Researchers in various business disciplines use the event study methodology to assess the market value of firms through capital market reaction to news in the public media about the firm's activities. Capital market reaction is assessed based on cumulative abnormal return (sum of abnormal returns over the event window). In this study, the event study methodology is used to assess the impact that two important information technology activities, Internet security breach and ecommerce initiative, have on the market value of firms. While prior research on the relationship between these business activities and cumulative abnormal return involved the use of regression analysis, in this study, we use decision tree induction and regression.For the Internet security breach study, we use negative cumulative abnormal return as a surrogate for damage to the breached firm. In contrast to what has been reported in the research literature, our results suggest that the relationship between cumulative abnormal return and the independent variables for both the Internet security breach and ecommerce initiative studies is complex, often involving conditional interactions between the independent variables. We report that the incomplete contract theory is unable to effectively explain the relationship between cumulative abnormal return and the organizational variables. Other ecommerce theories provide support to the findings from our analysis. We show that both attack and firm characteristics are determinants of damage to breached firms.Our results revealed that the use of decision tree induction presents additional insight to that provided by regression models. We illustrate that there is value in using data mining techniques to study the market value of e-commerce initiative and Internet security breach and that this approach has applicability in other domains and that Decision Tree can enhance the event study methodology.We demonstrate that Decision Tree induction can be used for both theory building and theory testing. We specifically employ Decision Tree induction to test and enhance ecommerce theories and develop a theoretical model for cumulative abnormal return and ecommerce. We also present theoretical models for Internet security breach and damage to the breached firm. These models can be used by decision makers in Internet security and ecommerce investments strategic formulations and implementations.

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att presentera en struktur för online-baserade modeföretags visuellakommunikation. Utgångspunkten är den fysiska butikens visual merchandise-strategier, sommodifieras för att skapa en modell anpassad till online-perspektiv.Metod: För att besvara vårt syfte undersöktes hur webbshoppar arbetar med sin visuellakommunikation genom en kvalitativ observationsstudie. Fyra webbshoppar observeradesunder en period på två veckor, vid tre olika tillfällen. Observationen utgick från studiens egenmodell där visual merchandise-strategier från den fysiska butiken kodats till ett onlinesammanhang.Ett observations-schema med öppna frågor arbetades fram för att praktisktkunna genomföra observationen på ett strukturerat sätt. Arbetet med observationen skeddeparallellt med analysen som kunde anpassas och påverka varandra. Processen var iterativ ochmodellen modifierades under studiens gång. Vi var medvetna om svårigheterna i attundersöka estetisk utformning, då uppfattningar skiljer sig mellan personer och målgrupper.Resultat: Vår slutsats är att webbshoppars övergripande uppbyggnad är likartad och attgrundläggande struktur är den samma. Samtliga hemsidor har förstasidor som främjarkampanjer och väcker intresse. Alla använder överskådliga produktkategorisidor medstrukturerade rutnät där besökaren lätt kan navigera. Den enskilda produkten presenteras avmycket information och flera bilder. Övergripande används symboler som hjälperkonsumenten att fatta köpbeslut och tillför mervärde till produkten. Det som gör atthemsidorna ändå ser väldigt olika ut beror på deras arbete med den visuellakommunikationen. Webbshoppens visuella bild kommunicerar sidans valda profil genominformativa ledtrådar så besökaren kan bedöma och dra slutsatser.Vår slutsats är att den fysiska butikens visual merchandise-strategier kan användas online menbehöver anpassas till det nya sammanhanget. Den fysiska butikens visual merchandisestrategierkan inte översättas direkt till webbshoppar, men det går att göra en nära tolkning.Studiens modell fungerar väl som verktyg för uppgiften och omfattar alla viktiga delar.Modellen är generell och utgår från den övergripande struktur som samtliga webbshoppar harsom utgångpunkt. Detta gör modellen lätt att använda, både på ett omfattande plan och pådetaljnivå.Originalitet: Vår studie erbjuder ett verktyg som hjälper andra praktiker att gå vidare inomområdet. Vi föreslår att testa vår modell dels på andra webbshoppar för att utvärdera derasvisuella kommunikation, samt dels i uppbyggnaden av en helt ny webbshop. Vår modellkommer från ett annat håll och ger en ny infallsvinkel för exempelvis webbdesigners som intehar erfarenhet från den fysiska butiken.

For fashion online stores loyal customers are as important as they are for traditional retail stores. Through a high amount of loyal customers a company can reduce operational costs and increase its overall profitability. Finally a company can gain more benefits from retaining existing customers instead of acquiring new ones. Therefore it has become more important to win customer share than market share. To figure out how loyalty can be created a company needs to occupy itself intensively with the concept of Customer Relationship Management. There exist different types of loyalty and not every customer can be turned into a loyal customer. The company has to enter into a relationship with its customers that has to grow like the courtship. At best case the bond will end up in a satisfied win-win relationship that contains benefits for both the customer and the company. The longer the relationship will last, the higher the customer value will get and the more the company can profit from it. The same rules and principles also count for the online business. Because of higher costs for attracting new customers, high competition in the market and highly demanding customers treating your existing customers well and turning them into loyal customers is the key to success. E-Loyalty drivers give the company an indicator about what generates e-loyalty for company’s website. Why does a customer return to a website and why does he stick to a certain online shop? One of the most crucial factors to create loyalty in an online business is trust. Only when a customer trusts the vendor he will hand out his personal data, will return to the vendor and will recommend the online shop to others. When it was taken a further look at how online shops tackle the question of loyalty it became clear that the customer is put in the centre. The online shops heavily attempt to keep up with the latest ecommerce trends in order to win over customers. Through Social Commerce the companies have totally new possibilities to interact with the customers and to gain customer insight. In this way it has become much easier to understand the customer and to respond to his individual needs and preferences in order to build up a relationship with him. / Program: Magisterutbildning i fashion management med inriktning modemarknadsföring

O conceito de modelo de negócio pode ser utilizado para descrever e entender empresas. Ele determina que devemos entender um negócio utilizando os serviços que são prestados, as empresas (e seus papéis) envolvidas e a forma de faturamento que o empreendedor terá sobre o serviço. O conceito ganhou muita atenção com a explosão dos portais B2B que surgiram nos últimos anos na internet. Estes portais são empreendimentos que ofertam serviços que intermediam as interações entre as empresas. Com a reorganização da sociedade em redes globais de empresas, tais portais têm diante de si uma grande variedade de serviços a serem prestados, assim tornando a abordagem dos modelos de negócio um elemento fundamental para o entendimento do valor agregado pelos empreendedores do setor B2B. Mas faltam trabalhos de organização e sistematização desses modelos, e os próprios empreendedores brasileiros não vêm demonstrando entendimento sobre eles. Assim, no presente trabalho, serão organizados e sistematizados os conceitos de modelos de negócio, eCommerce e B2B, bem como será feita uma proposta de classificação destes modelos de negócio, de tal forma que pesquisadores e empreendedores possam utilizar este texto como base em seus estudos a respeito desses portais na internet. / Business models concept can be used to describe and understand all kind of enterprises. Using this concept one can understand a business by the services been delivered, the enterprises (and their roles) been involved and the invoicing return over the service. This concept became an buzzword during the recently explosion of B2B portals over the internet. These B2B portals are enterprises that offer brokerage services between other enterprises. With the sudden reorganization of society over global net of enterprises, these portals have a huge business opportunity for delivering a wide variety of services, becoming the business model a central element for understanding the aggregated value been proposed by each B2B portal. But there are a poor number of published materials around the organization and classification of these business models and brazilian entrepreneur does not seem to understand these business models. In this work the concept of business models, eCommerce and B2B will be organized and a classification of possible business models will be proposed. The proposed classification could be used by researchers and entrepreneurs as a tool for their studies about these portals over the internet.

O conceito de modelo de negócio pode ser utilizado para descrever e entender empresas. Ele determina que devemos entender um negócio utilizando os serviços que são prestados, as empresas (e seus papéis) envolvidas e a forma de faturamento que o empreendedor terá sobre o serviço. O conceito ganhou muita atenção com a explosão dos portais B2B que surgiram nos últimos anos na internet. Estes portais são empreendimentos que ofertam serviços que intermediam as interações entre as empresas. Com a reorganização da sociedade em redes globais de empresas, tais portais têm diante de si uma grande variedade de serviços a serem prestados, assim tornando a abordagem dos modelos de negócio um elemento fundamental para o entendimento do valor agregado pelos empreendedores do setor B2B. Mas faltam trabalhos de organização e sistematização desses modelos, e os próprios empreendedores brasileiros não vêm demonstrando entendimento sobre eles. Assim, no presente trabalho, serão organizados e sistematizados os conceitos de modelos de negócio, eCommerce e B2B, bem como será feita uma proposta de classificação destes modelos de negócio, de tal forma que pesquisadores e empreendedores possam utilizar este texto como base em seus estudos a respeito desses portais na internet. / Business models concept can be used to describe and understand all kind of enterprises. Using this concept one can understand a business by the services been delivered, the enterprises (and their roles) been involved and the invoicing return over the service. This concept became an buzzword during the recently explosion of B2B portals over the internet. These B2B portals are enterprises that offer brokerage services between other enterprises. With the sudden reorganization of society over global net of enterprises, these portals have a huge business opportunity for delivering a wide variety of services, becoming the business model a central element for understanding the aggregated value been proposed by each B2B portal. But there are a poor number of published materials around the organization and classification of these business models and brazilian entrepreneur does not seem to understand these business models. In this work the concept of business models, eCommerce and B2B will be organized and a classification of possible business models will be proposed. The proposed classification could be used by researchers and entrepreneurs as a tool for their studies about these portals over the internet.

Retail store closures are on pace to pass those during the 2008 recession; meanwhile, consumer confidence is strong and unemployment is low.This puzzling situation sparks the question of how retailers can change their current business models and tactics to capitalize on a stronger economy and changing consumer preferences. Key solutions may lie in the strategies and decisions of America’s fastest growing retailers. The purpose of this study is to identify and understand common trends that are driving revenue growth in today’s consumer retail companies. The study produces characteristics useful for struggling retailers to develop and adapt in hopes of achieving growth and stability in the changing retail sector. The research design is a collection of variables from two data sets, one made up of 220 U.S. retailers and the other including the top 50 fastest-growing publicly traded U.S. retailers. This data comes from respective 10-K annual reports. The data is analyzed using STATA to identify strong trends and correlations among the top players in the retail space. Some notable characteristics are revenue in dollars, revenue growth percentages, gross margin percentages, square footage, employee count and sales ratios in dollars.

The diploma thesis deals with the analysis and selection of a suitable information system for selected company. The information system is selected according to the company's requirements and helps to streamline business processes. I will analyze individual information systems on the market and select the one that most closely matches the set criteria and requirements. I will then propose how to implement e-commerce and how to communicate with each other. At the end, an economic assessment is made.

The purpose of this research is to provide companies with how they can affect customer’s trust through tools found within the three technological factors on mobile applications or websites. A research gap was discovered by the researchers due to the lack of in-depth exploration regarding this topic and took the opportunity to do research within this field. This research undertook a qualitative research approach with a deductive nature, this was done by using a theoretical sample technique with theories on what factors affect customers' trust on mobile applications and websites. When collecting information for this research, 14 unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted online. With the help of the interviews the researchers could gather rich in-depth information to explore the research question. The main theoretical findings of this research are the three personas, Branded Betty, Aesthetical Alexia and Recommended Rob. Each persona is representative of a customer and they are each stimulated by the technological tools differently to trust a mobile application or website.

Distance trading and industrialization. A study in the swedish early mail order emergence and expansion 1866-1895. Petrus Forsgren, Economic History, Magister Degree, Umeå University Spring 2021. The meaning, preconditions, actors with their background, in the early swedish mail order growth and expansion have been studied between the period 1866-1895. Entrepreneurship and structural change have been the underlying theme. The meaning of mail order pointed to a focus on especially the swedish postal service as an important factor. It was found that important preconditions such as railways, consumer markets, the spread of newspapers along with institutional changes in payments started to change 1866 and was fully developed 1875. Before this period, there were obstacles that made mail order only possible in a small more local scale. As a text analysis advertisements were explored in the early period 1866-1874 in regards to the term ”cash on delivery” where it was found that early advertsements came from Denmark and Germany. But results were also found that gave tendencies for a internally domestic origin for mail order in regards to the actors. It was further explored 1875-1895 where the sold items went from light to heavy which indicated that the prerequisitions for mail order were transformed. A total of 15 actors in which the background was studied. They had all similar procedure of selling nationally via advertisments and through the swedish postal service. The actors were in average born 1833, started their business 1861 at 29,5 years of age and expanded with mail order 1876. All the studied actors had previous business experience and none of them had previously been involved in pedlary. Later actors required less previous experience. It further confirms that mail order were a new fenomena that differed from previous types of retail and might have more in common with wholesale, retailing or e-commerce than earlier assumed predecessors.

Abstract The thesis aims to investigate the role of sustainability strategy in digital business in Bangladeshi and Pakistani SMEs. To attain our research goal, we made conceptual and theoretical framework, conducted telephonic interviews from digitized e-commerce SMEs working in Bangladesh and Pakistan service sector. Purpose: The purpose of the report is to explore the critical factors when implementing an integration of sustainability strategy in digital business. While doing this as well as dig deeper into a theory, we made analysis through our conceptual building and interviews. Methods: In this paper, a qualitative research method has been applied to demonstrate the experiences and activities of the SMEs as they come across, involve and survive by circumstances. A strong perception of phenomena was founded under this research. Before conducting telephone interviews, pilot tests had been taken to understand the significance and depth of the questions. Results: Based on the interviews it can be concluded that most of the respondents are considering sustainability strategy as competitive advantages and they are willing to utilize human, natural and financial resources in their digital business for maximizing benefit. Most of the respondents are using digital tools at their companies and concerning sustainability strategies to survive in the competing markets, but still the businesses who are working through sustainability strategy in their digital business is not adequate. Sustainability strategies are considered as core values of SMEs while doing digital business. Practical Implication: The findings ensure sustainability strategies are becoming core value in emerging markets like the mature markets. The findings conceptualized by the authors can be developed in future for the future studies in other emerging countries besides Bangladesh and Pakistan. As the results show that sustainability strategy in digital business can bring maximum benefit for the SMEs, the new entrepreneurs might be attracted towards implementing the sustainability strategy in their business.