<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur skisser och dokumentation kan integreras i undervisningen på frisörprogrammet, samt undersöka om kreativt skapande med hjälp av skissen kan överbrygga inlärnings- och förståelsesvårigheter i de praktiska momenten. En kvalitativ undersökning med hjälp av intervjuer gjordes. Två lärare och fyra elever deltog i studien och besvarade frågorna om kreativt skapande, skisser och dokumentationens betydelse för inlärning och i undervisning. I ett undervisningsförsök genomfört av mig, fick eleverna skapa frisyrer kreativt utifrån egna förutsättningar. Skissen användes av eleverna för att utveckla tankar och idéer. Dokumentationen användes medvetet för att eleverna ska kunna gå tillbaka i sina arbeten och reflektera över metoder och resultat vid ett senare tillfälle. I min litteraturgenomgång belyses exempel på hur inlärning sker i samspel med andra människor. Resultatet från intervjuer, undervisningsförsök och litteraturgenomgången visar att inlärningsoch förståelsesvårigheter ofta kan överbryggas med hjälp av skisser och dokumentation av kreativt skapande.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study was to examine how sketching and documentation can be integrated into the hairdressing programme. Besides this, the study explores whether developing creativity by means of sketching can bridge learning and understanding difficulties when working with practical items. A qualitative study based on interviews was carried out. Two teachers and four students participated in the study answering questions about creating with creativity, sketching and documentation and their importance for learning and overall in hairdressing education. In an educational trial set up by myself, the students developed creative hairstyles, from their own ideas. Sketching was used by the students to elaborate thoughts and ideas. Documentation was consciously used so that the students could have a retrospective look at their work and reflect over methods and results later on. In my literature study there are illustrative examples of how learning takes place through interaction with other people. The result of interviews, educational trial and exposition of literature shows that learning and understanding difficulties often can be bridged by means of sketching and documentation of creative work.</p>

<p><p><strong>SAMMANFATTNING</strong></p><p><strong>Syfte. </strong>Utvärdera omvårdnadsdokumentationens kvalité och omfattning i elektronisk patientjournal på kirurgisk vårdavdelning. <strong>Metod.</strong> De senaste 60 journalerna från två kirurgiska vårdavdelningar valdes ut genom bekvämt urval. Varje journal lästes och bedömdes av båda författarna. Varje steg i omvårdnadsprocessen utvärderades efter granskningsmall och bedömdes som fullständig, för omfattande eller ofullständig. <strong>Resultat.</strong> Standardvårdplan användes i alla granskade journaler. Antalet steg i omvårdnadsprocessen som fanns dokumenterade varierade mellan fem och nio. Anamnes, status och effekter av åtgärder fanns beskrivna i majoriteten av journalerna. I samtliga journaler fanns utförda åtgärder dokumenterade. Omvårdnadsepikris fanns i större delen av njurtransplantationsjournalerna, men inte alls i struma/hyperparatyroidism (HPT)-journalerna. Majoriteten av uppdaterade status bedömdes som ofullständiga.<strong> </strong>Sexton av struma/HPT-journalerna innehöll inte anteckningar i rapportbladet. Av dem som hade rapportbladsanteckningar bedömdes majoriteten vara för omfattande. Samtliga njurtransplantationsjournaler hade för omfattande anteckningar i rapportbladet. Ingen av journalerna hade en individuell vårdplan. <strong>Slutsats.</strong> Omvårdnadsdokumentationen i den elektroniska patientjournalen bedömdes som ofullständig då det inte gick att få en tydlig bild av patientens omvårdnadsproblem och omvårdnadsbehov. Kvalitén på dokumentationen behöver förbättras. Detta kan ske genom att minska dokumentationen i rapportbladet och istället använda standardvårdplan och uppdaterat status i större omfattning. Fortsatt utbildning och återkoppling krävs för att förbättra dokumentationen.</p></p> / <p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><p><strong>Aim. </strong>To evaluate the quality and extent of the nursing documentation in electronic health record on surgical ward. <strong>Method. </strong>The latest 60 health records from two surgical wards were selected by convenience sample. Both authors read each health record. Every step of the nursing process was evaluated with a nursing documentation audit and was classified as complete, too extensive or incomplete. <strong>Results. </strong>Standardized care plan was used in all electronic health records. Numbers of steps documented in the nursing process were five to nine. Nursing history, status and outcome were documented in most health records. Done interventions were documented in all health records. Goiter/hyperparathyroidism (HPT)-records had no nursing discharge note, while the kidney transplantation-records had one in almost every health record. Majority of updated statuses were evaluated as incomplete. Sixteen of the goiter/HPT-records had no notes of occasional matters, all kidney transplantation-records had too extensive notes. No individualized care plan was found. <strong>Conclusion. </strong>The total nursing documentation in the electronic health records were evaluated as incomplete. The quality of documentation needs to be improved. This can be achieved by less documentation of occasional matters, using the standardized care plan, updating status more often and further education and feedback.</p></p>

<p>Att sätta sig in i system kan vara krångligt utan rätt sorts dokumentation. Vi har undersökt vilken dokumentation som kan vara lämplig att lämna över till nya utvecklare, som ska arbeta vidare med systemet i software maintenance fasen.</p><p>Det har gjorts genom att vi har gjort en litteraturstudie om dokumentation samt undersökt vad för dokumentationsartefakter som används när man ska sätta sig in i datorsystem. Vi använde eXtreme Programming för att utveckla ett system som vi försökte dokumentera samtidigt som vi utvecklade det.</p><p>eXtreme Programming förordar muntlig kommunikation, vilket är svårt att lämna över till nya utvecklare. Vi upptäckte under vår utveckling att det var svårt att föra in dokumentation sam-tidigt som utvecklandet pågick,  därför använde vi bara enhetstester och  strukturerade kod-kommentarer under utvecklingsiterationerna.</p><p>Vi undersökte hur dokumentationen som skapats fungerade genom att göra en undersökning bestående av strukturerade intervjuer där de fick komma med kommentarer om hur dokumen-tationen hjälpte förståelsen för systemet.</p><p>Vi lämnar ifrån oss en vidareutveckling  av eXtreme Programming  som innefattar en doku-mentationsiteration  innan överlämnandet  samt en studie om vad för dokumentation som är värdefull att ha vid systemöverlämningar.</p> / <p>Understanding systems can be a tough task without the right sort of documentation. We have examined the documentation artifacts which may be appropriate to hand over to new develop-ers, who will continue working with the system during the software maintenance phase.</p><p>By doing a literature review on documentation and examined what documentation artifacts is used when you want to  understand a computer system. We used the eXtreme Programming system development methodology to develop a system that we tried to document as we devel-oped it.</p><p>eXtreme Programming favors oral communication, but that is hard to hand over to new devel-opers. We discovered during our development that it was difficult to introduce documentation while the development process was going on so we only used structured code comments and unit testing during the development iterations</p><p>We examined how the documentation that was created worked by doing a survey consisting of structured interviews where the respondents made comments about if and how the documen-tation improved their understanding of the system.</p><p>We pass on an evolved eXtreme Programming system development methodology, which in-cludes a standalone documentation iteration before the handover, and a study of what kind of documentation that is valuable to have when transferring systems to new developers.</p>

Programmers worldwide share components and jointly develop components on a global scale in contemporary software development. An important aspect of such library-based programming is the need for technical communication with regard to libraries – library communication. As part of their work, programmers must discover, study, and learn as well as debate problems and future development. In this sense, the electronic, networked media has fundamentally changed programming by providing new mechanisms for communication and global interaction through global networks such as the Internet. Today, the baseline for library communication is hypertext documentation. Improvements in quality, efficiency, cost and frustration of the programming activity can be expected by further developments in the electronic aspects of library communication. This thesis addresses the use of the electronic networked medium in the activity of library communication and aims to discover design knowledge for communication tools and processes directed towards this particular area. A model of library communication is provided that describes interaction among programmer as webs of interrelated library communities. A discussion of electronic, networked tools and processes that match such a model is also provided. Furthermore, research results are provided from the design and industrial valuation of electronic reference documentation for the Java domain. Surprisingly, the evaluation did not support individual adaptation (personalization). Furthermore, global library communication processes have been studied in relation to open-source documentation and user-related bug handling. Open-source documentation projects are still relatively uncommon even in open-source software projects. User-related Open-source does not address the passive behavior users have towards bugs. Finally, the adaptive authoring process in electronic reference documentation is addressed and found to provide limited support for expressing the electronic, networked dimensions of authoring requiring programming skill by technical writers. Library communication is addressed here by providing engineering knowledge with regards to the construction of practical electronic, networked tools and processes in the area. Much of the work has been performed in relation to Java library communication and therefore the thesis has particular relevancefor the object-oriented programming domain. A practical contribution of the work is the DJavadoc tool that contributes to the development of reference documentation by providing adaptive Java reference documentation. / On the day of the public defence the title of article I was: Designing Electronic Library Reference Documentation.

Access to information is fundamental in health care. This thesis presents research on Swedish medical records with the overall goal of building intelligent information access tools that can aid health personnel, researchers and other professions in their daily work, and, ultimately, improve health care in general. The issue of ethics and identifiable information is addressed by creating an annotated gold standard corpus and porting an existing de-identification system to Swedish from English. The aim is to move towards making textual resources available to researchers without risking exposure of patients’ confidential information. Results for the rule-based system are not encouraging, but results for the gold standard are fairly high. Affirmed, uncertain and negated information needs to be distinguished when building accurate information extraction tools. Annotation models are created, with the aim of building automated systems. One model distinguishes certain and uncertain sentences, and is applied on medical records from several clinical departments. In a second model, two polarities and three levels of certainty are applied on diagnostic statements from an emergency department. Overall results are promising. Differences are seen depending on clinical practice, annotation task and level of domain expertise among the annotators. Using annotated resources for automatic classification is studied. Encouraging overall results using local context information are obtained. The fine-grained certainty levels are used for building classifiers for real-world e-health scenarios. This thesis contributes two annotation models of certainty and one of identifiable information, applied on Swedish medical records. A deeper understanding of the language use linked to conveying certainty levels is gained. Three annotated resources that can be used for further research have been created, and implications for automated systems are presented.

<p>The main aim of this study was to explore lived experiences of unaccompanied foreign minors in South Africa from a social work perspective. An important goal was to also explore the lack of guidelines on how to assist these young people. This study was conducted in a Children&rsquo / s Shelter, which is situated in the North-Eastern outskirts of Polokwane, where a group of unaccompanied refugee children from Zimbabwe were living. This study was qualitative and explorative in nature. Non-probability sampling was used to select participants for the study. Ten children were selected, ranging from age 14 to 18 years. Semi-structured interviews with the children and a focus group discussion with five care workers were held. Thematic analysis was used. The findings of this study revealed that services by government social workers are limited compared to those from social workers employed with nongovernmental organisations. It is hoped that this study will assist government and other role players in planning, advocacy and policy development related to the issues affecting unaccompanied refugee children.</p>

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur skisser och dokumentation kan integreras i undervisningen på frisörprogrammet, samt undersöka om kreativt skapande med hjälp av skissen kan överbrygga inlärnings- och förståelsesvårigheter i de praktiska momenten. En kvalitativ undersökning med hjälp av intervjuer gjordes. Två lärare och fyra elever deltog i studien och besvarade frågorna om kreativt skapande, skisser och dokumentationens betydelse för inlärning och i undervisning. I ett undervisningsförsök genomfört av mig, fick eleverna skapa frisyrer kreativt utifrån egna förutsättningar. Skissen användes av eleverna för att utveckla tankar och idéer. Dokumentationen användes medvetet för att eleverna ska kunna gå tillbaka i sina arbeten och reflektera över metoder och resultat vid ett senare tillfälle. I min litteraturgenomgång belyses exempel på hur inlärning sker i samspel med andra människor. Resultatet från intervjuer, undervisningsförsök och litteraturgenomgången visar att inlärningsoch förståelsesvårigheter ofta kan överbryggas med hjälp av skisser och dokumentation av kreativt skapande. / The purpose of this study was to examine how sketching and documentation can be integrated into the hairdressing programme. Besides this, the study explores whether developing creativity by means of sketching can bridge learning and understanding difficulties when working with practical items. A qualitative study based on interviews was carried out. Two teachers and four students participated in the study answering questions about creating with creativity, sketching and documentation and their importance for learning and overall in hairdressing education. In an educational trial set up by myself, the students developed creative hairstyles, from their own ideas. Sketching was used by the students to elaborate thoughts and ideas. Documentation was consciously used so that the students could have a retrospective look at their work and reflect over methods and results later on. In my literature study there are illustrative examples of how learning takes place through interaction with other people. The result of interviews, educational trial and exposition of literature shows that learning and understanding difficulties often can be bridged by means of sketching and documentation of creative work.

SAMMANFATTNING Syfte. Utvärdera omvårdnadsdokumentationens kvalité och omfattning i elektronisk patientjournal på kirurgisk vårdavdelning. Metod. De senaste 60 journalerna från två kirurgiska vårdavdelningar valdes ut genom bekvämt urval. Varje journal lästes och bedömdes av båda författarna. Varje steg i omvårdnadsprocessen utvärderades efter granskningsmall och bedömdes som fullständig, för omfattande eller ofullständig. Resultat. Standardvårdplan användes i alla granskade journaler. Antalet steg i omvårdnadsprocessen som fanns dokumenterade varierade mellan fem och nio. Anamnes, status och effekter av åtgärder fanns beskrivna i majoriteten av journalerna. I samtliga journaler fanns utförda åtgärder dokumenterade. Omvårdnadsepikris fanns i större delen av njurtransplantationsjournalerna, men inte alls i struma/hyperparatyroidism (HPT)-journalerna. Majoriteten av uppdaterade status bedömdes som ofullständiga. Sexton av struma/HPT-journalerna innehöll inte anteckningar i rapportbladet. Av dem som hade rapportbladsanteckningar bedömdes majoriteten vara för omfattande. Samtliga njurtransplantationsjournaler hade för omfattande anteckningar i rapportbladet. Ingen av journalerna hade en individuell vårdplan. Slutsats. Omvårdnadsdokumentationen i den elektroniska patientjournalen bedömdes som ofullständig då det inte gick att få en tydlig bild av patientens omvårdnadsproblem och omvårdnadsbehov. Kvalitén på dokumentationen behöver förbättras. Detta kan ske genom att minska dokumentationen i rapportbladet och istället använda standardvårdplan och uppdaterat status i större omfattning. Fortsatt utbildning och återkoppling krävs för att förbättra dokumentationen. / ABSTRACT Aim. To evaluate the quality and extent of the nursing documentation in electronic health record on surgical ward. Method. The latest 60 health records from two surgical wards were selected by convenience sample. Both authors read each health record. Every step of the nursing process was evaluated with a nursing documentation audit and was classified as complete, too extensive or incomplete. Results. Standardized care plan was used in all electronic health records. Numbers of steps documented in the nursing process were five to nine. Nursing history, status and outcome were documented in most health records. Done interventions were documented in all health records. Goiter/hyperparathyroidism (HPT)-records had no nursing discharge note, while the kidney transplantation-records had one in almost every health record. Majority of updated statuses were evaluated as incomplete. Sixteen of the goiter/HPT-records had no notes of occasional matters, all kidney transplantation-records had too extensive notes. No individualized care plan was found. Conclusion. The total nursing documentation in the electronic health records were evaluated as incomplete. The quality of documentation needs to be improved. This can be achieved by less documentation of occasional matters, using the standardized care plan, updating status more often and further education and feedback.

This dissertation is a description of the grammar of Belep [yly], an Austronesian language variety spoken by about 1600 people in and around the Belep Isles in New Caledonia. The grammar begins with a summary of the cultural and linguistic background of Belep speakers, followed by chapters on Belep phonology and phonetics, morphology and word formation, nouns and the noun phrase, verbs and the verb group, basic clause structure, and clause combining. The phonemic inventory of Belep consists of 18 consonants and 10 vowels and is considerably smaller than that of the surrounding languages. This is due to the fact that Belep consonants do not contrast in aspiration and Belep vowels do not contrast in length, unlike in Belep’s closest relative Balade Nyelâyu. However, like-vowel hiatuses—sequences of heterosyllabic like vowels—are common in Belep, where the stress correlates of vowel length, intensity, and pitch do not generally coincide. Belep morphology is exclusively suffixing and fairly synthetic; it is characterized by a large disconnect between the phonological and the grammatical word and the existence of a number of proclitics and enclitics. Belep nouns fall into four noun classes, which are defined by their compatibility with the two available (alienable and inalienable) possessive constructions. Belep transitive verbs are divided into bound and free roots, while intransitive verbs are divided between those which require a nominative argument and those which require an absolutive argument. While the surrounding languages have a split-ergative argument structure, Belep has an unusual split-intransitive nominative-absolutive system, with the further complication that transitive subjects may be marked as genitive depending on the specificity of the absolutive argument. Belep case marking is accomplished through the use of cross-linguistically unusual ditropic clitics; clitics marking the function of a Belep noun phrase are phonologically bound to whatever element precedes the noun phrase. In general, Belep lacks true complementation, instead making use of coordinate structures with unique linkers as a complementation strategy.

Denna studie inriktar sig på pedagoger som arbetar medvetet med sin matematikundervisning i förskolan och skolan. Vi använder begreppet matematikande som står för all den verksamhet som innehåller matematik i alla dess former. Frågeformuleringarna är fokuserade på hur pedagoger tänker om grundläggande matematikkunskaper, arbetssätt och arbetsformer samt dokumentation. Studien bygger på sex kvalitativa intervjuer. Urvalet av pedagogerna har gjorts utifrån vetskapen om att de har satsat aktivt på sin matematikundervisning. Resultatet har sedan analyserats och kopplats till den bearbetade litteraturen. Analysen av det insamlade materialet visar att språk och begrepp är grundläggande kunskaper i matematik, såväl som en god taluppfattning. De arbetssätt och arbetsformer som pedagogerna berättar om är individuellt arbete, par och grupparbeten. Samtal och diskussioner är viktiga för att barn och elever dels ska kunna sätta ord på sin kunskap och dels för att de ska få ta del av hur andra tänker och resonerar. Vikten av vardagsanknytning och meningsfullhet framhålls av alla i vår studie, liksom användandet av konkret och laborativt material. För att kunna utgå ifrån de kunskaper som barn och elever har är dokumentation en viktig del i arbetet. Genom dokumentation synliggörs lärandet.