The person behind the diagnosis is a qualitative interview study by Nicole Kling. The study examines how parents of children with Down syndrome experience the social treatment in a time when prenatal diagnosis is on the rise. Foucault’s biopolitical and Rose’s ethopolitical perspectives serve as theoretical frameworks for the analysis of how the parents experience and relate to the social treatment of them and their children. The study’s results show that society’s strong norms of normality play a crucial role for the interviewed parents’ experiences of being regarded as “deviating”. Ignorance, undemandingness and carelessness lead to discrimination of the children, and the lack of expectations of society on them is often seen by the parents as more disabling than the diagnosis itself. In such a society children born with Down syndrome can be seen as pathological elements in a population that strives for normality. Therefore, this study wishes to contribute to the body of research dedicated to explore the impact of biopolitical strategies on the plurality of society. / Människan bakom diagnosen är en kvalitativ intervjustudie gjord av Nicole Kling. Studien undersöker hur föräldrar till barn med Downs syndrom upplever det samhälleliga bemötandet i en tid där fosterdiagnostik är på framväxt. Foucaults biopolitiska och Roses etopolitiska perspektiv fungerar som teoretiska ramverk för analysen av hur föräldrarna upplever och förhåller sig till det samhälleliga bemötandet av dem och deras barn. Studiens resultat visar att samhällets starka normalitetsnormer spelar en avgörande roll för de intervjuade föräldrarnas upplevelser av att de och deras barn i och med diagnosen betraktas som ”avvikande”. Okunskap, kravlöshet och slarv leder till diskriminering av barnen, och samhällets bristande förväntningar på dem ses av föräldrarna ofta som mer funktionsnedsättande än diagnosen i sig. I ett sådant samhälle kan barn som trots allt föds med Downs syndrom ses som patologiska inslag i en befolkning som strävar efter normalitet. Studien hoppas därför kunna bidra till det forskningsfält som avser undersöka biopolitiska strategiers påverkan på mångfald.

<p>Research shows that phonological processing skill is the greatest single predictor for reading ability and it is agreed that phonological awareness specific tasks correlate positively with literacy acquisition in typically developing children. Children with Down’s syndrome are at risk for reading acquisition difficulties, primarily because of their reduced phonological awareness and a phonological awareness based approach to literacy has been shown to be beneficial for them. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the PhonicStick can be used to initiate interest in language play in children with Down’s syndrome, in order to stimulate their reduced phonological awareness. Six children with Down’s syndrome between five and 15 years of age, currently enrolled within the UK educational system, were recruited to participate in six sessions; two sessions of pre- and post testing of their phonological awareness, and four intervention sessions with the PhonicStick. During the intervention sessions, the ability to remember the six phonemes of the PhonicStick, to generate three-phoneme combinations, to produce given target real words or non-words and to perform in phoneme substitution tasks using the PhonicStick were investigated. The results of this study show that the PhonicStick, with advantage, can be used to introduce and enhance phonological awareness in children with Down’s syndrome and that an increase in phonological awareness is possible even during a short time of practise with the PhonicStick. Since children with Down’s syndrome benefit from a phonological awareness based approach to literacy, practising phonological awareness skills through language play with the PhonicStick might also have a future positive effect on their literacy acquisition.</p> / <p>Tidigare forskning visar att fonologisk medvetenhet är den främsta prediktorn för läs- och skrivkunnighet och att övning i fonologisk medvetenhet korrelerar positivt med läs- och skrivinlärning hos barn med typisk läs- och skrivutveckling. Barn med Downs syndrom riskerar att utveckla läs- och skrivsvårigheter framförallt till följd av nedsatt fonologisk medvetenhet och det har även visats att en metod för läs- och skrivinlärning baserad på fonologisk medvetenhet, kan gagna dem. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om the PhonicStick kan användas för att initiera intresse till språklek hos barn med Downs syndrom, med avsikt att stimulera deras fonologiska medvetenhet. Sex barn med Downs syndrom, i åldrarna fem till 15 år, inskrivna i det brittiska skolsystemet, medverkade i två sessioner bestående av pre- och post testning av fonologisk medvetenhet, och fyra interventionssessioner med the PhonicStick. Under interventionssessionerna undersöktes förmågan att komma ihåg placering av fonem hos the PhonicStick och med den generera kombinationer av fonem (dvs. ord), generera givna målord och substituera fonem i ord. Resultaten visar att the PhonicStick med fördel kan användas för att introducera och öka den fonologiska medvetenheten hos barn med Downs syndrom och att en ökning är möjlig även efter kort tids träning. Eftersom en metod för läs- och skrivinlärning baserat på fonologisk medvetenhet gagnar barn med Downs syndrom skulle övning av fonologisk medvetenhet genom språklekar med the PhonicStick även kunna ha en långsiktig positiv inverkan på deras läs- och skrivkunnighet.</p>

Research shows that phonological processing skill is the greatest single predictor for reading ability and it is agreed that phonological awareness specific tasks correlate positively with literacy acquisition in typically developing children. Children with Down’s syndrome are at risk for reading acquisition difficulties, primarily because of their reduced phonological awareness and a phonological awareness based approach to literacy has been shown to be beneficial for them. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the PhonicStick can be used to initiate interest in language play in children with Down’s syndrome, in order to stimulate their reduced phonological awareness. Six children with Down’s syndrome between five and 15 years of age, currently enrolled within the UK educational system, were recruited to participate in six sessions; two sessions of pre- and post testing of their phonological awareness, and four intervention sessions with the PhonicStick. During the intervention sessions, the ability to remember the six phonemes of the PhonicStick, to generate three-phoneme combinations, to produce given target real words or non-words and to perform in phoneme substitution tasks using the PhonicStick were investigated. The results of this study show that the PhonicStick, with advantage, can be used to introduce and enhance phonological awareness in children with Down’s syndrome and that an increase in phonological awareness is possible even during a short time of practise with the PhonicStick. Since children with Down’s syndrome benefit from a phonological awareness based approach to literacy, practising phonological awareness skills through language play with the PhonicStick might also have a future positive effect on their literacy acquisition. / Tidigare forskning visar att fonologisk medvetenhet är den främsta prediktorn för läs- och skrivkunnighet och att övning i fonologisk medvetenhet korrelerar positivt med läs- och skrivinlärning hos barn med typisk läs- och skrivutveckling. Barn med Downs syndrom riskerar att utveckla läs- och skrivsvårigheter framförallt till följd av nedsatt fonologisk medvetenhet och det har även visats att en metod för läs- och skrivinlärning baserad på fonologisk medvetenhet, kan gagna dem. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om the PhonicStick kan användas för att initiera intresse till språklek hos barn med Downs syndrom, med avsikt att stimulera deras fonologiska medvetenhet. Sex barn med Downs syndrom, i åldrarna fem till 15 år, inskrivna i det brittiska skolsystemet, medverkade i två sessioner bestående av pre- och post testning av fonologisk medvetenhet, och fyra interventionssessioner med the PhonicStick. Under interventionssessionerna undersöktes förmågan att komma ihåg placering av fonem hos the PhonicStick och med den generera kombinationer av fonem (dvs. ord), generera givna målord och substituera fonem i ord. Resultaten visar att the PhonicStick med fördel kan användas för att introducera och öka den fonologiska medvetenheten hos barn med Downs syndrom och att en ökning är möjlig även efter kort tids träning. Eftersom en metod för läs- och skrivinlärning baserat på fonologisk medvetenhet gagnar barn med Downs syndrom skulle övning av fonologisk medvetenhet genom språklekar med the PhonicStick även kunna ha en långsiktig positiv inverkan på deras läs- och skrivkunnighet.

The purpose of this study is to examine how two educators at a preschool that is located in a neighborhood south of Stockholm works with TAKK with children who has Down syndrome in a language promotion purposes. The aim is also to investigate what teachers think about using TAKK with children without special needs and children with Down syndrome. In this study, I used qualitative research methods. I've used both observations and interviews to get answers to my questions. The theories which I have used in this thesis is, socio-cultural perspective, including integration and segregated integration. In order to find out how the educators work with TAKK I have asked these questions: How do the educators work with TAKK with children with Down syndrome from a language development perspective? What do the educators express about using TAKK with children without special needs and with children who has Down syndrome? My conclusions to these questions are that the literatures I have read in many ways are consistent with how they work. They told me, among other things, that the use of TAKK is good for both the children with and without Down syndrome. Regarding to how they use TAKK in their everyday work I could see that they used TAKK on a daily basis in the routines at the preschool.

Bakgrunn: Levealderen for personer med Downs syndrom har økt dramatisk på 1900 tallet i hele den vestlige verden. Imidlertid er det få undersøkelser om levealderfor denne populasjonen på 2000-tallet, og vi har ikke funnet noen norske undersøkelser. Hensikt:Undersøkelsen skal gi innsikt i levealdersutvikling i Norge fra 1969 og frem til 2010 og fremtidig forekomst av voksne og eldre med Downs syndrom frem til 2050. Metode:Det er en kvantitativ nasjonal demografisk registerundersøkelse for å beregne levealdersutviklingen for personer med Downs syndrom (n = 2 593). Registerdataene som er samlet inn er kontinuerlige data som er basert på løpende tellinger i den nasjonale fødsels-og dødelighetsstatistikken. Innsamlede data er personer registrert med diagnosekode Downs syndrom, årfødt, år død, alder ved død og kjønn. Hovedresultat:Gjennomsnittlig alder ved død for personer med Downs syndrom fra 1969 til og med 2009 økte fra 16,57 år til 53,40 år. Det var ingen statistisk signifikant forskjell på alder ved død mellom menn og kvinner. Gjennomsnittlig alder ved død for alle som døde etter fylte 40 år i studieperioden økte fra 53,95 år til 58,35 år. Forventet andel personer med Downs syndrom som vil bli 40 år og eldre vil øke fra 52 % for de som blefødt i 1967 til 94 % for de som ble født i 2009. Konklusjon:Levealderen for personer med Downs syndrom har økt betydelig fra 60-tallet og detteskyldes i hovedsak nedgang i spedbarnsdødeligheten. For de som overlever barneårene viser undersøkelsen imidlertid nesten ingen økning i rest levealder i løpet av undersøkelsesperioden. Frem til 2050 kan vi forvente en fordobling av antallet som vil være over 40 år / Background: Life expectancy for people with Down syndrome increased dramatically in the Western worldduringthe 1900s. However, fewsurveys have investigated life expectancy for this population since 2000,none of themNorwegian. Aim: This study aimedt o provide insight into life expectancy for Norwegians with Down syndrome between 1969 and2 010, and to project future rates for adults with Down syndrome until 2050. Method: This quantitative national demographic registry study estimated the development of life expectancy for people with Down syndrome (n = 2,593). To calculate age at death, we collected data from death certificates reported to Statistics Norway.Together with data from Medical Birth Registry,we simulated life tables.Collected data included persons with the diagnosis code for Down syndrome, birth year, year of death, age at death,and sex. Main results:Between 1969 and 2010, mean age at death of persons with Down syndrome increased from 16.57 years to 53.40 years, respectively. We observed no statistically significant difference in age at death between men and women. Average age at death for persons who died after 40 years of age increased from 53.95 years to 58.35 years duringthe study period. We estimated that the percentage of people with Down syndrome older than 40 years of age will increase, from 52% to 94% for those born in 1967 and 2009, respectively. Conclusion:Life expectancy for people with Down syndrome has increased significantly since the 1960s, mainly due to a relative decrease in newborn and infant mortality. Importantly, such individuals who survive childhood showed almost no increase in remaining life expectancy during the study period. By 2050,we expect the number of people with Down syndrome aged 40 or more years to double / <p>ISBN 978-91-86739-73-0</p>

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No description available.

The Mount Isa and May Downs Faults are part of a network of significant faults that define, control, or partition deformation in the Early to mid-Proterozoic Mount Isa Inlier. The middle Proterozoic deformation history includes at least two extensional basin-forming events (Leichhardt Superbasin: ~1800 Ma to ~1700 Ma and Isa Superbasin: ~1700 Ma to ~ 1600 Ma) and a major protracted contractional orogenic event (Isan Orogeny: ~1585 Ma to ~ 1500 Ma). Uplift between the Mount Isa and May Downs Faults during the Isan Orogeny has exposed mid to upper amphibolite facies rocks of the structurally deeper levels of the early rift systems. Also exposed is the Sybella Granite, a composite batholith of variably deformed gneissic granite, which, at ~1660 Ma, is broadly coeval with inception of the Isan Superbasin basin. Two prevailing kinematic models had been proposed for the fault systems during Isan Superbasin formation. The traditionally accepted model involves episodic E-W or NW-SE extension with the N-S Mount Isa Fault, but Southgate et al (2000b) presented an alternative sinistral strike-slip model in which the May Downs Fault acted as a releasing bend fault associated with motion on the Mt Isa Fault. In the Southgate model, the Sybella Granite was interpreted as syn-tectonically filling the dilational releasing bend. This study provides a detailed structural analysis of the 100 km by 40 km area west of Mount Isa City lying between the Mount Isa and May Downs Faults. The aim was to resolve a number of outstanding issues, including those outlined above. The resultant 1:250 000 structural map of the area is based on: reconnaissance-scale mapping; aerial photography, satellite, magnetic and radiometric image interpretation; field observations at locations throughout the area; and local detailed mapping (1:12000 scale or less). The mapping and associated geometrical analysis of the area has shown that the Sybella Batholith consists of two granite sills and a more globular body of microgranite. The deepest, gneissic, sill is up to 5 km thick and was emplaced at about 15 km below the basal Mount Isa Group unconformity (palaeosurface). The other, less deformed, sill formed higher in the crust, and the microgranite intruded to within 1-2 km of the palaeosurface. The two sills are located between two major fault systems (Mount Isa and May Downs Faults) that developed from inherited basin margin faults. The fault systems dip toward each other and the rocks between them have been folded into a single large antiform and uplifted as a wedge. Previous interpretations of the area have suggested that the batholith consists of a single sill folded by tighter, shorter wavelength folds. A cross-sectional reconstruction of the study area suggests that thin-skinned processes dominated much of the Isan Orogeny, contrary to previous interpretations. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the area, evaluated by comparing the predicted strain and amount of shortening with measured strain and shortening estimates, suggests deformation was driven by a rigid block to the west of the May Downs Fault moving toward the northeast. In the restored pre-Isan geometry, both the margins of the lowermost gneissic granite sill and its immediate country rocks have a strong, horizontal, layer-parallel, shear foliation with top-to-the-east asymmetry. The fabrics are strongly constrictional and 2 Abstract the stretching lineation trends east-west. Field observations and thin sectional analysis of these fabrics provide positive evidence that the Sybella Batholith was syn-tectonically emplaced in a basin-forming environment. A kinematic model is presented to show that these features are consistent with granite emplacement into a dilational jog in a sub-horizontal shear zone with a top-to-the-east shear sense. A component of east-west directed horizontal simple shear across the dilating zone explains the strongly constrictional fabrics in the granite. Under these conditions significant north-south shortening in the deforming zone leads to the initiation of folds parallel to the stretching direction (as observed). The shear zone into which the granite was emplaced developed at about fifteen kilometres depth and was probably at or near the brittle-ductile transition. The consistent shear sense, very high strains and implied 30 km of translation required to accommodate the sill indicates that this was a major crustal structure, rather than a simple detachment at the brittle-ductile transition in a crustal pure shear extension. The results are consistent with the east-west extensional model for basin development and totally inconsistent with the sinistral strike-slip model.

The Mount Isa and May Downs Faults are part of a network of significant faults that define, control, or partition deformation in the Early to mid-Proterozoic Mount Isa Inlier. The middle Proterozoic deformation history includes at least two extensional basin-forming events (Leichhardt Superbasin: ~1800 Ma to ~1700 Ma and Isa Superbasin: ~1700 Ma to ~ 1600 Ma) and a major protracted contractional orogenic event (Isan Orogeny: ~1585 Ma to ~ 1500 Ma). Uplift between the Mount Isa and May Downs Faults during the Isan Orogeny has exposed mid to upper amphibolite facies rocks of the structurally deeper levels of the early rift systems. Also exposed is the Sybella Granite, a composite batholith of variably deformed gneissic granite, which, at ~1660 Ma, is broadly coeval with inception of the Isan Superbasin basin. Two prevailing kinematic models had been proposed for the fault systems during Isan Superbasin formation. The traditionally accepted model involves episodic E-W or NW-SE extension with the N-S Mount Isa Fault, but Southgate et al (2000b) presented an alternative sinistral strike-slip model in which the May Downs Fault acted as a releasing bend fault associated with motion on the Mt Isa Fault. In the Southgate model, the Sybella Granite was interpreted as syn-tectonically filling the dilational releasing bend. This study provides a detailed structural analysis of the 100 km by 40 km area west of Mount Isa City lying between the Mount Isa and May Downs Faults. The aim was to resolve a number of outstanding issues, including those outlined above. The resultant 1:250 000 structural map of the area is based on: reconnaissance-scale mapping; aerial photography, satellite, magnetic and radiometric image interpretation; field observations at locations throughout the area; and local detailed mapping (1:12000 scale or less). The mapping and associated geometrical analysis of the area has shown that the Sybella Batholith consists of two granite sills and a more globular body of microgranite. The deepest, gneissic, sill is up to 5 km thick and was emplaced at about 15 km below the basal Mount Isa Group unconformity (palaeosurface). The other, less deformed, sill formed higher in the crust, and the microgranite intruded to within 1-2 km of the palaeosurface. The two sills are located between two major fault systems (Mount Isa and May Downs Faults) that developed from inherited basin margin faults. The fault systems dip toward each other and the rocks between them have been folded into a single large antiform and uplifted as a wedge. Previous interpretations of the area have suggested that the batholith consists of a single sill folded by tighter, shorter wavelength folds. A cross-sectional reconstruction of the study area suggests that thin-skinned processes dominated much of the Isan Orogeny, contrary to previous interpretations. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the area, evaluated by comparing the predicted strain and amount of shortening with measured strain and shortening estimates, suggests deformation was driven by a rigid block to the west of the May Downs Fault moving toward the northeast. In the restored pre-Isan geometry, both the margins of the lowermost gneissic granite sill and its immediate country rocks have a strong, horizontal, layer-parallel, shear foliation with top-to-the-east asymmetry. The fabrics are strongly constrictional and 2 Abstract the stretching lineation trends east-west. Field observations and thin sectional analysis of these fabrics provide positive evidence that the Sybella Batholith was syn-tectonically emplaced in a basin-forming environment. A kinematic model is presented to show that these features are consistent with granite emplacement into a dilational jog in a sub-horizontal shear zone with a top-to-the-east shear sense. A component of east-west directed horizontal simple shear across the dilating zone explains the strongly constrictional fabrics in the granite. Under these conditions significant north-south shortening in the deforming zone leads to the initiation of folds parallel to the stretching direction (as observed). The shear zone into which the granite was emplaced developed at about fifteen kilometres depth and was probably at or near the brittle-ductile transition. The consistent shear sense, very high strains and implied 30 km of translation required to accommodate the sill indicates that this was a major crustal structure, rather than a simple detachment at the brittle-ductile transition in a crustal pure shear extension. The results are consistent with the east-west extensional model for basin development and totally inconsistent with the sinistral strike-slip model.

This study explores how five teachers from five different special schools work with their students´ speech disorders in a way that stimulates the students to develop their speech. The study is based on interviews as a qualitative method of investigation. An analysis was performed from a sociocultural perspective, where artefacts, the proximal zone of development, as well as the students' opportunities for interaction, were examined. The result of the study shows that teachers use many different types of artefacts. The most common artefacts used by these teachers are pictures and signs as means of support. When the teachers lack knowledge as to how the students would be stimulated to develop their speech, they engage speech therapists who are trained in speech development. There is an awareness with the teachers concerning how the students could take yet another step in their speech development. The teachers also think that the students need to experience contexts where they learn how to interact with each other. Special school students with additional functional disabilities who have extensive speech disorders are those with Down's syndrome or states within the autistic spectrum. Motivation is a key concept for these teachers. To find the motivation within the students, means that they work based on the various areas of interest that the children have. Finding the key to motivation is crucial, in order for the students to develop their speech. / Sammanfattning Denna studie undersöker hur fem pedagoger från fem olika grundsärskolor arbetar med grundsärskoleelevers talsvårigheter på ett sätt som stimulerar eleverna till talutveckling. Studien är baserad på intervjuer som är en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod. En analys gjordes utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv där artefakter, den proximala utvecklingszonen samt elevernas möjligheter till samspel synades. Resultatet av studien visar att pedagoger använder sig av många olika slags artefakter. De vanligaste artefakter som pedagogerna använder sig av är bilder och tecken som stöd. Om pedagogerna känner att de brister i kunskap om hur eleverna ska få stimulans till att utvecklas i sitt tal så anlitar de talpedagoger eller logopeder som har utbildning i tal. En medvetenhet finns hos pedagogerna om hur eleverna ska ta ett steg till i sin talutveckling. Pedagogerna anser även att eleverna ska få uppleva miljöer där de ska lära sig att samspela med varandra. Grundsärskoleelever med flerfunktionsnedsättningar som har stora svårigheter med sitt tal är de med Downs syndrom och autismspektrumtillstånd. Motivation är ett ledord hos pedagogerna. Att hitta motivationen hos eleverna är detsamma som att pedagoger arbetar utifrån elevernas olika intresseområden. Nyckeln till motivationen är viktig att hitta om eleverna ska utvecklas i sitt tal.