This study investigates black women´s participation in the economy and financial decisions oftheir life. This in order to analysis the outcome of economic rights and empowerment specificallyin townships of Cape Town, South Africa. The economic vulnerability in South Africa iswidespread and black woman are most affected. A field study was conducted through semistructuredinterviewing with 20 women where they shared their experiences in economic rightsand empowerment. The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of attitudes abouteconomic empowerment and rights for black women. The analysis was made within a theoreticalframework based upon Western and African feminism as well as Sally Engle Merry’s studyregarding the practice of how human rights is affected by culture. The field study resulted in threeidentified themes that affect woman's financial position. Firstly, the labor situation in the countrywith high unemployment. Secondly, the traditional gender roles and thirdly the economic violence.The study will show that these three themes prevents the possibility of black women havingeconomic rights and economic empowerment. Further on, lack of knowledge and the time frameof making changes in culture something that also will be discussed.

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Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2018-04-18T18:59:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEIRACEMASILVA.pdf: 1845844 bytes, checksum: 7eda8698f037d5adf9b3ebaec5ee1936 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2018-04-25T14:28:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEIRACEMASILVA.pdf: 1845844 bytes, checksum: 7eda8698f037d5adf9b3ebaec5ee1936 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T14:28:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEIRACEMASILVA.pdf: 1845844 bytes, checksum: 7eda8698f037d5adf9b3ebaec5ee1936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-05 / Estes estudos tiveram como objetivo principal estabelecer a interface entre a falta de eficácia de direitos fundamentais, positivados na Constituição Federal de 1988, e a violência econômica em famílias pobres, partindo de uma pesquisa empírica no Vale da Esperança, bairro Santa Terezinha, em Alagoinhas, Bahia, Brasil, relacionando a pesquisa de campo aos estudos do Direito Positivo, na vontade de aliar realidade social brasileira aos estudos teóricos, forma de estudo que atualmente pouco se faz, na perspectiva da dogmática jurídica do sistema jurídico brasileiro. Entre os objetivos específicos encontra-se ainda o encontro de vias alternativas com a finalidade de tornar a lei constitucional mais efetiva, estudando a realidade prática das famílias. Trata-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, sendo usada a metodologia descritiva com análise do conteúdo encontrado nos dados de campo. Encontra-se dividido em 6 seções: a 1ª inclui a parte introdutória e metodológica. A 2ª seção expõe a abordagem sociojurídica das famílias brasileiras e uma breve comparação entre Brasil, Espanha e Portugal, bem como a importância do princípio da dignidade humana como materialização das prestações positivas para as famílias pobres no Poder Judiciário na atualidade brasileira. A 3ª discute a falta de eficácia dos direitos fundamentais e o significado desta questão. A 4ª seção discorre sobre o tipo de pobreza a que estamos nos referindo. A 5ª enfrenta a violência econômica e o sistema jurídico brasileiro, o projeto de Estado, o fenômeno econômico, político e jurídico. Dois temas são ressaltados nestes estudos nas crises do Estado Neoliberal brasileiro: criminalização dos pobres e a ocorrência de uma violência econômica invisível como tal, mas que atua impedindo as famílias pobres de usufruir dos direitos econômicos e sociais postos na Constituição Brasileira, mas que, na realidade prática das famílias aqui estudadas, sofre de crônica falta de efetividade. A 6ª seção exterioriza a pesquisa de campo. Por fim, traz-se as considerações finais. / The main objective of these studies was to establish an interface between the lack of effectiveness of fundamental rights in the Federal Constitution of 1988 and economic violence in poor families, based on empirical research in Vale de Esperança, Santa Terezinha neighborhood, Alagoinhas, Bahia, Brazil, linking the field research to the studies of Positive Law, in the will to ally Brazilian social reality to theoretical studies, form of study that is currently little done, in the perspective of legal dogmatics of the Brazilian legal system. Among the specific objectives is also the meeting of alternative ways with the purpose of making constitutional law more effective, studying the practical reality of families. It is a bibliographical and field research, using the descriptive methodology with analysis of the content found in the field data. It is divided into 6 sections: the first includes the introductory and methodological part. The second section discusses the socio-legal approach of Brazilian families and a brief comparison between Brazil, Spain and Portugal, as well as the importance of the principle of human dignity as materialization of positive benefits for the poor families in the Judiciary Power in the Brazilian context. The third discusses the lack of effectiveness of fundamental rights and the meaning of this issue. The fourth section discusses the type of poverty we are referring to. The 5th faces economic violence and the Brazilian legal system, the state project, the economic, political and legal phenomenon. Two themes are highlighted in these studies in the crises of the Brazilian Neoliberal State: criminalization of the poor and the occurrence of an invisible economic violence as such, but which acts to prevent poor families from enjoying the economic and social rights set forth in the Brazilian Constitution. practical reality of the families studied here, suffers from a chronic lack of effectiveness. The 6th section outlines field research. Finally, we bring the final considerations.

The National Board of Health and Welfare has been assigned by the Swedish government to map the Social services work with social assistance from a gender perspective. The assignment is based on the fact that in many municipalities the economic support is paid only to one in the household, which can be a contributing factor in strengthening economic violence in a relationship. The ambition with this study has been to examine how social workers that works with social assistance talk about economic violence. The result of this study is based upon qualitative interviews with six social workers that works with social assistance in Malmö. The result has been analyzed based on discourse analysis and social constructivism as theoretical approaches. Based on our discourse theory, four discursive themes have emerged; the discourse of ignorance, the discourse about a conservative approach, the discourse of the lack of time, and the discourse of silence. Based on the four discursive themes that have been featured in this study, it has been found that they constitute difficulties for the social workers to their approach to economic violence in their work. These difficulties restrict the social workers to take on economic violence as a concept in their daily work.

Economic violence is a relatively unexplored societal problem even though it often occurs in intimate relationships. In accordance with Swedish legislation different municipalities have the power to freely adjust support based on conditions and needs at a local level. The duty and responsibility of the Swedish social services is to promote people's economic and social security, and thereby contribute to active participation in society.  Therefore, our aim with this study is to understand how the Swedish social services are paying attention to and handling women who have been subjected to men's financial violence in close relationships and have applied for financial assistance. The study is based on 6 semi-structured interviews in three different-sized municipalities with social workers that work within financial assistance. Our study has shown similarities and differences between the municipalities and the individual social workers. All the social workers found economic violence to be invisible. Our study also showed that the social workers room for maneuvering was perceived differently and was in fact also different in terms of several factors. Further the study shows the need to reflect upon gender. All social workers were aware of gender norms and discussed who in the relationship, between a man and a woman, would retain the financial assistance. To a small extent the social workers were even part of maintaining traditional gender norms by giving the financial assistance to the man.

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Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is common among refugee women, and some adulthood and childhood factors are more influencing IPV against this group of women. Generally, there is a gap in research about the different influencing factors of IPV against refugee women. There is little empirical evidence and research about influencing factors for IPV in this vulnerable population and few studies on this specific topic in Sweden. To fill in this gap, this study aims to investigate the adulthood and childhood determinants of intimate partner violence against Persian refugee women in Sweden who had intimate partners during the past year. The main theoretical framework of this study was the Socio-ecological model (SEM). I conducted a cross-sectional study using an online survey with five questionnaires and I did descriptive analysis for reaching results and final analysis for this project. I did linear regression to analyze how much two independent variables which are socio-cultural adaptation and childhood abuse victimization affect the main dependent variable. Findings show that; childhood abuse experience/victimization history as one of the main independent variables was significantly a higher predictor of the main dependent variable. According to the findings of this study, different layers of the socio-ecological model (SEM), such as individual, family, community, and society, influenced the main outcome of the study, which was emotional and economic violence against Persian refugee women in Sweden by their intimate partners. IPV can be identified, analyzed, and prevented using the SEM model and taking into account its various interconnected layers. Research on IPV and the factors that contribute to IPV victimization in women can advance knowledge in this field and aid in the development of future preventive interventions and programs to assist this vulnerable group.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aslan Rodrigues do Nascimento Bogado.pdf: 1835890 bytes, checksum: a01c5d271422ebd9a3fe0230f7147e88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main purpose of this study is to analyze and discuss how crime TV News programs reproduce a naturalized and one-dimensional perspective of violence. This occurs through an organizational scheme that allows crime TV News programs, such as Brasil Urgente, to instill into the social ideal a false feeling of generalized insecurity, since they intensely exploit the details of heinous crimes that take place in the city of São Paulo and other states of Brazil. In this sense, these programs create the image of evil and social enemy, which is usually attributed to the poor, the black and the outskirts residents (the most precarious part of the working class), who are subject to a hidden process of genocide and mass incarceration. We investigated the process of the evolution of the means of comunication and approached their contradictions, especially their ideological participation in social control. We analyzed Brasil Urgente program in an attempt to demystify some features that put crime TV News programs in a state of ideological mechanisms that lead individuals to conform to them and legitimate the policialization and judicialization of life / O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o modo como os telejornais policialescos reproduzem uma perspectiva naturalizada e unidimensional da violência. Esta transmissão se dá através de um esquema organizacional que permite a programas, como o Brasil Urgente, incutir no ideário social uma falsa sensação de insegurança generalizada, pois, exploram intensamente os detalhes de crimes hediondos que acontecem na cidade de São Paulo e em outros Estados do Brasil. Neste sentido, estes programas criam a imagem do mal e do inimigo social que geralmente é atribuída aos pobres, negros e moradores da periferia (a parcela mais precarizada da classe trabalhadora) que estão submetidos a um processo velado de genocídio e encarceramento em massa. Investigamos o processo de evolução dos meios de comunicação e abordamos as suas contradições, principalmente a sua participação ideológica no controle da massa. Analisamos o programa Brasil Urgente na tentativa de desmistificar algumas caraterísticas que colocam os telejornais policialescos numa condição de mecanismos ideológicos que conformam os indivíduos e legitimam a policialização e judicialização da vida

Kommuner kan ha olika rutiner vad gäller utbetalning av ekonomiskt bistånd som på olika vis kan påverka jämställdhet och våld i nära relationer. Det råder även ett begränsat forskningsläge kring utbetalningsrutiners påverkan på dessa faktorer. Därför ville vi med hjälp av denna studie undersöka vilka erfarenheter socialsekreterare besitter av och hur de resonerar kring att utbetalningsrutiner kan påverka jämställdhet och våld i nära relationer. Utöver det ville vi även undersöka socialsekreterarnas handlingsutrymme gentemot dessa rutiner. Även om socialsekreterare i vissa situationer vill handla i enlighet med klientens bästa kan de nämligen hindras av olika rutiner och riktlinjer. I denna kvalitativa studie har vi intervjuat sex socialsekreterare från tre olika kommuner och data har bearbetats genom en tematisk analys. Resultaten visade att samtliga socialsekreterare hade svårt att se hur eller om deras utbetalningsrutiner kunde påverka våld i nära relationer samt att handlingsutrymmet varierade beroende på vilken utbetalningsrutin som tillämpades. / Municipalities have different routines regarding payments of financial support which in different ways can affect equality and intimate partner violence. There are also limited studies about payment routines effects on these factors. Therefore, we wanted to investigate social workers experiences and reasonings regarding the effects payments routines can have on equality and intimate partner violence. We also wanted to investigate social workers discretion to these routines. Although social workers in certain situations want to act in the clients best interests, they can be limited by different routines and guidelines. In this qualitative study we have interviewed six social workers from three municipalities and the data has been processed through thematic analysis. The results showed that all social workers had difficulties seeing how or if their payment routines could affect intimate partner violence. It also showed that the discretion varied depending on what payment routine they were using.

This study aimed to compare the laws governing domestic violence in Ethiopia and India and to then determine their practical efficacy. Data was collected using in-depth interviews with victims of domestic violence, and an examination of judicial interpretation and findings in domestic violence cases, in both the city of Jimma, South-Western Ethiopia, and the town of Ranni, a district of Kerala in India. A comprehensive literature study was conducted concerning domestic violence against women in India and Ethiopia, international laws, and agreements on violence against women, and international best practices relating to domestic violence legislation and prevention. Ethiopian law governing domestic violence was compared with a similar law in India. The nature, cause, extent, and prevalence of domestic violence in both jurisdictions were identified. The findings of this study indicate various shortcomings in the law governing domestic violence in these two countries, which cause a contravention of international agreements and best practices. It was further found that legislation alone is inadequate to address domestic violence since other social and cultural factors are involved in the phenomenon. The need for enhanced legislation in India and Ethiopia to effectively address domestic violence was identified. Intervention strategies to inform policies and legislative changes in terms of domestic violence in India and Ethiopia are therefore proposed. Finally, this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on addressing domestic violence in these jurisdictions. / Maikemišetšo a thutelo ye ke go bapetša melao yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng go la Ethiopia le India go šupa ge eba melao ye e phethagatšwa ka mokgwa wo o ka thušago go fihlelela dipoelo tše di nyakwago. Tshedimošo e kgobokeditšwe ka mokgwa wa ditherišano tše di tseneletšego le batšwasehlabelo ba itemogetšego bošoro ka magaeng le tlhahlobo ya dikahlolo tša bokgaolakgang tša melato ya bošoro ka magaeng ka toropong ya Jimma, Borwa- Bodikela bja Ethiopia, gammogo le toropo ya Ranni, selete sa Kerala ka go India. Thutelo ya dingwalo ka botlalo e phethagaditšwe ya bošoro ka magaeng kgahlanong le basadi go la India le Ethiopia, melao le ditumelelano tša boditšhabatšhaba ka ga bošoro kgahlanong le basadi le mekgwa ye e amogetšwego boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba go ba ye mekaonekaone ya melao ya bošoro ka magaeng. Melao ya Ethopia yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng e bapeditšwe le melao yeo e swanago le yona go la India. Tlhago, seo se hlolago, bogolo le tlwaelo ya tiragalo ya bošoro ka magaeng ka kakaretšo dinageng tše pedi tše di šupilwe. Dikhwetšo tša thutelo ye di bontšha mafokodi a fapanego go melao yeo e laolago bošoro ka magaeng dinageng tše pedi tše ao a dirago gore melao ye e tshele mekgwa ye e amogetšwego boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba go ba ye mekaonekaone. Go lemogilwe gape gore tlhakamolao e nnoši ga e na maatla ao a lekanego go rarolla bošoro ka magaeng, ka ge mabaka a mangwe a setšhaba le setšo a akareditšwe. Tlhokego ya tlhakamolao ya maemo ao a phagamišitšwego ka go India le Ethiopia go lwantšha bošoro ka magaeng e šupilwe. Maano a tsenogare go fa tshedimošo ka melaotshepetšo le diphetogo tša melao ye e tsebišitšwego malebana le bošoro ka magaeng ka go India le Ethiopia ka gorealo a šišintšwe. Mafelelong, thutelo ye e tlaleletša go bontši bja tsebo ye e lego gona ka ga go rarolla bošoro ka magaeng ka go dinaga tše. / Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwabe kuwukuqhathanisa imithetho elawula udlame lwasekhaya e-Ethiopia kanye nase-India ngenhloso yokuthola ukuthi le mithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela efanele yini. Idatha yaqoqwa ngokuthi kubanjwe izingxoxo ezinohlonze futhi ezijulile nabantu abayizisulu zodlame lwasekhaya futhi kwacutshungulwa kwaphinde kwahlaziywa nezinqumo zenkantolo emacaleni odlame lwasekhaya edolobheni lase-Jimma, eNingizimu- Ntshonalanga Ethiopia, kanye nasedolobheni lase-Ranni, esifundeni sase-Kerala kwelase-India. Kwenziwa ucwaningo lwemibhalo olubanzi mayelana nodlame lwasekhaya olubhekiswe kwabesifazane e-India nase-Ethiopia, futhi kwahlaziywa nemibhalo equkethe imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezivumelwano eziphathelene nokunqandwa kodlame olubhekiswe kwabesifazane kanye nemithetho ephuma phambili emhlabeni jikelele, eyisibonelo esihle, yokulwisana nodlame lwasekhaya. Imithetho yase-Ethiopia elawula udlame lwasekhaya yaqhathaniswa nemithetho efanayo kwelase-India. Kwahlonzwa ubunjalo, izimbangela, ububanzi kanye nokusabalala kodlame lwasekhaya kuwo womabili lawa mazwe. Okwatholwa wulolu cwaningo kubonisa amaphutha nokwahluleka okuhlukahlukene emithethweni elawula udlame lwasekhaya kulawa mazwe, okubangela ukuthi le mithetho iphule izinkambiso eziphuma phambili ezibekiwe emhlabeni jikelele eziyisibonelo emazweni amaningi. Kwatholakala futhi nokuthi imithetho iyodwa ayanele ekubhekaneni nodlame lwasekhaya, njengoba zikhona nezinye izinto eziphathelene nenhlalo kanye namasiko ezibandakanyekayo kulokhu. Kwahlonzwa isidingo sokuthi imithetho yenziwe ngcono kwelase-India nase- Ethiopia ukuze kubhekwane nodlame lwasekhaya ngendlela efanele. Ngakho-ke, kwaphakanyiswa amasu okungenelela, okuyiwona azosetshenziswa ekwakheni izinqubomgomo nokwenza izinguquko emithethweni yokulwisana nodlame lwasekhaya e-India nase-Ethiopia. Okokugcina, lolu cwaningo lufaka isandla emthamweni wolwazi olukhona njengamanje mayelana nokubhekana nodlame lwasekhaya kulawa mazwe. / Criminal and Procedural Law / D. Phil. (Criminal Justice)