Adverse health effects from exposure to air pollution, although at present only partly understood, are a global challenge and of widespread concern. Quantifying human exposure to air pollutants is challenging, as ambient concentrations of air pollutants at potentially harmful levels are ubiquitous and subject to high spatial and temporal variability. At the same time, individuals have their very own unique activity-patterns. Hence exposure results from intertwined relationships between environmental and human systems add complexity to the assessment process. It is essential to develop a deeper understanding of individual exposure pathways and situations occurring in people’s everyday lives. This is important especially with regard to exposure and health impact assessment which provide the basis for public health advice and policy development. This thesis describes the development and application of a personal monitoring method to assess exposure to fine particulate matter in a variety of microenvironments. Tools and methods applied are tested with respect to feasibility, intrusiveness, performance and potential for future applications. The development of the method focuses on the application in everyday environments and situations in an attempt to capture as much of the total exposure as possible, across a complete set of microenvironments. Seventeen volunteers took part in the pilot study, collected data and provided feedback on methodology and tools applied. The low-cost particle counter applied showed good agreement with reference instruments when studied in two different environments. Based on the assessment of the two instruments functions to derive particle mass concentration from the original particle number counts have been defined. The application of the devices and tools received positive feedback from the volunteers. Limitations are mainly related to the non-weatherproof design of the particle counter. The collection of time-activity patterns with GPS and time-activity diaries is challenging and requires careful processing. Resulting personal exposure profiles highlight the influence of individual activities and contextual factors. Highest concentrations were measured in indoor environments where people also spent the majority of time. Differences between transport modes as well as between urban and rural areas were identified.

紀登斯（Anthony Giddens）在探討社會問題之前首先指出造成現代社會之所以不同於前現代社會的力量，這股力量就是現代性的兩個主要特徵：時空分離和抽離化機制，而且社會學的反思性力量從而也影響了現代社會中個人的行為。另一方面，個人層面的反思性亦決定了個人的生活。本研究借用紀登斯的理論，從現代性與反思性來檢視寫日記此一行為的變異。日記是傳統的行為與媒介，而網路則被視為體現現代性的媒介，網路的虛擬時空、靈肉分離、互動等特性為網路日記書寫者提供一個更為開放的自我認同的工程。本研究發現，網路日記的隱秘性及主權難以掌控，而且網友的閱讀與回應雖然增加了書寫網路日記的意願、甚至使網路日記成為展演的場所，但是卻也可能成為網路日記書寫者的顧忌，反而使網路日記所記載的我有所壓抑。 / Anthony Giddens’ theory indicating reflexivity and modernity which pose separation of time and space and disembedding as two main characters considered the forces triggering the change between traditional and modern society sets the frame of this thesis. Compared to paper-based traditional diary, on-line diary exiting on internet characterized by pesudonymity virtuality and interactivity provides a much more open construction of self-identity. The result of this study discovered that the secrecy and author right are uncontrollable, moreover, the response of on-line-diary-readers enhance, meanwhile worry the willingness of on-line-diary-keeping, as a result, the self-construction work of on-line diary is not as open as it promises.

<p> </p><p>Internet har sedan starten öppnat nya portar för kommunikation. En av de allra populäraste just nu är att blogga. Att uttrycka sig språkligt har kommit att bli så mycket mer än bara att använda sig av ord. På bloggen ges möjlighet att tillföra bild, film, färg och att använda olika typografiska medel, såsom att kursivera eller göra text fetstilt. Element som alla bidrar till hur text tolkas.</p><p>Utifrån fjorton dagboksbloggar och totalt 289 blogginlägg har min uppsats syftat till att undersöka hur framställning på dessa bloggar, tillhörande gymnasieelever, skett.</p><p>Mina frågeställningar jag utgått ifrån lyder:</p><ul type="disc"><li>Hur använder sig gymnasieungdomar av olika uttrycksmedel för att estetiskt och kreativt skapa ett blogginlägg på så kallade dagboksbloggar?</li></ul><p>-          Hur används rubriksättning, bild, film, färg och olika stilformat på texten för att skapa kommunikation och olika uttryck på blogginläggen?</p><ul type="disc"><li>Hur förhåller sig gymnasieungdomars dagboksblogg till den traditionella dagboken vad det gäller utformning och kommunikationsmöjligheter?</li></ul><p>Genom en strukturalistisk analys, med utgångspunkt hos Jurij Lotman, har jag gripit mig an blogginläggen på olika plan där jag både undersökt detaljer i texten och övergripande utformning. Jag har funnit att dagboksbloggen och dagboken skiljer sig på flera plan. Främst i fråga om kommunikationen som sker öppet på dagboksbloggen. Språkligt utmärker sig bloggen främst genom att ord och meningar betonas genom fetstilt och kursiv text, både för att göra texten mer lättövergriplig men också för att betona uttryck. Smileys och andra känslouttryck visar i sin tur hur ungdomarna undviker missförstånd på ett sätt som inte kräver bearbetning av texten. Jag vill säga att uppsatsen visar på hur en vidgad syn på språklighet och kommunikation idag är nödvändig, i och med de nya medel som tillkommit i dagens IT-samhälle.</p><p> </p> / <p> </p><p>Internet has since the beginning widened the form of communication. In recent times one of the most popular form is via blogs.</p><p>To express yourself has become more than words. The blogs give you the ability to add pictures, videos, colors and more. You are also able to use typological medium like italic and bold types. All these elements contribute to how the text is read and interpreted.</p><p>From 14 different diary blogs written by high school students and 289 posts in total my thesis intend to study which method of fabrications these blogs use.</p><p>The question formulations I have based my thesis on are:</p><p>·         How do high school students use different ways of expressions to esthetical and creatively create posts at the so called diary blogs?</p><p>-          How does headlining, pictures, film, colour and different typological medium being used to create communication and different expression on the posts?</p><p>·         How does the diary blog relate to the traditional diary regarding the formation and forms of communication?</p><p>Through a structuralistic analysis method based on Jurij Lotman’s analysis I’ve approached the posts on different levels, where I examine details in the text but also the structure. I’ve found that the diary blog and the diary separate from each other on several plans, foremost the way of communication which is overt in a diary blog. Linguistically the diary blog distinguish itself from diaries by the way to be able to emphasize words or a sentence with italic and bold types. Smileys and different kinds of emotional forms of expressions are used by the blogger to avoid misconceptions.</p><p>The thesis has proven that a widening way of looking at linguistic and communications are necessary due to the new medium that comes with the IT.</p><p> </p>

This thesis articulates the resonances between J.M. Coetzee's lifelong engagement with mathematics and his practice as a novelist, critic, and poet. Though the critical discourse surrounding Coetzee's literary work continues to flourish, and though the basic details of his background in mathematics are now widely acknowledged, his inheritance from that background has not yet been the subject of a comprehensive and mathematically- literate account. In providing such an account, I propose that these two strands of his intellectual trajectory not only developed in parallel, but together engendered several of the characteristic qualities of his finest work. The structure of the thesis is essentially thematic, but is also broadly chronological. Chapter 1 focuses on Coetzee's poetry, charting the increasing involvement of mathematical concepts and methods in his practice and poetics between 1958 and 1979. Chapter 2 situates his master's thesis alongside archival materials from the early stages of his academic career, and thus traces the development of his philosophical interest in the migration of quantificatory metaphors into other conceptual domains. Concentrating on his doctoral thesis and a series of contemporaneous reviews, essays, and lecture notes, Chapter 3 details the calculated ambivalence with which he therein articulates, adopts, and challenges various statistical methods designed to disclose objective truth. Chapter 4 explores the thematisation of several mathematical concepts in Dusklands and In the Heart of the Country. Chapter Five considers Waiting for the Barbarians and Foe in the context provided by Coetzee's interest in the attempts of Isaac Newton to bridge the gap between natural language and the supposedly transparent language of mathematics. Finally, Chapter 6 locates in Elizabeth Costello and Diary of a Bad Year a cognitive approach to the use of mathematical concepts in ethics, politics, and aesthetics, and, by analogy, a central aspect of the challenge Coetzee's late fiction poses to the contemporary literary landscape.

The Native American characters in Love Medicine and The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian experience prejudice from other Native Americans and suffer from internalized norms and values. This study examines whether or not the prejudice the fictional characters in Love Medicine and The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indianexperience and express as Native Americans unite them as a community or not. It also investigateshow they view white society andif the Native American characters have prejudice against the members of their own tribal community. The analysis is partially based on postcolonial theory and focuses on terms such as internalisation, acculturation and prejudice. The thesis found that the communitiesare united on the premises that they conform to the Native American norms but any deviation from these norms has the potential to divide them.

Internet change notre manière de traiter l’information. Il change aussi les discours de tous les jours. De plus, des gens ont commencé à écrire, sur le web, des textes qui se sont imposés par la suite au milieu éditorial. Quel impact Internet a-t-il sur la littérature ? Je me sers de mon corpus (Les chroniques d’une mère indigne de Caroline Allard, Un taxi la nuit de Pierre-Léon Lalonde et Lucie le chien de Sophie Bienvenu) pour répondre à cette question : je cherche à démontrer que le blogue constitue un nouveau genre littéraire. Internet, d’abord, marque matériellement ce nouveau genre. Ensuite, que le blogue soit présenté sur le web ou dans un livre, il fonctionne essentiellement à partir d’anecdotes qui tournent autour d’un thème central, défini par un blogueur qui se met en scène en tant que personnage. Ces caractéristiques du blogue permettent de le comparer à deux genres qui lui ressemblent : le journal intime et l’essai. Le blogue est différent du journal intime à plusieurs points de vue, les plus importants étant le thème développé dans le blogue et le personnage que le blogueur construit. Par ailleurs, il ne peut être considéré comme un type d’essai : son caractère fortement anecdotique lui confère une visée plus narrative et un blogueur ne réfléchit pas sur le monde de la même manière qu’un essayiste. Bref, le blogue est un genre à part entière, tout jeune, qui se distingue suffisamment du journal intime et de l’essai pour être étudié avec des outils spécifiques. / Internet changes our way of processing information. It also changes everyday discourses. As well, people started to write, on the web, texts that eventually made their way into the editorial business. What impact has Internet on literature? I use my corpus (Les chroniques d’une mère indigne by Caroline Allard, Un taxi la nuit by Pierre-Léon Lalonde and Lucie le chien by Sophie Bienvenu) to answer that question : I try to demonstrate that the blog is a new genre. Internet, first, influences the materiality of this new genre. Then, whether a blog is read on the web or in a book, it relies essentially on anecdotes organised around a central theme, chosen by a blogger who puts himself on the spot as a character. Those particularities allow me to compare the blog to two other genres that are similar to it: the diary and the essay. The blog is different from the diary in many ways, the most important being the theme developed in the blog and the character the blogger builds. At the same time, it cannot be confused with the essay: its very anecdotic nature gives it a more narrative dimension and a blogger doesn’t think the world the same way an essayist does. In brief, the blog is a unique genre, very young, that is different enough from the diary and the essay to be studied with different tools.

This work is an attempt to gain a deeper understanding of the 1960s through an in-depth analysis of selected literary autobiographies. The first section is devoted to the theoretical foundation for exploring the chosen four texts of autobiographical literature. It is based on the analysis and subsequent comparison diaries of Ivan Diviš and Pavel Juráček and the memory of Vaclav Černý and Ota Filip. Additionally, this paper examines how these writers created an image of the 1960s and early 1970s.mFurther exploration includes narrative elements, for example, by what means texts are constructed, character space time, composition, and relationship to the audience. Moreover, the meaning of writing autobiographical literature, specifically the selected works, will be explored. Lastly, these major themes set the stage for the comprehensive analysis of the authors' works, revealing the creative design, history, society and culture of their time.

The main goal of this diploma thesis was to introduce the personality of Kryštof Popel younger of Lobkowicz (1549−1609) based on his diaries, which came from the years 1602−1604. The edition of these diaries completes the whole thesis. Topics of the chapters are based on notes by Kryštof - they inform us about Lobkowicz's private and public life, and also about his patronage. The presented text also allows the reader to look into everyday life of the nobility, which took place in Prague palaces at the beginning of the seventeenth century.

Este trabalho trata da voz enquanto relação entre um corpus de composições e performances para voz, uma revisão de literatura sobre algumas noções discursivas sobre voz e um diário vocal pessoal que desenvolvi, o qual articula esses campos analíticos e práticos. Problematizo as noções de voz e vocalidade através da análise das formações discursivas dentro dos estudos da voz e analiso a relação destas formações com as vozes e vocalidades propostas em algumas composições e performances, com ênfase em obras de Valéria Bonafé, Lílian Campesato e Inés Terra. Questiono como os silenciamentos históricos da voz, enquanto evidência de corporalidade, foram entronizados no modo como compreendemos a voz e criamos com ela. Além da análise documental/textual e das análises das obras, o método aqui escolhido articula a problematização e a conceituação da voz enquanto uma prática vocal. Isso é feito a partir de um processo duplo que chamei de diário vocal, que consiste da realização e gravação de conversas com as compositoras e performers e de minha própria voz gravada em meus estudos e leituras diários, bem como da subsequente escuta e transcrição destes registros. Essa prática de documentação possibilitou um processo de análise musical/sonora que não se deu previamente sobre as peças abordadas, em forma de prognóstico, mas demandou uma escuta ativa da voz gravada e uma recepção da modulação sonora da minha voz e da voz das artistas em foco, caso a caso, entre pensamento, som, fala, escuta, conversa, discussão e escrita. Assim, o processo se constituiu como uma geografia afetiva de vozes e vocalidades, no cruzamento dos âmbitos da performance/composição musicais, dos estudos da voz e do método de voz, através do diário vocal. Deste modo, considero o diário vocal um método de cartografia da voz, pois é a ele que é endereçado o desvio metodológico entre prática (práxis) e discurso (lexis), a fim de analisar a problemática vocal na criação atual ao mesmo tempo em que \'se faz\' o que se pesquisa: pensar os limites do logos vocal atual é escutar/\'performar\' o grão radical da voz e vice-versa. / This work includes a discussion on voice as a relation between a corpus of vocal compositions and performances, a literature review on discursive notions about voice, and a personal vocal diary developed within this thesis to articulate these analytical and practical fields. I posit notions of voice and vocality by analysing discursive formations within studies of voice, and scrutinizing the relation of such discursive formations with the voices and vocalities proposed in selected compositions and performances, with emphasis on works by Valéria Bonafé, Lílian Campesato and Inés Terra. I question how historical silencings of voice, as evidence of corporeality, have been ingrained in the way we understand voice and create with it. Beyond the documentary/textual analysis and analyses of selected works, the method articulates the postulation and conceptualization of voice as vocal praxis. This is achieved by means of a dualprocess that I named vocal diary, which consists of the performance and recording of conversations with composers and performers, and of my own voice in my daily studies and readings, as well as of the subsequent listening and transcription of these records. Such documentation practice enabled a process of musical/sound analysis that was not previously given over the selected works in form of prognosis, demanding an active listening of the recorded voice, a reception of the sonorous modulation of my own voice and of the artists in focus, case by case, between thought, sound, speech, listening, conversation, discussion and writing. Thus, the process is constituted as a affective geography of voices and vocalities, located in the intersection between performance and musical composition, studies of voice, and the voice method consisting in the vocal diary. Ergo, I consider the vocal diary a new method of voice cartography-because it is towards it that the methodological deviation between practice (praxis) and discourse (lexis) is directed, in order to analyze the vocal matter in the actual creation and at the same time,\'do\' what we research: to think the limits of the current vocal logos is to listen/perform the radical grain of voice...and vice versa.

Esta dissertação propõe-se a analisar o Diário Íntimo do escritor carioca Lima Barreto (1881-1922) do ponto de vista formal do gênero diário. Assim procedendo, investigaremos de que modo se constituiu essa obra, com o intuito de levantar hipóteses interpretativas no que tange às motivações, necessidades e préstimos das páginas íntimas para esse autor mantido à margem do círculo intelectual canônico de seu tempo. Visamos a refletir, no plano literário, sobre o olhar de Lima voltado para os modelos estrangeiros, sobretudo para as referências francesas, largamente presentes em suas notas. Focalizaremos, no plano social, sua condição mestiça a partir dos relatos de situações cotidianas e comentários perspicazes, que demonstram a forma como a sociedade encarava aqueles marcados pela cor negra, da perspectiva limabarretiana. Nesse sentido, é nossa intenção avaliar a maneira como Lima Barreto apreendeu a sociedade brasileira de seu tempo no tocante à complexa e escorregadia questão racial, bem como observar os efeitos das teorias raciais importadas da Europa no âmago de sua trajetória enquanto negro escritor. Em suma, buscaremos compreender como os traços presentes no Diário revelam as referências e intencionalidades de Lima Barreto num contexto mais alargado, que se quer pessoal, racial, social e cultural de sua época. / This dissertation intends to analyze the Diário Íntimo (Intimate Diary) of the writer from Rio de Janeiro Lima Barreto (18811922) from the formal point of view of a diary genre. Thus, we are going to investigate the way this work is built, with the purpose of formulating interpretive hypothesis concerning the motivations, necessities and uses of the intimate pages for this author being kept far from the canonical circle of his time. We mean to reflect upon the literary aspect, about the view of Lima concentrated on the foreign models, above all the French references largely present on his notes. We are going to focus on the social aspect of his mestizo characteristic starting from the reports of daily situations and perspicacious comments, that demonstrate the way society faced those of black skin, within the Lima Barreto perspective. This way, it is our intention to analyze how Lima Barreto grasped the Brazilian society of his time in relation to the complex and slippery racial issue, as well as observe the effects of the racial theories imported from Europe at the core of his trajectory as a black writer. In short, we are going to search to understand how the features present in Diary reveal the references and intentions of Lima Barreto within an enlarged context of his time that is personal, racial, social and cultural.