points that were made, against the flow, more than two decades ago, now stand out more cogently than ever, and are being revisited, rediscovered or simply discovered by many. The simple contention I wish to start with concerns Islamism, often brought out emblematically when secularism and modernity are discussed. Like other self-consciously retrogressive identitarian motifs, ideas, sensibilities, moods and inflections of politics that sustain differentialist culturalism and are sustained by it conceptually, Islamism has come to gain very considerable political and social traction over the past quarter of a century.