Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-27T11:50:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AlteracoesHistopatologicasRins.pdf: 1977158 bytes, checksum: 9154288989bf9cc9bc2f3596d67b16a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-07-29T16:55:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AlteracoesHistopatologicasRins.pdf: 1977158 bytes, checksum: 9154288989bf9cc9bc2f3596d67b16a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_AlteracoesHistopatologicasRins.pdf: 1977158 bytes, checksum: 9154288989bf9cc9bc2f3596d67b16a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O mercúrio representa um grande risco ambiental e ocupacional constituindo um problema para a saúde humana na região Amazônica. Muito embora estudos tenham demonstrado que o mercúrio compromete vários tecidos e órgãos, os rins constituem-se órgãos-alvo para a toxicidade do metal. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi investigar os efeitos de uma exposição crônica a baixas doses de metilmercúrio sobre o parênquima renal de macacos Cebusapella, machos, adultos, expostos durante 120 dias consecutivos com doses diárias via oral, de 1,5 μg na dieta. As concentrações de mercúrio total no sangue dos animais foram monitoradas a cada 30 dias usando espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica a vapor frio (Hg 201), comparando ao grupo controle. O método utilizado para análise histopatológica foi a inclusão em parafina com coloração pela Hematoxilina e Eosina, Tricrômico de CAB e PAS. As investigações imuno-histoquímicas compreenderam as reações para a detecção de actina para musculo liso (IA4), actina muscular (HHF35) e pancitoqueratina (AE1 e AE2). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o tratamento com mercúrio causou diferença significativa (P<0,001) entre os grupos exposto e controle. Quanto aos níveis de Hg total, foram observadas alterações histopatológicas com características de hidropsia nos Túbulos Proximais, um achado comum na exposição ao metilmercúrio em outras espécies, sem alterações significativas nas concentrações de creatinina e ureia. O teste de correlação de Person demonstrou uma forte relação negativa entre a concentração de mercúrio e a perda de massa corporal dos animais (P<0,0001). Outro achado importante foi a diminuição do número de células mesangiais, o que sugere que o metilmercúrio executou a sua nefrotoxicidade atingindo não somente o sistema tubular renal, como também as células do mesangio glomerular, fazendo-se necessário um maior aporte de estudos experimentais para esclarecer qual o nível de alerta da concentração de mercúrio é capaz de desencadear mecanismos de agressão e injúria renal em indivíduos expostos ao metilmercúrio. / Mercury has been a major environmental and occupational risk and it still remains a problem for human health in the Amazon region. Although studies have shown that mercury affects various tissues and organs, kidneys are the target organs to the metal toxicity. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to low doses of methylmercury on renal parenchyma of Cebusapella, adult males exposed during 120 consecutive days with daily oral doses of 1.5 μg in the diet. The concentrations of total mercury in the animals’ blood were monitored every 30 days using a cold vapor atomic spectrophotometer (201 Hg), compared to the control group. The method used for histopathological analysis was the immersion in paraffin for staining with hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's CAB and PAS. The immunohistochemical investigations included reactions for detection of smooth muscle actin ( IA4 ), muscle actin ( HHF35 ) and cytokeratin (AE1 and AE2). The results showed that treatment with mercury caused significant differences (P < 0.001) between the exposed and control groups. As for total Hg levels, histopathologicalchanges just likehydrops in Proximal tubuleswere observed, a common finding in methylmercury exposure in other species, with no significant changes in creatinine and urea concentrations. The Person correlation test showed a strong negative relationship between mercury concentration and animal body weight loss (P < 0.0001). Another important finding was the decrease in mesangial cells number, which suggests that methylmercury executed its nephrotoxicity, affecting not only the renal tubular system, as well as the glomerular mesangium cells, making necessary a greater amount of experimental studies to clarify which mercury concentration alert level is capable of triggering aggression mechanisms and kidney injury in subjects exposed to methylmercury.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2015-06-08T17:45:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_FatorCrescimentoNervo.pdf: 4604382 bytes, checksum: f9b5eda58c060afdfa49a3e598187ac2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-06-17T16:36:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_FatorCrescimentoNervo.pdf: 4604382 bytes, checksum: f9b5eda58c060afdfa49a3e598187ac2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T16:36:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_FatorCrescimentoNervo.pdf: 4604382 bytes, checksum: f9b5eda58c060afdfa49a3e598187ac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O fator de crescimento do nervo (NGF) pode retardar a degeneração celular na retina de ratos em diferentes injúrias retinianas. O acúmulo de água em células da retina contribui para o desenvolvimento de edema retiniano e degeneração neuronal. Em atribuição ao seu efeito protetor, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar se o NGF influencia o edema celular osmótico em células de Müller e células bipolares. Assim, montagens planas, fatias de retina e células isoladas da retina de ratos foram superfundidas com solução hipo-osmótica na presença de BaCl2. Secções retinianas foram utilizadas para imunomarcações, e a liberação de adenosina foi medida por cromatografia líquida de alta eficácia, em montagens planas. A área de secção transversal celular foi medida antes e após a superfusão em meio hipo-osmótico, em fatias de retina e suspensões celulares. Tanto células de Müller quanto células bipolares foram imunopositivas para TrkA, mas somente células de Müller foram marcadas contra p75NTR e NGF. A hipo-osmolaridade induziu um rápido e significativo aumento da liberação de adenosina endógena em retinas controle, mas não em retinas perfundidas com BaCl2. O NGF inibiu o edema citotóxico em células de Müller e em células bipolares em fatias de retina controle e retinas pós-isquêmicas submetidas a condições hipo-osmóticas. Por outro lado, NGF impediu o edema citotóxico da célula de Müller isolada, mas não da célula bipolar isolada (em meio hipo-osmótico contendo íons Ba2+). Isto sugere que NGF induz a liberação de fatores por células de Müller, os quais inibem o edema citotóxico de células bipolares em fatias de retina. O efeito inibitório do NGF sobre o edema citotóxico de células de Müller foi mediado pela ativação do receptor TrkA, mas não de p75NTR, e foi anulado por bloqueadores de receptores metabotrópicos de glutamato, receptores de adenosina A1, e receptores do fator de crescimento de fibroblasto (FGF). O bFGF evitou o edema citotóxico de células de Müller isoladas, mas inibiu somente em parte o edema citotóxico de células bipolares isoladas. O bloqueio de FGFR impediu o efeito inibidor de edema celular da adenosina, sugerindo que a liberação de bFGF ocorre após à ativação autócrina/parácrina de receptores Al. Além de bFGF, GDNF e TGF431 reduziram em parte o edema citotóxico da célula bipolar. Estes dados sugerem que o efeito neuroprotetor do NGF é em parte mediado pela prevenção de edema citotóxico de células gliais e bipolares da retina. / Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulates two types of receptors (TrkA and p75NTR), and it delays cell degeneration in rats under several retinal injuries, including retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma and retinal ischemia. Because water accumulation in retinal neurons and glial cells are pathogenic factors involved in retinal degeneration under ischemic-hypoxic and inflammatory conditions, we tested whether NGF may influence the osmotic swelling of rat Müller glial and bipolar cells. Retinal slices and freshly isolated cells were perfused with hypoosmotic solution in the presence of BaCl2. Post-ischemic retinal cells were also superfused with hypoosmotic solution in the absence of BaCl2. We observed that NGF inhibits the osmotic swelling of rat retinal glial (Müller) and bipolar cells induced by superfusion of retinal slices with a hypoosmotic solution containing barium ions. NGF also reduced the hypoosmotic swelling of Müller and bipolar cells in the post-ischemic retina. On the other hand, NGF prevented the swelling of freshly isolated Müller cells, but not of isolated bipolar cells. This suggests that NGF induces a release of factors from Müller cells which inhibit the swelling of bipolar cells in retinal slices. The inhibitory effect of NGF on the Müller cell swelling was mediated by activation of TrkA, but not p 75NTR, and was prevented by blockers of metabotropic glutamate receptors, purinergic P2Y1 receptors, adenosine A1 receptors, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors. bFGF fully prevented the osmotic swelling of isolated Müller cells, but inhibited only in part the swelling of isolated bipolar cells. Because inhibition of FGF receptors prevented the swelling-inhibitory effect of adenosine, it is suggested that NGF-induced autocrine/paracrine activation of adenosine A1 receptors induces a release of bFGF from Müller cells. In addition to bFGF, GDNF and TGF431 reduced in part the swelling of bipolar cells. Both Müller and bipolar cells displayed TrkA immunoreactivity, while Müller cells were also immunostained for p75NTR and NGF. The data may suggest that the neuroprotective effect of NGF in the retina is in part mediated by prevention of the cytotoxic swelling of retinal glial and bipolar cells.

No description available.

Abdominelle Komplikationen, zu denen auch das akute Leberversagen nach Einsatz der Herz-Lungen-Maschine und systemischer Hypothermie nach herzchirurgischen Korrekturoperationen neugeborener Patienten zählt, sind seltene, aber dennoch erst zu nehmende unerwünschte Folgen. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an neugeborenen Schweinen, die in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt wurden: Eine Gruppe wurde mit extrakorporaler Zirkulation in moderater Hypothermie (32°C) operiert (CPB), die zweite Gruppe wurde in tiefer Hypothermie (18°C) und totalem Kreislaufstillstand operiert (DHCA). In der dritten Gruppe (Sham) erfolgte die Instrumentation nach Sternotomie und ohne Einsatz der Herz-Lungen-Maschine. Die Tiere der vierten Gruppe waren unbehandelte Kontrolltiere. Es zeigte sich, dass das Entstehen der Inflammation wesentlich abhängig von der Anwendungsdauer der Herz-Lungen-Maschine ist. Tiefe systemische Hypothermie scheint einen protektiven Effekt auf die Inflammation und Apoptose zu haben. Im Gegensatz dazu verursacht tief-hypothermer Kreislaufstillstand vermehrt die Bildung eines hepatozellulären Ödems. Bei allen untersuchten Aspekten (Inflammation, hepatozelluläres Ödem, Apoptose) zeigt sich deutlich, dass der operative EIngriff selbst Veränderungen an der Leber hervorruft. Insbesondere für das Auftreten von Apoptose ist das chirurgsiche Trauma von größter Bedeutung.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a 20% mortality rate and a 10-15% rate of resultant permanent disability. The consequences of TBI range from brief loss of consciousness, to prolonged coma or death. Mild TBI is amongst the common causes of admission to trauma centers all over the world. Future technologies such as magnetic resonance elastography and robotic surgery demand information about the physical properties of brain tissue. Walsh and Schettini described the mechanical behavior of brain tissue under normal status as nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and defined the associated biomechanical changes and responses in a quantitative measurement of the material changes. Yet, there is still a lack of data concerning time-dependent deformation and mechanical property changes associated with TBI. My goal in this project was to describe these mechanical responses and to create a system for measuring and evaluating the mechanical response of brain tissue in vivo. This was to be achieved by inducing cortical contusions with a calibrated weight-drop method in seventy-four young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Instrumented indentation was performed on control brains and 1 hour to 3 weeks after contusion with intact dura using a 4-mm-diameter flat punch indenter to a maximum depth of 1.2 mm at loading. Loading rates did not exceed 0.34 N/min and 1.2 mm/min. In order to obtain force displacement data, we studied the elastic response of the traumatized brain tissue and the deformation process (creep) during the loading and unloading of indenter. After euthanasia, the brain was removed and evaluated histologically with different methods to reveal acute and chronic changes related to the contusion. The results revealed that the biomechanical properties of the brain tissue were changed after cortical contusion. Brain tissue elasticity decreased in the edematous brain at one day following the contusion and increased at 3 weeks, in association with reactive astroglial changes. This experimental technique, combined with mathematical modeling, might eventually lead to a better understanding of the physical changes in brain following TBI.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a 20% mortality rate and a 10-15% rate of resultant permanent disability. The consequences of TBI range from brief loss of consciousness, to prolonged coma or death. Mild TBI is amongst the common causes of admission to trauma centers all over the world. Future technologies such as magnetic resonance elastography and robotic surgery demand information about the physical properties of brain tissue. Walsh and Schettini described the mechanical behavior of brain tissue under normal status as nonlinear viscoelastic behavior and defined the associated biomechanical changes and responses in a quantitative measurement of the material changes. Yet, there is still a lack of data concerning time-dependent deformation and mechanical property changes associated with TBI. My goal in this project was to describe these mechanical responses and to create a system for measuring and evaluating the mechanical response of brain tissue in vivo. This was to be achieved by inducing cortical contusions with a calibrated weight-drop method in seventy-four young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Instrumented indentation was performed on control brains and 1 hour to 3 weeks after contusion with intact dura using a 4-mm-diameter flat punch indenter to a maximum depth of 1.2 mm at loading. Loading rates did not exceed 0.34 N/min and 1.2 mm/min. In order to obtain force displacement data, we studied the elastic response of the traumatized brain tissue and the deformation process (creep) during the loading and unloading of indenter. After euthanasia, the brain was removed and evaluated histologically with different methods to reveal acute and chronic changes related to the contusion. The results revealed that the biomechanical properties of the brain tissue were changed after cortical contusion. Brain tissue elasticity decreased in the edematous brain at one day following the contusion and increased at 3 weeks, in association with reactive astroglial changes. This experimental technique, combined with mathematical modeling, might eventually lead to a better understanding of the physical changes in brain following TBI.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmacology))--Mahidol University, 1986.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-03-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:36:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 machado_ac_me_araca.pdf: 1826186 bytes, checksum: 81765d2ec1f653c7404b19dc2370a8ad (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a compatibilidade biológica do extrato aquoso e hidroalcoólico de folhas da planta Aroeira do Sertão (Astronium urundeuva) empregando-se o teste edemogênico e implantes em subcutâneo de rato. Utilizou-se 48 ratos machos wistar com peso aproximado de 250g. Para quantificação do edema, 18 animais anestesiados, receberam injeção intravenosa de Azul de Evans a 1% (0,2 mg/kg). Após 30 minutos, foram injetados 0,1 mL do extrato e solução fisiológico na região dorsal do animal. Os ratos foram sacrificados após 3 e 6 horas. As peças obtidas foram colocadas em formamida por 72 horas em estufa a 45ºC. A leitura foi realizada em espectrofotômetro com comprimento de onda de 630 nm. Para a implantação no subcutâneo do rato (reação tardia), 30 ratos receberam implantes de tubos de polietileno contendo os extratos na região dorsal sendo posteriormente sacrificados após 7 e 28 dias para remoção das peças. As peças foram processadas, cortadas e coradas com Hematoxilina e Eosina. Os resultados foram obtidos pela leitura dos espécimes em microscópio óptico, em aumentos de 10 e 40x, para avaliação da espessura da cápsula fibrosa e quantificação do infiltrado inflamatório. Não foi observada diferença significante (p>0,05) na quantificação de edema dos diferentes grupos nos tempos operatórios, mas verificou-se haver diferença significante (p<0,05) entre as soluções analisadas, independente do tempo de estudo. A solução hidroalcoólica apresentou maior edema que a solução de aroeira aquosa e solução fisiológica. Foi apontado resultados semelhantes no período de 7 dias para os três grupos experimentais. Para o período de 28 dias, houve redução acentuada do número de células inflamatórias para a solução fisiológica e extrato aquoso / The aim of the present study was to evaluate submucous tissue response to the extract of Aroeira’s leaf employing the endemogenic analysis and implants in rats. The test groups consisted of aqueous and hydroalcoholic Aroeira’s extracts and the control group consisted of physiological saline. Forty eight male Wistar rats weighing 250g were selected. For the edema quantification, 18 animals under anesthesia received intravenous injection of 1% Evans Blue (0,2mg/Kg). After 30 minutes, the extracts (0,1ml) and the physiological saline were injected on the rats’ dorsum. The animals were killed after 3 and 6 hours. The samples were put in formamide for 72h in heater at 45°. The readings were realized in spectrophotometer with 630nm wavelength. For the submucous implantation, 30 rats received a polyethylene tube containing the extracts on their dorsum. The animals were killed after 7 and 28 days. The samples were processed for histological analysis and evaluated in optical microscope (10x and 40x original augmentation). The fiber capsule thickness was measured and the inflammatory infiltrate was quantified. The Two-way ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Kruskall- Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis with a 95% confidence interval. There were no statistical significant differences (P>0.05) between groups in relation to edema quantification in the different periods. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the solutions analyzed independent of the time period. The hydroalcoholic solution resulted in more edema than the aqueous and saline solutions. Similar results were found on the 7-day period for the 3 groups. On the 28-day period there was a notable reduction on inflammatory cell number for the saline and aqueous extract groups

Introduction: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the main cause of death in CKD patients. Fluid overload is an important component of hypertension in these patients and peripheral edema is one of its clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of edema with blood pressure behavior in incident PD dialysis patients. Methods: We analyzed 1089 incident PD patients from December 2004 to October 2007 of a large Brazilian cohort. Patients were followed for 12 months with a monthly evaluation of blood pressure and were subdivided into 2 groups according to a clinically detectible edema status: presence (E+) or absence (E-). The behavior of systemic blood pressure during the whole study period was compared between groups using analyzes of variance for repeat measures. Results: Mean age was 58.2 ± 15.3 years with a female predominance (56.9%). Mean systolic (SAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DAP) were 156.7 ± 18.7 and 90.0 ± 12.7 respectively. There was a reduction of SAP from 156.7 ± 18.7 at 1st month to 144.5 ± 24.7 mmHg at the 5th month (p < 0.05) but not of DAP (90.0 ± 12.7 to 85.6 ± 16.3 mmHg, p = ns). Both SAP and DAP levels remained constant until the end of follow up. At baseline the group E+ presented higher SAP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), body mass index (BMI), prevalence of erythropoietin use and older age. The differences in SAP and MAP remained constant between groups until the end of follow up. Conclusion: Initiation of PD partially corrects the increased arterial blood pressure of incident PD patients. Such incomplete response is associated with the presence of edema pointing to a pivotal role of fluid overload. The presence of clinically detectible edema can be a simple and important tool to guide the optimization of systemic arterial hypertension. / Introdução: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica é um dos principais fatores de risco para morbimortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes portadores de doença renal crônica. O excesso de líquido extracelular contribui para a elevação dos níveis pressóricos nesses pacientes tendo o edema periférico como uma de suas manifestações clínicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento da pressão arterial sistêmica na presença do edema periférico em pacientes incidentes em diálise peritoneal. Métodos: Foi analisada uma coorte de 1.089 pacientes incidentes em DP, no Brasil, cujos dados foram colhidos de dezembro de 2004 a outubro de 2007. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses sendo divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o a presença ou ausência de edema periférico clinicamente detectável: com edema (E+) / sem edema (E-). O comportamento da pressão arterial sistêmica, durante o estudo, foi comparado entre os grupos utilizando análises de variância para medidas repetidas. Resultados: No início do seguimento, os pacientes do grupo E+ apresentaram média de Pressão Arterial Sistólica (PAS) e Diastólica (PAD) de 156,7 ± 18,7 e 90,0 ± 12,7, respectivamente. Houve uma redução da PAS do E+ do primeiro mês 156,7 ± 18,7 para o quinto mês de observação 144,5 ± 24,7 mmHg (p < 0,05), mas não de PAD (de 90,0 ± 12,7 para 85,6 ± 16,3 mmHg, p > 0.05). Ambos os níveis de PAS e PAD permaneceram constantes até o final do seguimento. Os pacientes do grupo E+ apresentaram maior: PAS, Pressão Arterial Média (PAM), Índice de Massa Corporal, prevalência do uso de eritropoetina e idade. A PAS e PAM dos grupos mantiveram-se estatisticamente diferentes durante todo o estudo. Conclusão: No início de DP ocorre uma redução parcial da PA. Esta dificuldade em reduzir os níveis pressóricos para valores considerados normais poderia ser justificada pela presença de edema periférico. / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) são frequentemente utilizados para controlar a dor pós-operatória e inflamação em pacientes após a cirurgia oral e maxilofacial, mas eles são muitas vezes associados a problemas gastrointestinais. Recentemente, o AINE naproxeno foi introduzido no mercado em combinação com esomeprazol, um inibidor da bomba de prótons que reduz a formação de ácido do estômago, com o intuito de amenizar esses efeitos colaterais. Usando um design duplo-cego randomizado e cruzado, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar, pela primeira vez, o controle da dor aguda pós-operatória em 46 pacientes que consumiram um comprimido de NE (naproxeno 500 mg + esomeprazol 20 mg) ou de naproxeno puro (500 mg) a cada 12 horas por 4 dias após a cirurgia dos dois terceiros molares inferiores em posições semelhantes, em dois momentos distintos. As pacientes do sexo feminino relataram significativamente mais dor em 1, 1,5, 2, 3 e 4 horas após a cirurgia e também consumiram sua primeira medicação de socorro (paracetamol) em um tempo significativamente menor quando consumiram NE em comparação com naproxeno puro (3,7 horas e 6,7 horas, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos pacientes do sexo masculino entre cada grupo de pesquisa. Em conclusão, o naproxeno melhorou o manejo da dor aguda pós-operatória quando comparado ao NE em mulheres, embora, ao longo de todo o estudo, a dor foi considerada leve após o uso de ambos os medicamentos em homens e mulheres com escores de dor em média bem abaixo de 40 mm na EAV. / Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used to manage postoperative pain and inflammation in patients after oral and maxillofacial surgery, yet they are often associated with gastrointestinal problems. Recently the NSAID naproxen was introduced in combination with esomeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor that reduces stomach acid formation, in an effort to assuage these side effects. Using a double-blinded randomized crossover design, this study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, acute postoperative pain management in 46 volunteers who consumed a tablet of either naproxen (500 mg) with esomeprazole (20 mg) (NE) or only naproxen (500 mg) every 12 hours for 4 days after extractions of the two lower third molars, in two different appointments. Female volunteers reported significantly more pain at 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 hours after surgery and also consumed their first rescue medication (acetaminophen) at a time significantly earlier when consuming NE when compared to naproxen (3.7 hours and 6.7 hours, respectively). No significant differences were found in the males between each research group. In conclusion, naproxen improved acute postoperative pain management when compared to NE in women although, throughout the entire study, pain was mild after the use of both drugs in both men and women with pain scores on average well below 40 mm on the VAS.