nÃo hà / Este trabalho tem como proposta estudar as representaÃÃes sociais sobre educaÃÃo construÃdas por alunos, professores e instituiÃÃes, procurando apreendÃ-las em suas formas conflitivas; situa os embates travados em relaÃÃo Ãs polÃticas de formaÃÃo de professores, e em particular, em relaÃÃo ao Curso de Licenciatura Plena do Ensino Fundamental (1 e 2 ciclos) da URCA. Nele buscam-se alternativas de respostas para as indagaÃÃes: como atores e instituiÃÃes incorporam as polÃticas oficiais para a educaÃÃo? Que significados sÃo construÃdos pelos docentes-alunos a partir da sua experiÃncia nesse Curso?. Foram usadas como referÃncia empÃrica as representaÃÃes sociais construÃdas por atores e instituiÃÃes. Para concretizar tal objetivo utilizouse como categoria de anÃlise o conceito de RepresentaÃÃes Sociais, a noÃÃo de habitus e o conceito de campo de P. Bourdieu. Verificou-se que a compreensÃo do ato de educar e das prÃticas pedagÃgicas comportam uma dimensÃo tÃcnico-pedagÃgica com enfoque no ensinoaprendizagem, uma dimensÃo polÃtica que orienta para a transformaÃÃo social constituindo-se em utopia, e uma dimensÃo pragmÃtica pela qual a educaÃÃo à buscada como veÃculo de sobrevivÃncia e de mobilidade social. / This work has the proposal to study the social representations about education constructed by pupils, teachers and institutions, trying to apprehend them in its conflictive forms; it situates the quarrels put in relation to the formation of teachers politics, and mainly in relation to the Full Licenciature of Fundamental Teaching Course (1rst and 2nd cicles) of URCA. In it, alternatives answers are searched for the questions: how actors and institutions incorporate the official politics for education? What meanings are constructed by the teachers-pupils based on their experience in this course? The social representations constructed by actors and institutions were used as empirical reference. To reach such an objective the concept of Social Representation, the habitus notion and the Pierre Bourdieu field concept were used as analysis categories. It was verified that the comprehension of the educational act and of the pedagogical practices involves a technical-pedagogic dimension with emphasis in the teaching-learning, a political dimension that leads to the social transformation, becoming an utopia and a pragmatic dimension for which education is looked for as a means to survival and social mobility.

Esta tese apresenta os dados, análises e interpretações de uma pesquisa sobre a concepção de pais e alunos do ensino fundamental sobre a organização do ensino em ciclos e a progressão continuada. O problema de pesquisa foi construído a partir do conhecimento da oposição às políticas de não-reprovação anual pela maioria dos pais e alunos e da percepção de que a realização do direito à educação requer o fim dos processos de classificação e exclusão escolares. A pesquisa de campo, de caráter qualitativo, foi realizada em duas escolas municipais de São Paulo durante um ano letivo. A coleta de dados consistiu em observações do cotidiano escolar e entrevistas com 28 alunos e 28 pais, num total de 56 sujeitos. Durante as entrevistas, a pesquisadora introduziu questionamentos que permitiram dialogar sobre questões contraditórias dos depoimentos. O conteúdo das entrevistas foi organizado em categorias temáticas de acordo com a conceituação de Bardin (2004). Os dados mostraram que pais e alunos das escolas municipais de São Paulo compreendem a organização do ensino municipal como um ensino seriado com promoção automática no decorrer dos anos que compõem cada ciclo, e a maioria posicionou-se contra a progressão continuada. Os pais e os alunos justificaram a defesa da reprovação anual pela crença de que ela é necessária para pressionar os alunos a estudarem e de que os alunos têm melhor aprendizagem com a existência da reprovação. Ambas as justificativas apresentadas pelos entrevistados não se confirmaram nas experiências por eles narradas. As contradições entre as opiniões e as vivências e a apresentação de informações complementares às falas dos entrevistados favoreceram, a uma parte dos entrevistados, reflexões acerca da defesa da reprovação escolar. Os elementos utilizados pelos pais e alunos para explicar suas opiniões foram classificados em três temas. O primeiro refere-se à influência das características da escola graduada no Brasil e das experiências escolares, especialmente dos pais, na formação de uma concepção de educação que vincula dedicação e aprendizagem a medidas punitivas; o segundo diz respeito à influência das condições de funcionamento e da forma de organização do ensino municipal na formação da oposição à progressão continuada; e o terceiro trata das influências de idéias sobre direito, mérito, esforço individual predominantes na sociedade na formação de um pensamento que defende ou aceita a reprovação escolar, por considerá-la conseqüência de ações individuais. Os dados e análises sugerem que o convencimento de pais e alunos acerca da necessidade do fim da reprovação escolar para a realização do direito à educação demanda a vivência de experiências escolares de progressão continuada que possibilitem o questionamento da crença na necessidade da reprovação e a introdução de conhecimentos que favoreçam a construção de outras concepções do processo educativo. / This thesis presents the data, analyses and interpretations of a research about on parents\' and students\' conception about the organization of teaching in cycles and continuous progression. The research problem was built starting from the knowledge of the opposition of most parents and students to non-annual repetition politics, and the perception that the accomplishment of right to education requires both the end of scholars classification and the end of scholar exclusion processes. The field research of qualitative character was took place at two schools of São Paulo City Public System during one regular school year. The collection of data was accomplished through observations of daily school and of interviews with 28 students and 28 parents, in a total of 56 subjects. During the interviews, questions were introduced that helped to dialog about contradictory points. The content of interviews was organized in thematic categories in agreement with the concept of Bardin (2004). The collected data indicate that parents and students of São Paulo City Public School] understand the organization of teaching as a serial teaching with automatic promotion to the subsequent that compose each cycle, and most positioned against to the continuous progression. The parents and the students justified annual repetition\'s defense in the belief that it is necessary to press the students to study, and that the students have a better learning with the existence of the repetition. Both justifications presented by the interviewed people were not confirmed in the experiences narrated by them. The contradictions between the opinions and the live existence and the presentation of complementary information favored a part of the interviews to think about the defense of school repetition. The elements used by parents and students to explain their opinions were classified in three types. The first refers to the influence of the characteristics of the graduate school in Brazil and to the school experiences, especially for the parents, in the building of an education conception that links dedication and learning to punitive measures; the second is related to the operational conditions and to the organization of teaching and its influence over the formation of the opposition to the continuous progression; and the third type tell us about the influences of ideas on right, merit, and individual effort that prevail in society in the formation of a thought that defends or accepts the school repetition for considering that a consequence of individual actions. The data and analyses suggest that to convince parents and students of the need of school repetition\'s end for the accomplishment of the right to the education demands the existence of school experiences of continuous progression in order to make possible to question their belief in the need of repetition and the introduction of a knowledge that favor the construction of other conceptions of the educational process.

Este estudo examina o modo como a política pública educacional vigente efetiva a educação como um direito fundamental previsto na Constituição da República de Angola e em tratados internacionais como a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos. O fundamento deste exame se assenta no princípio de que no Estado Constitucional, a ação deste resume-se na proteção e na garantia dos direitos individuais e coletivos conducentes a conferir valor a dignidade humana. Por isso, à educação, como política pública social e tarefa do Estado, é-lhe conferida créditos, quando garante o acesso de todos à ela, e a garantia da qualidade da educação oferecida aos que acedem a escola. Contudo, o sistema de educação em Angola, em diferentes momentos históricos, não assentou a sua ação necessariamente no princípio do Estado Constitucional, apesar de, depois de 1975, a educação ter sido formalmente declarada um direito. Esse processo histórico construiu obstáculos à efetivação do direito. Com a LBSE (Lei 13/01) teve início a implementação da política educacional que visou ajustar a educação à opção de Estado Democrático de Direito no contexto da segunda República. Mas, essa lei não fundamenta a educação como um direito a efetivar. Todavia, a materialização da política no sistema de educação revela a presença de ações que respondem às premissas do direito à educação. Tendo esses elementos em consideração, definimos como objetivo do estudo a compreensão de como é articulada a política em educação, especificamente no seu conteúdo, na efetivação do acesso e do atendimento como garantia do direito à educação em Angola. O referido estudo sustentou-se na análise documental e em referentes bibliográficos. Na categoria de documentos, analisamos alguma legislação de cada período abordado no estudo, isso serviu para situar alguns ideais políticos formalmente vigentes nessas realidades. Acreditamos que a análise da educação e das políticas públicas que a sustentam precisam considerar o ambiente econômico, político e o quadro legislativo em que ela se insere. Pudemos compreender que os obstáculos à efetivação do direito à educação resultam de opções de políticas anteriores que o prejudicaram a favor do cumprimento de agendas de governo instituídos. A política de educação corrente acentua a sua ação em dar resposta às ideias que sustentam a mundialização da educação, estas baseiam-se essencialmente nos fundamentos gerais da agenda mundial da educação. Isso concorre para a homogeneização na concepção de políticas locais. Esta perspectiva reduz o foco da abordagem que se espera que lide com as questões concretas da realidade local visando a superação destes obstáculos históricos à efetivação do direito, por isso, demandando o alargamento da arena da definição da agenda educacional para a participação efetiva da sociedade civil e prescindindo do centralismo vigente dominado pela ação do governo e das agencias internacionais. / This study examines the way the current education policy accomplishes education as a fundamental right provided by the Republic of Angola Constitution and in international treaties such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The foundations of this exam lies on the principle that in a constitutional state, its action is summed up on the protection and guarantee of individual and collective rights leading to lend value to human dignity. Therefore, education as a social and public policy gains credits when it grants the access of all to education as a state task, as well as grants a quality education to the ones within the education system. However, the system of education in Angola in different historical periods did not essentially ground its action on the constitutional principles, although education has been declared formally declared as a right since 1975. This historical process built some obstacles to achieve education rights goals. By the coming into power of LBSE (Lei 13/01), it initiates the implementation of education policy that sought to make education comply with the demands of a democratic rule of law state within the second republic context. But this law did not ground education as a right to be attained. Nevertheless, the implementation of the policy in the system of education reveals the presence of some actions that respond to the premises of the education right. Taking this into account, we defined as the objective of this study the understanding of the way that the education policy is thought, particularly in its content, to grant the access to quality education as a guarantee of the right to education in Angola. This study relies on archival and bibliographic references. In the archival ones, we studied some legislation of each covered period to understand some political ideals present in those realities. The belief is that the analysis of education and its supporting public policies need to consider the economic, political environment and the legislative framework in which it is operated. We could understand that the obstacles to make effective education rights resulted from the former political options that harmed this right in favor of the accomplishment of government agendas. The current education policy stresses its action in responding to the ideas that support the globalization of education, which foundations are the ideas on global education agenda. This favors the homogenization of local policy concepts. This perspective reduces the focus of the approach that is expected to deal with the concrete issues of the local context and the overcoming of the obstacles to education right accomplishment historically built. Thus, it demands the widening of education agenda setting arena to allow true participation of the civil society, and overcome the current centralization approach ruled by the government and international agencies.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T10:29:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Dária Aparecida de Jesus Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1221300 bytes, checksum: 6db0b85dce2034501c8c055c7365717e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-10-10T10:30:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Dária Aparecida de Jesus Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1221300 bytes, checksum: 6db0b85dce2034501c8c055c7365717e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T10:30:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação - Dária Aparecida de Jesus Carvalho - 2017.pdf: 1221300 bytes, checksum: 6db0b85dce2034501c8c055c7365717e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-29 / This study focuses on the analysis of national educational policies for children's education put into practice in the municipality of Caiapônia, Goiás state, in the period 2013–6. It seeks to understand their influences and developments in municipal legal documents and 0–5 year old children public education. It focuses on this stage of elementary education — its importance and social role — as a necessary action, as it has been more assistive — aimed at sanitary matters — than educational. This was build up data from legal documents (Federal Constitution, statute for child and adolescent; law of education guidelines; national curricular references and national curricular guidelines for child education; basic infrastructure parameters for child education institutions; national quality parameters for children education; Caiapônia’s education plan and constitution; observations of school infrastructure; semi structured interviews, and questionnaires. Theoretical and conceptual foundations for the research and the recognition of children — which at least legally leaves its assistive tendency to the educational sphere — included authors such as Arce and Jacomeli (2012), Kuhlmann Júnior (1998), Saviani (2013), Faria (1999), Rosemberg (1994; 2002) and Kramer (1987). Results reveal challenges: ensuring quality education for 0–5 year old children and making national public policies reach schools and being discussed as an important achievement of child education by professionals so that to enable them to confront those national policies with its local interface, for assistance marks Caiapônia’s educational documents. In fact, there were theoretical and legal advances in children education; but there is still discrepancies between what law imposes as public educational policies and what really happens as to guarantee the legal right of children to have quality education. / Este estudo enfoca a análise de políticas públicas educacionais nacionais para Educação Infantil que se efetivaram no município de Caiapônia, GO, no período 2013–16, Busca compreender suas influências e os desdobramentos em documentos municipais e no atendimento a crianças de 0 a 5 anos de idade tendo como objeto de estudo a Educação infantil. A reflexão incide nessa etapa da educação básica — sua importância e seu papel social — como ação necessária, pois a princípio ela desempenhou papel assistencialista, direcionado a problemas de ordem sanitária, e menos educacional. A reflexão considerou dados advindos de documentação legal (Constituição Federal; Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente; Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional; Referencial Curricular Nacional para a Educação Infantil; Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação Infantil; Parâmetros Básicos de Infraestrutura para Instituições de Educação Infantil; Parâmetros Nacionais de Qualidade para Educação Infantil; plano municipal de educação e lei orgânica municipal). Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com entrevistas semiestruturadas para funcionários e questionários para os pais das instituições que atendem crianças de 0 a 5 anos. A fundamentação teórico-conceitual da pesquisa e do reconhecimento da Educação Infantil — que ao menos no corpo da lei passa do caráter assistencial para a esfera educacional — incluiu autores como Arce e Jacomeli (2012), Kuhlmann Júnior (1998), Saviani (2013), Faria (1999), Rosemberg (1994; 2002) e Kramer (1987). Os resultados revelam que garantir educação de qualidade à faixa etária 0–5 anos e fazer as políticas públicas nacionais chegar às instituições e ser compreendidas como uma conquista importante da Educação Infantil a fim de possibilitar que as profissionais as confrontem com sua interface municipal, pois se nota assistencialismo nos documentos educacionais de Caiapônia. De fato, houve avanços teórico e legal na Educação Infantil; mas ainda há descompasso entre o dito e o feito em relação à implementação de políticas públicas educacionais que garantam de fato o direito das crianças a ter educação de qualidade.

This case-study provides a critical evaluation of the effects of neo-liberal (market-driven) reforms in achieving the goal of human security in Sierra Leone after the civil conflict in 2002. In the context of Sierra Leone, there are fundamental questions about the basic security of the population. This mean the ability to live without fear of conflict and the security to do with the ordinary lives of Sierra Leoneans. This is absolutely central to the post-war reconstruction of that country. It represents a major concern for the international community, the Sierra Leone Government, foreign government donors as well as the NGO communities. Underlying these issues is the subject of which development paragon is best suitable in addressing these questions, and what impact will it have on the people. To understand this, the study has framed the issues of education and health, the two aspects which this thesis focuses upon, as a commitment to human security. Human security has become a dominant theme for many development organisations around the world because of it connection with security and development. Education and health are important because they are crucial social and basic human right that should be provided without any form of unfairness by the state. Because of their multiplier effect, they assist in eradicating poverty and further the attainment of human security. The reforms, which includes privatisation and decentralisation, has been imposed primarily by the World Bank and the IMF to transform the education and health system in order to improve the human security of the Sierra Leonean people. Proponents of these reforms argued that it would provide equal access, make the system more efficient, provide more choices for the population, and enhances accountability and citizens’ participation in governance. As a result of these, the study is important for three reasons: first, it assesses the success of these reforms; second, it offers a better understanding of socio-economic development related to education and health as they are now viewed as a commodity; and third, it suggests ways of enhancing the performance of its delivery intended to assist the population. The evaluation is informed by critical theory, the theoretical framework because: of its usefulness in understanding the concept of power/knowledge, ideology and governance, as neo-liberalism has become a discourse of global common sense that frames policy options as though they were natural or not to be questioned, and yet serve to reinforce the interests of dominant groups. Critical theory enable us to make sense of the hidden power relations in the way knowledge/policy is constituted. Second, critical theory is also a qualitative approach and hence comes as a way of critiquing quantitative methodology. The study argues that it is very problematic to imagine that this strategy (neo-liberal reforms) is actually for the great masses of people living in poor conditions, while it does not address their needs and does nothing to deal with the security of their lives. The study found that the reforms were considered undemocratic, and has led to unequal access thus augmenting fears of stratification on the basis of an individual being rich or poor. Therefore, the study recommends that if the goal of human security is to be achieved, it is important to strengthen citizens’ and other local actors’ voices in governance to develop effective local policies; and government intervention and commitment is also needed to improve the performance of public schools and health care institutions in order to make them more competitive so that they can co-exist with their private counterparts. Key Words: Neo-liberalism, critical theory, education policy, health policy, human security, privatisation, decentralisation, social justice, socio-economic development.

Doctor Educationis / Theoretically, the role of higher education in national development has become clearer than before, while empirically the evidence is overwhelming. Elsewhere in the world, countries that have made tremendous strides in both social and economic development invested heavily and strategically in higher education. In Malawi, the role of higher education in national development has always been recognised by development policies since independence in 1964 However, with the exception of the first 15 years of independence, Malawi’s development path has registered abysmal results both on the social and the economic fronts despite undergoing significant socio-economic and political reforms. Malawi remains one of the most underdeveloped countries whether judged by Gross National Product (GNP) per capita, the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) or the Human Poverty Index (HPI). One of the factors that is considered as having contributed to low levels of development is the performance of education systems (primary, secondary and higher education) (World Bank, 2009). It is against this background that this study sought to examine how Malawi’s higher education institutions (HEIs) have responded to their roles as prescribed by the national development policies with a focus on the period between 2000 and 2010. Four questions guided the study: i) what specific roles do national development policies define for HEIs to ensure that higher education contributes to national development? ii) To what extent are these roles performed by HEIs in Malawi? iii) What factors determine the performance of HEIs in their expected roles? iv) What pattern of response to their (HEIs’) expected roles can be identified? Theoretically and analytically, the study was informed by the two perspectives of the open systems theory, namely the resource-dependency approach and neo-institutional approach. These two approaches contend that actions by organisations are limited and influenced bym various pressures and demands emanating from their internal and external environments and that organisations often respond accordingly in order to survive. Methodologically, the study employed a mixed-method design (of qualitative and quantitative) with a dominant usage of qualitative methods. A multiple case study approach was used in which data were collected through unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and documentary review. For qualitative data, the analysis was done using a text method while quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel to provide simple descriptive analysis through charts, tables and graphs. xx Overall, the study found that Malawi development policies expect HEIs to enhance access, equity, relevance, efficiency and quality of higher education as a way of ensuring that higher education contributes to the national development project. However, the study identified several patterns of response by HEIs (towards these expected roles) that tentatively explain the suboptimal contribution of higher education in national development. These patterns of response include: inclination towards responding to the politically sensitive crises in the higher education system (for public HEIs) and profit-compatible roles (for private HEI); use of sub-standard resources and methods antithetical to genuine teaching and learning; duplication by private HEIs of the “soft” roles being undertaken by public HEI; the abandonment of some of the HEIs’ original ideals and founding pledges, which are compatible with national development roles; and substitution of long-term coherent academic planning by short-term survival strategies. The study presents a number of implications, lessons and recommendations in the area of higher education and development. These include: the need for the government to recognise the importance and impact of intra-sectoral linkages in the entire education system on the performance of HEIs; the need to enforce the effective participation of private and public HEIs in national developmental project by establishing a proper regulatory framework; the need to enhance regional and internal collaboration among universities if they are to effectively respond to national roles; the need to reduce marginalisation of HEIs by maximising efforts that create linkages with the productive sector; the need to devise a robust public financing mechanism that broadly deals with issues of equity, relevance, quality and access of higher education; and the need to match education investment priorities and sequencing with development policies.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of a Master's Degree in the Department of Educational Planning and Administration at the University of Zululand, 1998. / This study was influenced by the post-democratic ideals for a radical transformation of education systems in South Africa. The various policy documents such as the South African Schools Act (1996), the Labour Relations Act (1995) and the Bill of Rights (1996) that mandate transformation in education systems, aroused interest in the workability and success of implementing these policies in schools. The empirical study, conducted in the Scottburgh District of KwaZulu Natal, attempts to identify gaps between transformatory policy directives that call for stakeholder participation, and management and governance practices within schoois. Data was solicited from a sample population of teachers by means of questionnaires. Both open and close-ended questions were used. The open-ended questions were aimed at verifying the findings that emanated from the quantitative data The observations made by teachers of school management practices, are reported. An analysis is also made of the relationship between the principal and the pupils, the teachers and the governing body. The following are reflected as key findings which emanated from the empirical study * There is a general lack of knowledge by educators and parents about both neu education policy documents that are emerging such as the South African Schools Act (1996). and local school policies that are to be implemented within specific schoois. * While the South African Schools' Act of 1996 calls participation of parents in policy decisions, more than 20% of the educators indicated that parents do not participate in decisions about, among others, the school's constitution, the learners' code of conduct, the admission policy and the school's budget. * Findings from responses to various questions indicate that there is no adequate information-flow between school governing bodies and the staff members. From the findings, it can be concluded that although it cannot be categorically stated that schools are implementing policies participatively by involving parents, learners and educators in the decision-making processes, a significant percentage of schools are incorporating relevant stakeholders in the management and governance of schools. The study concludes with a consideration recommendations which could lead to an improvement of stakeholder participation in the management and governance of schools

After the Jomtien conference and the World Declaration, Education for all in 1990, by UNESCO, education began to be a topic of greater relevance for global politics, and not only for domestic politics. The thesis aims to examine the construction of the OECD’s discourse about higher education using Chile as a Case of study, through the analysis of the OECD’s document Reviews of National Policies for Education, Education in Chile, published in 2017, and on the Law 21091 of Higher Education in Chile promulgated in 2018. For this, from poststructuralist theory, and using the concepts of legitimacy and norm as a theoretical framework, discourse analysis is carried out using the What is the Problem Represented to be approached. Thus, the thesis reveals that the OECD discourse is built on OECD preconceived standards, and not on particular standards for Chile, however, this also leads Chile to recognize itself as a country part of a world elite.

This thesis seeks to understand the role of school timetables as an interface between policies that regulate or distribute forms of capital to schools, and their teaching and learning rhythms. By doing so, it proposes a mechanism for examining the reproduction of schooling practices, and how these are grounded in policy-regulated materiality. Two high schools with similar historic backgrounds, and operating under the same provincial government, were selected and closely studied for evidence of rhythms of practice and the correspondence of these rhythms to each school's timetable. The two schools now experience different access to resources, and have significant differences in teaching and learning rhythms, as well as school-leaving summative assessment results. The study develops an analytic framework for identifying policies that reach into schools through the timetable. Five key inputs are identified as necessary for constructing timetables, providing productive lines of inquiry as to which policies affect schooling rhythms and how. By asking who teaches whom, what, with what and where, systematic analysis is conducted on: how schools are staffed (who); who they enrol (whom); their interpretation of curriculum (what); what supplementary resources they can command (with what); and their infrastructural facilities and geographic (dis)advantages (where). The interaction between these different threads is examined as they tangle within each school's timetable. The enactment of the policies regulating each thread is then traced through the layers of governance of the South African education system: national, provincial and local (school-level). Timetables are conceptualised in this study as local representations of intended teaching and learning rhythm. Using Lefebvre's triad of timespace-conceived, timespace-perceived and timespace-lived, timetables (timespace-conceived) are brought into conversation with timespace-lived through daily teaching and learning activities. Bourdieu's theory of practice is used with Lefebvre to animate the ‘game' of schooling: what schools strive for, what forms of capital they can command to sustain or improve their field position, and how they reproduce their practices. Bourdieu and Lefebvre together generate a sociomaterial practice theory lens that foregrounds timetables and their legitimacy to govern rhythms of teaching and learning in timespace. Timetables emerge as a site of the production and reproduction of advantage (fortified schools) and/or disadvantage (exposed schools) in the game of schooling. In timetables, the policies that avail forms of capital interact in previously unconsidered ways, suggesting that collectively they potentially undergird inequality in the education system.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:44:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LYDIA GODOY MILANO.pdf: 1048084 bytes, checksum: 445fc67e69f7144603a3ee67e2bdccfe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / The reforms in the Brazilian Educational System that started in 1990 s culminated in various changes and educational concepts with the monitoring of school performances through a large-scale evaluation system. In such a way that the evaluation results measured by IDEB (Basic Education Development Index), since its implementation, has been showing a relative growth in every stage of education, however it still shows low results in school development. Since this has been observed, the aim of this study has been to find explanations and a more grounded comprehension about the failure of the public schools in Brazil, concerning the educational outcome of the pupil, having as reference a database from a municipal system of teaching. This study was based on the analysis of official documents related to education policies for the school and on field research in two municipal schools in the city of Goiânia, where observations of the routine of these schools took place as well as interviews with head teachers, deputy head teachers and teachers. The results confirm the hypothesis that one of the strongest explanations for the low pupil s performance in the standard examinations is precisely in the fact that the education policies as based on the results, hold the teachers accountable for the unsatisfactory pupil s performance, and release them from the internal factors that interfere in the pupil s learning. It also confirms some authors position that in opposition to those policies, recommend not to lose from sight the organisational conditions, the curriculum, the pedagogical practices, teaching methods and so on, when analysing the success or failure conditions, which are real and concrete conditions that produce the learning and development of the pupils. / As reformas do sistema educacional brasileiro a partir da década de 1990, culminaram, entre várias mudanças e concepções de educação, com o monitoramento do desempenho escolar a partir de um sistema de avaliação em larga escala. De forma que, os resultados das avaliações aferidos pelo IDEB, desde sua implementação, têm demonstrando relativo crescimento em todas as etapas do ensino, mas ainda conferindo baixo resultado do desempenho escolar. A partir desta constatação, este estudo teve por objetivo a busca de explicações e compreensão mais fundamentada do insucesso da escola pública no Brasil em relação à aprendizagem escolar dos alunos, tendo como referência dados e informações a partir de um sistema de ensino municipal. O estudo baseou-se na análise de documentos oficiais referentes a políticas educacionais para a escola e em pesquisa de campo em duas escolas municipais da cidade de Goiânia, onde foram realizadas observações do cotidiano dessas escolas e entrevistas com diretoras, coordenadores e professoras. Os resultados apontam para a confirmação da hipótese de que uma das explicações mais fortes do baixo desempenho dos alunos nas provas estandardizadas está precisamente no fato de as políticas educacionais assentadas em resultados, ao responsabilizarem as escolas e os professores pelo desempenho insatisfatório dos alunos, se desresponsabilizam pelos fatores internos que interferem em sua aprendizagem. Confirma, também, a posição de alguns autores que, em direção contrária àquelas políticas, recomendam não se perder de vista, ao analisar as condições de sucesso ou insucesso escolar, as condições organizacionais, o currículo, as práticas pedagógicas, as metodologias de ensino etc., que são as condições reais e concretas em que se efetivam a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento dos alunos.