In this article, based on Dissection-Motion-Operations, DMO (decomposing a figure into several pieces and composing the resulting pieces into a new figure of equal area), a set of visual representations (models) of mathematical concepts will be introduced. The visual models are producible through manipulation and computer GSP/Cabri software. They are based on the van Hiele’s Levels (van Hiele, 1989) of Thought Development; in particular, Level 2 (Informal Deductive Reasoning) and level 3 (Deductive Reasoning). The basic theme for these models has been visual learning and understanding through manipulatives and computer representations of mathematical concepts vs. rote learning and memorization. The three geometric transformations or motions: Translation, Rotation, Reflection and their possible combinations were used; they are illustrated in several texts. As well, a set of three commonly used dissections or decompositions (Eves, 1972) of objects was utilized.

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Master's thesis called Spiritual needs in people with cerebral palsy and their saturation in social care focuses on expressing spirituality in people with cerebral palsy (CP) and studies what the spiritual needs may be and if personal care assistants (PCAs) can help to fulfil clients' spiritual needs. The theoretical part shows the issues of CP and the view to people with this disability, with the emphasis to the options of their participation for life in society. It deals with the topic of spirituality and spiritual dimension as one of many dimensions of human personality. After presenting several important theories of needs it continuous with the role of PCAs and their role in fulfilling the clients' spiritual needs. The practical part proceeds from the combination of quantitative and qualitative research; from a questionnaire inquiring the expressiveness of the spirituality and its sharing with PCAs, and interviews seven people with CP inquiring their spiritual needs and possibilities of their fulfilling by PCAs. The results show concrete and stronger spirituality expressing in people with CP than in major population and that the spiritual needs come out from their live situation. Besides spiritual needs and forces that allow them to fulfil their needs on their own. The PCAs are also a rich...

Objetivos: Avaliar a estatura final, mineralização e marcadores de mineralização óssea de adultos com síndrome nefrótica (SN) idiopática corticossensível na infância e adolescência e analisar a influência da doença, suas comorbidades e do alvo de estatura no crescimento e mineralização destes pacientes. Casuística: Avaliamos a estatura final de 60 pacientes (41 masculinos e 19 femininos) com idade mínima de dezenove anos ou desenvolvimento genital P4G4 nos masculinos e menarca nos femininos portadores de SN corticossensível na infância e adolescência. Realizamos a densitometria óssea (DMO=g/cm2) em 26 destes pacientes e em 35 controles, com análise concomitante dos níveis séricos de 25 OH vitamina D3 (25(OH)D), Paratormônio (PTH), telopéptido carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo 1( (CTx), Propeptídeo Aminoterminal do Colágeno Tipo I (P1NP) e Osteocalcina (OC) Resultados: A idade média inicial dos 60 pacientes foi de 5a3m e final de 20a5m, com acompanhamento médio de 15a2m. A dose média de prednisona utilizada foi de 1264 mg/kg. O Zscore médio da estatura inicial (-0,60; SD: 1,0) e final (0,64; SD: 0,92), não diferiu significativamente (Teste T: p=0,72) entre si. O Zscore estatura na idade adulta se correlacionou significativamente apenas com o Zscore estatura inicial e com o Zscore alvo de estatura. Seis pacientes atingiram Zscore estatura < -2 na idade adulta e este achado demonstrou forte correlação com o Zscore estatura inicial e com o Zscore alvo de estatura. A DMO e Zscore DMO de L1L4, Cabeça do fêmur e do Fêmur total dos pacientes e controles não diferiram significativamente. 6 pacientes e 2 controles apresentaram Zscore DMO < -2 (massa óssea reduzida) enquanto 2 pacientes e 1 controle demonstraram , Zscore DMO < -2,5 (osteoporose). Pacientes com massa óssea reduzida receberam 2189 mg/kg de prednisona durante 13 anos e aqueles com osteoporose, 2510 mg/kg durante 14 anos. Estes valores, comparados com aqueles de pacientes com massa óssea normal, mostraram significância estatística (p=0,01). Não houve correlação significativa entre as demais variáveis analisadas e a DMO. Os marcadores 25(OH)D, PTH, CTx, P1NP e OC dos pacientes e controles não diferiram significativamente. Quando analisados em relação à doença e suas comorbidades, DMO e estatura final não apresentaram significação estatística. Conclusões: 1. Os valores de Zscore estatura inicial e final se correlacionaram fortemente com o alvo de estatura. 2. Não houve associação entre as características clinicas da doença e a aquisição do alvo de estatura, neste grupo de pacientes. 3. A massa óssea e os marcadores de mineralização dos pacientes não diferiram quando comparados aos controles. 4. Os 6 pacientes com massa óssea reduzida (2 com osteoporose) utilizaram dose total e tempo de uso da prednisona significativamente maior que aqueles com massa óssea adequada 5. Não houve correlação entre os níveis séricos dos marcadores de mineralização óssea e a doença e suas comorbidades, a estatura final e a DMO dos pacientes adultos com SN na infância e adolescência / Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the final height, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineralization markers of adults with steroid responsive Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) in childhood and adolescence and to examine the influence of the disease, its co-morbidities and the patients\' target height in the final height and mineralization results. Patients and Methods: We have analyzed initial and final anthropometric data of 60 patients (41 male and 19 females) and / or their records, with a minimum age of nineteen years or fully developed pubertal status (P4G4 in males and menarche in females). BMD (g/cm2) was evaluated in 26 patients and in 35 controls, with a concomitant analysis, of serum levels of 25-OH Vitamin D (25(OH)D), Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) and aminoterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) and Osteocalcin (OC) Results: Mean age at first consultation was 5.3 years (SD: 2.4 yrs) and at last consultation was 20.4 yrs (SD: 3.0 yrs). The mean cumulative dose of prednisone was 1254 mg/kg (SD: 831.39 mg/kg). The mean initial height SDS was -0.60; (SD: 1.0) the final height SDS was -0.64; (SD: 0.92), (t-test: p=0.72). The final height SDS showed correlated significantly only with the initial height SDS and the target height SDS. Six patients achieved a final height SDS <-2 and this finding showed a strong correlation to the initial height SDS and to the target height SDS in the male patients. The patients\' and control subjects L1L4 head of the femur and the total femur BMD and BMD SDS did not differ significantly. 6 patients and 2 control subjects showed a BMD SDS <-2 (low bone mass) while 2 patients and 1 control subjects showed a BMD SDS <-2.5 (osteoporosis). Patients with BMD SDS <-2 received 2189 mg / kg of prednisone over 13 years while those with a BMD SDS <-2.5 received 2510 mg / kg prednisone for 14 years (p = 0.01 vs BMD SDS -2 ). No other studied variable correlated significantly with BMD. The studied bone biomarkers showed similar results in patients and control subjects without a significant correlation with disease activity, co-morbidities, and BMD or height parameters. Conclusion: 1. the initial and final height SDS were strongly correlated to the height target. 2. INS and its co-morbidities did not prevent the patients to reach their target height 3. The patients\' BMD and bone mineralization markers did not differ when compared to controls. 4. The 6 patients with low bone mass (2 with osteoporosis) used a total dose of prednisone for a longer period of time in relation to those with an adequate BMD 5. There was no correlation between bone mineralization markers, disease activity and its co-morbidities, final height and BMD of adult patients with INS in childhood and adolescence

Objetivos: Avaliar a estatura final, mineralização e marcadores de mineralização óssea de adultos com síndrome nefrótica (SN) idiopática corticossensível na infância e adolescência e analisar a influência da doença, suas comorbidades e do alvo de estatura no crescimento e mineralização destes pacientes. Casuística: Avaliamos a estatura final de 60 pacientes (41 masculinos e 19 femininos) com idade mínima de dezenove anos ou desenvolvimento genital P4G4 nos masculinos e menarca nos femininos portadores de SN corticossensível na infância e adolescência. Realizamos a densitometria óssea (DMO=g/cm2) em 26 destes pacientes e em 35 controles, com análise concomitante dos níveis séricos de 25 OH vitamina D3 (25(OH)D), Paratormônio (PTH), telopéptido carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo 1( (CTx), Propeptídeo Aminoterminal do Colágeno Tipo I (P1NP) e Osteocalcina (OC) Resultados: A idade média inicial dos 60 pacientes foi de 5a3m e final de 20a5m, com acompanhamento médio de 15a2m. A dose média de prednisona utilizada foi de 1264 mg/kg. O Zscore médio da estatura inicial (-0,60; SD: 1,0) e final (0,64; SD: 0,92), não diferiu significativamente (Teste T: p=0,72) entre si. O Zscore estatura na idade adulta se correlacionou significativamente apenas com o Zscore estatura inicial e com o Zscore alvo de estatura. Seis pacientes atingiram Zscore estatura < -2 na idade adulta e este achado demonstrou forte correlação com o Zscore estatura inicial e com o Zscore alvo de estatura. A DMO e Zscore DMO de L1L4, Cabeça do fêmur e do Fêmur total dos pacientes e controles não diferiram significativamente. 6 pacientes e 2 controles apresentaram Zscore DMO < -2 (massa óssea reduzida) enquanto 2 pacientes e 1 controle demonstraram , Zscore DMO < -2,5 (osteoporose). Pacientes com massa óssea reduzida receberam 2189 mg/kg de prednisona durante 13 anos e aqueles com osteoporose, 2510 mg/kg durante 14 anos. Estes valores, comparados com aqueles de pacientes com massa óssea normal, mostraram significância estatística (p=0,01). Não houve correlação significativa entre as demais variáveis analisadas e a DMO. Os marcadores 25(OH)D, PTH, CTx, P1NP e OC dos pacientes e controles não diferiram significativamente. Quando analisados em relação à doença e suas comorbidades, DMO e estatura final não apresentaram significação estatística. Conclusões: 1. Os valores de Zscore estatura inicial e final se correlacionaram fortemente com o alvo de estatura. 2. Não houve associação entre as características clinicas da doença e a aquisição do alvo de estatura, neste grupo de pacientes. 3. A massa óssea e os marcadores de mineralização dos pacientes não diferiram quando comparados aos controles. 4. Os 6 pacientes com massa óssea reduzida (2 com osteoporose) utilizaram dose total e tempo de uso da prednisona significativamente maior que aqueles com massa óssea adequada 5. Não houve correlação entre os níveis séricos dos marcadores de mineralização óssea e a doença e suas comorbidades, a estatura final e a DMO dos pacientes adultos com SN na infância e adolescência / Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the final height, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineralization markers of adults with steroid responsive Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) in childhood and adolescence and to examine the influence of the disease, its co-morbidities and the patients\' target height in the final height and mineralization results. Patients and Methods: We have analyzed initial and final anthropometric data of 60 patients (41 male and 19 females) and / or their records, with a minimum age of nineteen years or fully developed pubertal status (P4G4 in males and menarche in females). BMD (g/cm2) was evaluated in 26 patients and in 35 controls, with a concomitant analysis, of serum levels of 25-OH Vitamin D (25(OH)D), Parathyroid Hormone (PTH); C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) and aminoterminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP) and Osteocalcin (OC) Results: Mean age at first consultation was 5.3 years (SD: 2.4 yrs) and at last consultation was 20.4 yrs (SD: 3.0 yrs). The mean cumulative dose of prednisone was 1254 mg/kg (SD: 831.39 mg/kg). The mean initial height SDS was -0.60; (SD: 1.0) the final height SDS was -0.64; (SD: 0.92), (t-test: p=0.72). The final height SDS showed correlated significantly only with the initial height SDS and the target height SDS. Six patients achieved a final height SDS <-2 and this finding showed a strong correlation to the initial height SDS and to the target height SDS in the male patients. The patients\' and control subjects L1L4 head of the femur and the total femur BMD and BMD SDS did not differ significantly. 6 patients and 2 control subjects showed a BMD SDS <-2 (low bone mass) while 2 patients and 1 control subjects showed a BMD SDS <-2.5 (osteoporosis). Patients with BMD SDS <-2 received 2189 mg / kg of prednisone over 13 years while those with a BMD SDS <-2.5 received 2510 mg / kg prednisone for 14 years (p = 0.01 vs BMD SDS -2 ). No other studied variable correlated significantly with BMD. The studied bone biomarkers showed similar results in patients and control subjects without a significant correlation with disease activity, co-morbidities, and BMD or height parameters. Conclusion: 1. the initial and final height SDS were strongly correlated to the height target. 2. INS and its co-morbidities did not prevent the patients to reach their target height 3. The patients\' BMD and bone mineralization markers did not differ when compared to controls. 4. The 6 patients with low bone mass (2 with osteoporosis) used a total dose of prednisone for a longer period of time in relation to those with an adequate BMD 5. There was no correlation between bone mineralization markers, disease activity and its co-morbidities, final height and BMD of adult patients with INS in childhood and adolescence

This doctoral thesis approaches literary tourism initially from an historical perspective in order to define the phenomenon through a review of the existing academic literature in the field. The forms of literary tourism are analysed to provide a typology and from this the value of literary tourism is explained both from the visitor's point of view and the destination manager's. Current theories underpinning the existing literature on literary tourism, including Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital are reviewed. To extend the current state of research and to answer the research questions a case study of successful urban literary tourism is identified, in this case in Brittany, France. The uses of French literature in literary tourism are reviewed to provide a sound basis on which to examine French texts and tourist destinations. Novel methods of field research are developed to formalise and to make reproducible the methodology for this study and for future work drawing on, and seeking to combine both literary theory and ethnography. Following a pilot study on the French Riviera the full discovery instruments are designed and applied in fieldwork on the case destination, Concarneau, using the detective novel, The Yellow Dog, which is set in Concarneau. Analysis of the findings from this provide a new contribution to the field of literary theory, in the area of reader interpellation, and answer the research questions in the form of a new set of recommendations for DMOs and tourism stakeholders. From the empirical study that used Web 2.0 social media, only available since 2013, an analysis of which novels do stimulate literary tourism is presented for the first time. Out of the research process new methods have been evolved, and are presented in the conclusion, for the DMO to synthesise and leverage digital resources. This provides DMOs with interpretation processes for its managed heritage to use with its local stakeholders in hotels and in tourism businesses. Finally, an innovative conceptualisation of what constitutes tourism knowledge is proposed.

Introduction: Les personnes vivant avec le VIH (PVVIH) présentent des risques accrus d’ostéoporose et de lipodystrophie. Peu d’études se sont penchées sur l’association entre les déterminants du style de vie, le risque d’ostéoporose et le risque de lipodystrophie chez les PVVIH. Objectifs: L’objectif primaire était d’évaluer l’association entre l’ostéoporose, la lipodystrophie ainsi que différents déterminants du style de vie chez les PVVIH. Méthodologie: Tous les participants de la Cohorte canadienne VIH et vieillissement (CCVV) avec des données sur la densité minérale osseuse (DMO), mesurée par absortiométrie biphotonique à rayons X (DXA), ont été inclus dans cette étude transversale. Les déterminants du style de vie d’intérêt étaient : le revenu annuel, le niveau d’éducation, l’exercice physique ainsi que les consommations d’alcool, de tabac et de drogues illicites. Les covariables mesurées incluaient l’historique complet de la médication antirétrovirale, les comorbidités, les co-infections, la charge virale, le compte de CD4+ au recrutement et le compte de CD4+ nadir. L’ostéoporose a été définie par un score T de -2.5 ou moins. La lipodystrophie, évaluée par la composition corporelle via DXA, a été définie par un fat mass ratio (rapport des pourcentages de gras entre le tronc et les membres inférieurs) supérieur à 1.33 pour les femmes et 1.96 pour les hommes. Les rapports des cotes et les intervalles de confiance à 95% (IC95%) au recrutement ont été estimés en utilisant des régressions logistiques multivariées. Résultats: Nous avons inclus 547 PVVIH (âge médian 55 ans, 88% d’hommes) et 97 contrôles séronégatifs au VIH (âge médian 54 ans, 54% d’hommes). L’ostéoporose était présente chez 13% des PVVIH et 6% des contrôles (OR 2.21, IC 95% [0.96 – 6.06]). La lipodystrophie était présente chez 138 (28.3%, IC 95% 24.3 – 32.3%) des 487 PVVIH avec des données sur la disposition du gras corporel. Aucun des déterminants du style de vie était associé à l’ostéoporose ou à la lipodystrophie. Par contre, les covariables associées à un risque accru d’ostéoporose étaient l’âge avancé, un indice de masse corporelle (IMC) réduit et la co-infection à l’hépatite C. Les covariables associées au risque accru de lipodystrophie étaient l’âge avancé, l’hypertension, l’exposition prolongée aux antirétroviraux, ainsi que les expositions prolongées aux inhibiteurs nucléosidiques de la transcriptase inverse (INTI) et aux inhibiteurs de l’intégrase (INI). Conclusion: Aucune association n’a été décelée entre les déterminants du style de vie étudiés et l’ostéoporose ou la lipodystrophie. / Background: As a consequence of ART, people living with HIV (PLWH) are at higher risk for osteoporosis and lipodystrophy. However, the risk may also be influenced by lifestyle factors, but few studies have explored the association between modifiable lifestyle factors and the risk of osteoporosis or lipodystrophy in the PLWH population. Objectives: Our primary objective was to evaluate the lifestyle factors in relation to the risks of osteoporosis and lipodystrophy in a PLWH-based cohort. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Canadian HIV and Aging Cohort Study (CHACS). We included all participants with available bone mineral density T-scores, which were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. Lifestyle risk factors of interest included annual income, education level, alcohol intake, tobacco use, illicit drug use and physical exercise. Other covariates considered were full antiretroviral medication history, medical comorbidities, coinfections, viral load, nadir CD4+ and current CD4+ count. Osteoporosis was defined by a T-score of -2.5 or lower at any of the measured sites. Lipodystrophy was assessed on whole body DXA and defined as a fat mass ratio (the ratio between trunk and lower limbs fat mass) greater than 1.33 for women and 1.96 for men. Baseline prevalence odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated by multivariate logistic regressions. Results: We included 547 PLWH (median age 55 years, 88% males) and 97 HIV-uninfected controls (median age 57 years, 64% males). Osteoporosis was present in 13.0% of PLWH (95% CI 10.2 – 15.8%) and 6% of controls (95% CI 1.4 – 11.0%); the OR of osteoporosis for HIV seropositivity was 2.21 (95% CI [0.96 – 6.06]). Lipodystrophy was found in 138 (28.3%, 95% CI 24.3 – 32.3%) of the 487 PLWH for which a fat mass ratio (FMR) was available. None of the lifestyle factors of interest were associated with osteoporosis or lipodystrophy. However, covariates associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis were increasing age, lower body mass index (BMI) and hepatitis C coinfection. Covariates associated with an increased risk of lipodystrophy were older age, hypertension, longer antiretroviral duration, and longer exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and integrase strand inhibitors (INSTIs). Conclusion: No association was found between any of the lifestyle factors of interest and osteoporosis or lipodystrophy.