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La plupart des maladies humaines ont une étiologie complexe avec des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux qui interagissent. Utiliser des phénotypes corrélés peut augmenter la puissance de détection de locus de trait quantitatif. Ce travail propose d'évaluer différentes approches d'analyse bivariée pour des traits corrélés en utilisant l'information apportée par les marqueurs au niveau de la liaison et de l'association. Le gain relatif de ces approches est comparé aux analyses univariées. Ce travail a été appliqué à la variation de la densité osseuse à deux sites squelettiques dans une cohorte d'hommes sélectionnés pour des valeurs phénotypiques extrêmes. Nos résultats montrent l'intérêt d'utiliser des approches bivariées en particulier pour l'analyse d'association. Par ailleurs, dans le cadre du groupe de travail GAW16, nous avons comparé les performances relatives de trois méthodes d'association dans des données familiales.

La plupart des maladies humaines ont une étiologie complexe avec des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux qui interagissent. Utiliser des phénotypes corrélés peut augmenter la puissance de détection de locus de trait quantitatif. Ce travail propose d'évaluer différentes approches d'analyse bivariée pour des traits corrélés en utilisantl'information apportée par les marqueurs au niveau de la liaison et de l'association. Legain relatif de ces approches est comparé aux analyses univariées. Ce travail a étéappliqué à la variation de la densité osseuse à deux sites squelettiques dans une cohorted'hommes sélectionnés pour des valeurs phénotypiques extrêmes. Nos résultats montrentl'intérêt d'utiliser des approches bivariées en particulier pour l'analyse d'association. Parailleurs, dans le cadre du groupe de travail GAW16, nous avons comparé lesperformances relatives de trois méthodes d'association dans des données familiales.

Co-doped ZnO (ZnO:Co) thin film with room temperature ferromagnetism and spin polarized carriers is one of the advance materials and highly applicable in future development in spintronics. When ZnO:Co films deposited by a £_ growth method in a ion sputtering system, low solubility of Co (3.75%) limits further applications such that a single-guns sputtering thin film growth technique is employed in this study to outreach this limitation. A ZnO:Co bulk with 5 at% of Co was formed by a solid reaction method and used as a target. ZnO:Co films were grown in a single-gun RF sputtering system. However, all films grown at room temperature were insulator which might because sufficient oxygen content in the target and the negative charge of oxygen ion moving toward substrate making the films of full oxygen content. In this study, the post annealing in vacuum environment and the deposition of films in hydrogenation environment are conducted to try to produce various level of oxygen vacancies in the films for understanding the interplay between the oxygen vacancies and the electric transport and magnetic coupling. The present experiment contains two parts: (1) grow films with various thicknesses by controlling deposition time and then applying post annealing process, and (2) grow the films in oxygen reduced environment by introducing hydrogen during growth and taking out partial oxygen content in the plasma and the films. In the first part, the grain sizes of the films are near constant while the crystal quality is improved with the thickness of films. The worse crystal quality of grains, the better the electric transport and the stronger the magnetic coupling after post annealing processes. This indicates that the electric transport and magnetic coupling could be improved when the thin films was formed by crystals with certain disordering and contained a certain level of oxygen vacancies. In the second part, the introduced hydrogen may combine with the oxygen sputtered out from the target before deposition on substrates. It means that the films are grown in oxygen deficient conditions and result in various degrees of oxygen vacancies. Zn clusters precipitate in films when the concentration of hydrogen is over 20%, and at the meantime, they increase the conductivity and suppress the magnetic coupling in the films. These discoveries provide new perspective in understand the electric transport and ferromagnetism mechanics in DMS materials.

Les données biomécaniques sur les enfants sont rares et difficiles à obtenir lors d'expérimentations. Cette recherche s'intéresse à l'évaluation in vivo du comportement mécanique du tronc et des propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes. Le comportement mécanique in vivo du tronc de l'enfant et de l'adulte sous charge pendant des manipulations de kinésithérapie respiratoire ont été étudiées. Trois formes typiques de courbes de force en fonction du déplacement ont été observées. Un plus grand décalage en temps entre les courbes de force en fonction du temps et les courbes de déplacement en fonction du temps ont été observés plus fréquemment chez les enfants que chez les adultes, ce qui conduit à différentes formes de courbes de force en fonction du déplacement entre les enfants et les adultes. Parmi les paramètres qui peuvent affecter le comportement mécanique du tronc, les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes ont été étudiées. Dans un premier temps, il a été constaté ex vivo que les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes des adultes sont liées de façon linéaire à la Densité Minérale Osseuse (DMO) mesurée par la tomodensitométrie quantitative (Quantitative Computed Tomography, QCT) et la tomographie périphérique quantitative à haute résolution (High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, HR-pQCT). La DMO peut être mesurée par QCT in vivo. Ensuite, les relations entre la DMO et les propriétés mécaniques pour l'adulte ont été appliquées aux enfants, et les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical de l'enfant ont pu être estimées. Les propriétés mécaniques ont été trouvées plus élevées dans la partie latérale des côtes que dans les régions antérieures et postérieures. Il a également été constaté que les propriétés mécaniques augmentent au cours de la croissance. Il s'agite la première étude qui a évalué les propriétés des matériaux de l'os cortical des côtes de l'enfant in vivo. Cette étude peut aider à mieux comprendre la réponse mécanique du tronc de l'enfant et les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical costal. À court terme, ces résultats mesurés in vivo seront considérés dans des modèles éléments finis du tronc de l'enfant / Biomechanical data on children, both mechanical behaviors and tissue properties, are rare and difficult to be obtained through biomechanical experiments. This thesis mainly discussed the mechanical behavior of pediatric trunk and mechanical properties of pediatric rib cortical bones in vivo. The mechanical responses of the living and active pediatric and adult trunks during in vivo loading tests were investigated. Three typical shapes of force-displacement curves were observed. Larger time lags between force time histories and displacement time histories were observed more frequently in children than adults, resulting in different shapes of force-displacement curves between children and adults. To better understand the mechanical behavior of pediatric trunk, rib cortical bone mechanical properties were studied. It was found that mechanical properties of adult rib cortical bones were linearly related to Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measured by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) and High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT). The BMD could be measured by QCT in vivo. Then, the mechanical property-BMD relationships were introduced to child population, and the mechanical properties of pediatric rib cortical bones were estimated. The mechanical properties were found higher in the lateral part of the ribs than the anterior and posterior regions. It was also found that the mechanical properties were growing during the growth of children. This is the first study which estimated the material properties of pediatric rib cortical bones in vivo. This study can help to better understand the mechanical response of pediatric trunk and mechanical properties of pediatric rib cortical bones. These results measured in vivo could contribute to improve the biofidelity of pediatric modeling

Billion-dollar disasters are projected to increase at a statistically significant rate of 5% annually. Crises affect the viability and lucrativeness of tourism business and implicate destinations in the process. Crisis preparedness is vital to improving outcomes and reducing consequential effects in the tourism industry-a key contributor to socioeconomic progress and infrastructural development worldwide. The study was an exploration of the strategies used for crisis preparedness to reduce business interruptions and improve the image of destinations affected by large-scale natural disasters and human-induced crises. A multiple case study was conducted based on the cycle of preparedness framework. Data were gathered from organization documents and semistructured interviews by telephone with 6 executives of 6 destination management organizations located in the south and west regions of the United States. Transcribed data were coded and then validated via member checking, revealing 3 themes: organizational preparedness, operational preparedness, and strategic communication. Specifically, possessing a crisis mindset, predetermining crisis risks and responses, and managing information to safeguard the reputation of tourism organizations and destinations were attributed to preparedness at the local and organization levels. Tourism and hospitality professionals may benefit from devising crisis plans, establishing rapport with crisis leaders and teams, and partnering with the media to promote positive perceptions and travel behaviors of tourists. Implications for social change include identifying strategies to limit the impact of crises on individuals and communities to improve the perceptions of safety of a tourist destination after a crisis and thus enhance its economic growth.

The key to an organization's long-term success is a sustainable competitive advantage. In a global market characterized by fierce competition, organizations differentiate themselves no longer through their competitive position or technological or human resources but through knowledge. Such a decisive economic resource needs to be managed, giving rise to the theory of Knowledge Management (KM). Because knowledge is created and shared through social interactions, knowledge transfer is the most critical part of KM. Especially in tourist destinations, the diversity of stakeholders, each with unique skills and knowledge, represents great opportunities for innovation and the sustainable development of destinations but also great challenges. Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) are responsible to maintain the attractiveness of a destination by encouraging competing and complementary organizations to collaborate to exchange knowledge. Ultimately, the tourist experience and image of a destination are created interdependently by the tourism stakeholders. By conducting a case study in the destination of Kalmar, this paper aimed to explain to what extent a DMO manages inter-organizational knowledge transfer within a tourist destination. An explanatory sequence was used to gather primary data in three steps. First, a survey was conducted with local tourism stakeholders. Then, the local DMO and the university were interviewed. The data collected from 32 local tourism stakeholders suggest that tourism stakeholders, primarily SMEs, are lacking the resources to engage in knowledge transfer and overlook the value of external sources of knowledge. The findings of the interviews point to that there is a need to support tourism stakeholders with digitalization, to encourage tourism stakeholders to join a destination network and to close the knowledge gap through research produced by universities. This study contributes to gaining a broader understanding of the opportunities and challenges of inter-organizational knowledge transfer within the destination of Kalmar.

Les données biomécaniques sur les enfants sont rares et difficiles à obtenir lors d'expérimentations. Cette recherche s'intéresse à l'évaluation in vivo du comportement mécanique du tronc et des propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes. Le comportement mécanique in vivo du tronc de l'enfant et de l'adulte sous charge pendant des manipulations de kinésithérapie respiratoire ont été étudiées. Trois formes typiques de courbes de force en fonction du déplacement ont été observées. Un plus grand décalage en temps entre les courbes de force en fonction du temps et les courbes de déplacement en fonction du temps ont été observés plus fréquemment chez les enfants que chez les adultes, ce qui conduit à différentes formes de courbes de force en fonction du déplacement entre les enfants et les adultes. Parmi les paramètres qui peuvent affecter le comportement mécanique du tronc, les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes ont été étudiées. Dans un premier temps, il a été constaté ex vivo que les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical des côtes des adultes sont liées de façon linéaire à la Densité Minérale Osseuse (DMO) mesurée par la tomodensitométrie quantitative (Quantitative Computed Tomography, QCT) et la tomographie périphérique quantitative à haute résolution (High Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography, HR-pQCT). La DMO peut être mesurée par QCT in vivo. Ensuite, les relations entre la DMO et les propriétés mécaniques pour l'adulte ont été appliquées aux enfants, et les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical de l'enfant ont pu être estimées. Les propriétés mécaniques ont été trouvées plus élevées dans la partie latérale des côtes que dans les régions antérieures et postérieures. Il a également été constaté que les propriétés mécaniques augmentent au cours de la croissance. Il s'agite la première étude qui a évalué les propriétés des matériaux de l'os cortical des côtes de l'enfant in vivo. Cette étude peut aider à mieux comprendre la réponse mécanique du tronc de l'enfant et les propriétés mécaniques de l'os cortical costal. À court terme, ces résultats mesurés in vivo seront considérés dans des modèles éléments finis du tronc de l'enfant

Tourism is one of the largest sectors in the world, contributing to one in ten jobs globally and 10% of the global GDP. However, the climate is facing many challenges and the tourism sector must become more sustainable. Food and drink consumption is playing a more important role in tourism, and particularly food is recognised as one of the biggest polluters due to the way it is produced, the miles it is transported and the waste it generates. Consumers are therefore increasingly requesting food and drink produced locally and in season. For the same reason, restaurants are serving locally produced food, beverages are produced around the corner and destinations are using local food and drink in their marketing as part of their offers. Everybody must eat during their holiday and research shows that tourists are increasingly interested in culinary experiences and prepared to pay more for local food. Through eight qualitative interviews with respondents from five tourist destinations in the UK, with specific food and/or drink offerings, as well as research done on their specific websites, an understanding of what role local food plays in the marketing of tourist destinations in the UK was obtained. The case studies were conducted across the following UK destinations: Bristol, Cornwall, Cumbria, Kent, and Scotland. The present research suggests that local food and drink is an important part of the overall package offer as well as a crucial element in the collaboration between different stakeholders. However, there is no official definition of what local food and drink is, and the reputation of British food is still challenging, and although one could argue it is no longer deserved, it is proving an issue when promoting the UK as a food destination. Though not explicitly stated, storytelling appears to be an important factor for all respondents in marketing their tourism offers.

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