Orientador: Olga Maria Piazentin Rolim Rodrigues / Banca: Patrícia de Abreu Pinheiro Crenitte / Banca: Tania Gracy Martins do Valle / Resumo: A contaminação por chumbo é uma variável ambiental prejudicial que pode gerar problemas de saúde e afetar o desenvolvimento adequado de crianças em todas as suas nuances, por ser mais vulnerável aos seus efeitos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) considera aceitável a concentração de chumbo no sangue inferior a 10 'mü'/dl para crianças. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da contaminação por chumbo e a frequência à escola no desenvolvimento geral e áreas específicas, em crianças com plumbemia acima de 10 'mü'/dl, comparando-o com crianças com nível de chumbo abaixo de 5 'mü'/dl, frequentando escola, oriundas de condições socioeconômicas semelhantes. Participaram 49 crianças na faixa etária de quatro a cinco anos, divididas em contaminadas (GCC) e não contaminadas (GCNC) e, com relação à frequência a escola (GCC1), crianças contaminadas com escola e, (GCC2), contaminadas sem escola. Seu desenvolvimento foi avaliado pelo Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO) geral e nas áreas específicas (Desenvolvimento Motor, Linguagem, Autocuidado, Socialização e Cognição). Os resultados mostraram que o desenvolvimento geral do GCC e do GCNC está próximo do esperado, tanto para os meninos quanto para as meninas. Todavia, considerando as áreas específicas do desenvolvimento, observou-se que, em Cognição, o desempenho foi abaixo do esperado para os dois grupos, porém, significativamente mais baixo para as crianças do GCC. Quanto à escolaridade, comparando as crianças do GCC (GCC1 e GCC2) observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lead contamination is a harmful environmental variable which might cause health problems and affect the proper development of children at all levels, since they are more vulnerable to its effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers as acceptable a blood concentration below 10 'mü'/dL for children. The present study aimed at analyzing the effects of lead and school attendance on general development and in specific areas, in children with lead levels above 10 'mü'/dL compared to children with lead levels below 5 'mü'/dL who attend school, with similar socioeconomic conditions. The study analyzed 49 subjects, ages ranging from four to five years old, divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNN), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNC), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated at school (GCC1) and contaminated, not at school (GCC2). Their development was evaluated by the Operationalized Portage Inventory (OPI) in general and specific areas (Motor Development, Language, Self-care, Socialization, and Cognition). The results showed that the general development of GCC and GCNC is close to what was expected, for both boys and girls. However, considering the specific areas, we observed that when it comes to Cognition, the performance was below the expectations for both groups, and significantly lower for the GCC group. As for the educational level, comparing children from the GCC group (GCC1 and GCC2), we observed statistically significant differences... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-05-06T14:23:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2150831 bytes, checksum: faa171948db4f52859f27593c662759b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-06T14:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2150831 bytes, checksum: faa171948db4f52859f27593c662759b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / This dissertation aimed to identify the relationships between voting intention and religious, educational and values aspects. Two studies were conducted, each one with two steps. Study 1 initially gathered evidence of validity and reliability of the Voting Intention by Political Positions Scale and the Non-conventional Political Participation Scale. Participated 374 undergraduate students with a mean age of 23.7 years (SD = 7.25). For the first instrument, its items were grouped into a single factor that explained 78.2% of the variance (α = 0.95). The second measure had its three-factor structure supported by a Principal Component Analysis (PC): legal demonstration (α = 0.74), violence using (α = 0.62) and passive participation (α = 0.69), which together account for 49% of the variance. Participated in the second stage 351 students with a mean age of 23.7 years (SD = 7.28), answering the above measures and: Basic Values Survey, Religious Practices Scale, Religious Beliefs Scale and a list of attributes. Hypothetical candidate profiles were randomly distributed, deriving from religious orientation vs schooling. The results showed positive correlations between Catholic and Protestant beliefs with the Catholic and Evangelical profiles voting intention, respectively; higher definition by positive attributes and higher voting intention on the profiles with higher education level; and values congruence between participants and candidates in general. About the Study 2, participants were 226 people online recruited, with a mean age of 24.9 (SD = 5.77). This first stage focused on the psychometric properties of the Religious Fundamentalism Scale and the Four Basic Dimensions of Religiousness Scale. For the first one, it was found a solution unifactorial through a PC, with its component explained 50% of the variance (α = 0.90). The second one had its four-factor model supported by a Confirmatory Factor Analysis [χ²/df = 2.67, GFI = 0.91, AGFI = 0.86, CFI = 0.97 and RMSEA = 0.08 (90% CI = 0.068 - 0.104)], with the following factors: community (α = 0.95), morality (α = 0.93), emotions (α = 0.89) and meaning (α = 0.85). The second step included 165 subjects with a mean age of 25.1 (SD = 5.47), also recruited virtually. Were applied the following instruments: Politician-religiousness IAT, Voting Intention by Political Positions Scale, the Basic Values Questionnaire, Social Dominance Orientation, and Right-Wing Authoritarianism. The results showed a faster association of the Politician-religiousness IAT’s congruent block (religious politician + positive); D score was positively correlated with fundamentalism and normative values; there was explicitly greater voting intention in the non-religious candidate, with influence of the religiousness level and the importance of religion. It is estimated that the objectives of this dissertation were achieved, contributing to the knowledge about the religious, educational and values aspects of the voting intention; and about implicit attitudes towards religious politicians. / Esta dissertação objetivou conhecer as relações entre intenção de voto, aspectos religiosos, educacionais e valores. Dois estudos foram realizados, cada um com duas etapas. O Estudo 1 inicialmente reuniu evidências de validade e precisão da Escala de Intenção de Voto por Cargos Políticos e da Escala de Participação Política Não-convencional. Participaram 374 universitários com média de idade de 23,7 anos (DP = 7,25). Para o primeiro instrumento, observou-se um agrupamento de seus itens em um único fator que explicou 78,2% da variância (α = 0,95). A segunda medida teve sua estrutura trifatorial corroborada por uma Análise dos Componentes Principais (PC), sendo: demonstração legal (α = 0,74), uso de violência (α = 0,62) e participação passiva (α = 0,69), os quais explicaram conjuntamente 49% da variância. Participaram da segunda etapa 351 universitários com média de idade de 23,7 anos (DP = 7,28), respondendo as medidas supracitadas e: Questionário dos Valores Básicos, Escala de Práticas Religiosas, Escala de Crenças Religiosas e uma lista de atributos. Foram distribuídos aleatoriamente perfis de candidato hipotético, derivado de orientação religiosa vs nível de escolaridade. Os resultados indicaram correlações positivas entre as crenças católicas e protestantes com os perfis católico e evangélico, respectivamente; maior definição pelos atributos positivos e intenção de voto nos perfis com nível superior; e congruência valorativa entre participantes e candidatos no geral. Do Estudo 2 participaram 226 pessoas recrutadas online, com média de idade de 24,9 (DP = 5,77). Esta primeira etapa focou nas propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Fundamentalismo Religoso e da Escala de Quatro Dimensões Básicas da Religiosidade. Para a primeira, verificou-se por meio de uma PC uma solução unifatorial, com seu componente explicando 50% da variância (α = 0,90). A segunda teve seu modelo tetrafatorial corroborado através de uma Análise Fatorial Confirmatória [χ²/gl = 2,67, GFI = 0,91, AGFI = 0,86, CFI = 0,97 e RMSEA = 0,08 (IC90% = 0,068 – 0,104)], com os fatores: comunidade (α = 0,95), moralidade (α = 0,93), emoções (α = 0,89) e sentido (α = 0,85). A segunda etapa contou com 165 indivíduos com média de idade de 25,1 (DP = 5,47), também recrutados virtualmente. Aplicaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: TAI Político-religiosidade, Escala de Intenção de Voto por Cargos Políticos, Questionário dos Valores Básicos, Escala de Orientação à Dominância Social, e Escala de Autoritarismo de Direita. Os resultados mostraram uma associação mais rápida do bloco congruente do TAI Político-religiosidade (político religioso + positivo); o escore D correlacionou-se positivamente com o fundamentalismo e com os valores normativos; houve explicitamente maior intenção de voto no candidato não-religioso, com influência do nível de religiosidade e da importância da religião. Concluiu-se que os objetivos desta dissertação foram alcançados, contribuindo para o conhecimento sobre os aspectos religiosos, educacionais e valorativos da intenção de voto; e acerca das atitudes implícitas em relação a políticos religiosos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 troijo_maf_me_bauru.pdf: 598244 bytes, checksum: 4202f31b5a0345df7783371c9ff3c052 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A contaminação por chumbo é uma variável ambiental prejudicial que pode gerar problemas de saúde e afetar o desenvolvimento adequado de crianças em todas as suas nuances, por ser mais vulnerável aos seus efeitos. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) considera aceitável a concentração de chumbo no sangue inferior a 10 'mü'/dl para crianças. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da contaminação por chumbo e a frequência à escola no desenvolvimento geral e áreas específicas, em crianças com plumbemia acima de 10 'mü'/dl, comparando-o com crianças com nível de chumbo abaixo de 5 'mü'/dl, frequentando escola, oriundas de condições socioeconômicas semelhantes. Participaram 49 crianças na faixa etária de quatro a cinco anos, divididas em contaminadas (GCC) e não contaminadas (GCNC) e, com relação à frequência a escola (GCC1), crianças contaminadas com escola e, (GCC2), contaminadas sem escola. Seu desenvolvimento foi avaliado pelo Inventário Portage Operacionalizado (IPO) geral e nas áreas específicas (Desenvolvimento Motor, Linguagem, Autocuidado, Socialização e Cognição). Os resultados mostraram que o desenvolvimento geral do GCC e do GCNC está próximo do esperado, tanto para os meninos quanto para as meninas. Todavia, considerando as áreas específicas do desenvolvimento, observou-se que, em Cognição, o desempenho foi abaixo do esperado para os dois grupos, porém, significativamente mais baixo para as crianças do GCC. Quanto à escolaridade, comparando as crianças do GCC (GCC1 e GCC2) observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas... / Lead contamination is a harmful environmental variable which might cause health problems and affect the proper development of children at all levels, since they are more vulnerable to its effects. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers as acceptable a blood concentration below 10 'mü'/dL for children. The present study aimed at analyzing the effects of lead and school attendance on general development and in specific areas, in children with lead levels above 10 'mü'/dL compared to children with lead levels below 5 'mü'/dL who attend school, with similar socioeconomic conditions. The study analyzed 49 subjects, ages ranging from four to five years old, divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNN), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated (GCC) and non-contaminated (GCNC), and in terms of school attendance, they were divided into contaminated at school (GCC1) and contaminated, not at school (GCC2). Their development was evaluated by the Operationalized Portage Inventory (OPI) in general and specific areas (Motor Development, Language, Self-care, Socialization, and Cognition). The results showed that the general development of GCC and GCNC is close to what was expected, for both boys and girls. However, considering the specific areas, we observed that when it comes to Cognition, the performance was below the expectations for both groups, and significantly lower for the GCC group. As for the educational level, comparing children from the GCC group (GCC1 and GCC2), we observed statistically significant differences... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se conhece sobre aspectos morfológicos da linguagem, o que representa uma lacuna no cenário das relações cérebro-mente. Os escassos estudos foram realizados em línguas anglo-saxônicas, com características diferentes do português brasileiro. Estudos dos aspectos morfológicos, em sujeitos com alterações neurológicas, demonstram efeitos do desempenho em tarefas de linguagem. Alguns estudos apontam que a flexão de verbos regulares e irregulares pode estar associada a mecanismos e processamentos cerebrais diferentes. A pesquisa sobre o comportamento de indivíduos sadios falantes do português brasileiro pode colaborar para a construção de referências que permitirão estudos futuros sobre sujeitos com alterações de linguagem. OBJETIVOS: verificar a produção morfológica em Língua Portuguesa do Brasil de sujeitos cognitivamente saudáveis por meio de um teste de flexão de verbos e pseudoverbos. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por sujeitos sadios, com idade entre 40 a 80 anos. Foi considerado o nível de escolaridade pelo número de anos em escola formal: o Grupo 1 (G1) entre 0 a 7 anos de estudo, e o Grupo 2 (G2) acima de 8 anos de estudo. O Teste foi composto por frases-alvo com verbos e pseudoverbos, balanceadas em tempo verbal, conjugação dos verbos e tipo do verbo (regular/irregular). As frases alvo foram apresentadas em áudio por meio de um software e o sujeito foi solicitado a completar a frase. RESULTADOS: As respostas dos sujeitos foram analisadas e descritas com perfis de desempenho dos grupos em relação à escolaridade. Nos verbos reais irregulares foi observado pior desempenho para o G1 em relação ao G2, com diferença estatística. Nos pseudoverbos foi observada diferença estatística em todas as flexões verbais, com desempenho pior para o G1. A análise qualitativa das respostas revelou efeito de lexicalização do pseudoverbo, ausência de respostas e transformações fonológicas mais frequentes nas respostas do G1. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo, realizado com uma amostra populacional cognitivamente saudável pode contribuir como referência para futuras pesquisas envolvendo pacientes com diferentes alterações de linguagem / Introduction: Little is known about the morphological aspects of language, which represents a gap in the brain-mind relationship scenario. The scarce studies were produced in Anglo-Saxon languages, with different characteristics from the Brazilian Portuguese. Studies on morphological aspects in subjects with neurological disorders have shown worst performance related to language tasks. A few studies indicate that the inflexion of regular and irregular verbs may be associated with different mechanisms and cerebral processes. The research about healthy Brazilian Portuguese speakers\' behavior may collaborate as reference for future studies with subjects with language disorders. Purpose: to verify the morphological production in the Portuguese language in healthy subjects through a verb and pseudoverb inflexion test. Methods: the sample was composed by cognitively healthy individuals with ages ranging between 40 to 80 years old. The years of formal education were considered as the educational level; the Group 1 (G1) between 0 to 7 years of study and the Group 2 (G2) above 8 years of study. The test consisted of 213 target-phrases with different verbal tenses. The sentences were built with real verbs and pseudoverbs. A program was designed to play the target-phrases in audio and the subjects had to complete the given sentence. Results: the subjects\' answers were transcribed and analyzed by their performance on the test and also through the type of answer presented to each stimulus. Subjects were then compared by their performance and educational level. For the real irregular verbs it was observed a worse performance by G1 than G2, with a marked statistical significance. For the pseudoverbs it was observed a statistical significance in all verb inflexions, with worse performance by G1. Qualitative analysis of the responses revealed a pseudoverb lexicalization effect, absence of answer and a more frequent phonological transformation for G1 answers. Conclusion: there is an education influence in the morphological production performance in cognitively healthy individuals. This study may contribute as a reference for future researches involving patients with language disorders in Brazil

Patientenzufriedenheit spielt eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle im Qualitätsmanagement im Gesundheitswesen. Die ärztliche Empathie gilt dabei als ein wesentliches Element, um eine hohe Patientenzufriedenheit zu generieren. Vor dem Hintergrund abnehmender ärztlicher Empathie während der Aus- und Weiterbildung wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersucht, inwieweit Assistenzärzte im Vergleich zu Fachärzten die Patientenzufriedenheit in einer anästhesiologischen Prämedikationsambulanz beeinflussen. In einem prospektiv-beobachtendem Studiendesign wurden die Zufriedenheit der Patienten, deren demografische und medizinische Daten, deren vorhandene Vorinformationen sowie organisatorische und logistische Faktoren mithilfe eines selbst erstellten ZUF-8 adaptierten Fragebogens erhoben und anhand des Ausbildungsstandes des prämedizierenden Arztes der Assistenz- oder Facharztgruppe zugeteilt. Dabei zeigten sich Gesamtzufriedenheitswerte auf durchgehend hohem bis sehr hohem Niveau. Feine Unterschiede zugunsten der Assistenzärzte wurden in den Items Gesprächsqualität, Allgemeinzufriedenheit und Freundlichkeit gefunden. Im Bereich der organisatorischen und logistischen Faktoren ergaben sich u.a. länger empfundene Wartezeiten bei den Assistenzärzten. Abschließend macht diese Arbeit deutlich, dass Assistenzärzte im Vergleich zu Fachärzten trotz abnehmender ärztlicher Empathie eine gleichweg hohe Patientenzufriedenheit generieren können. Eine Verbesserung der organisatorischen Abläufe könnte eine weitere Optimierung der Patientenzufriedenheit versprechen.

L’étude présentée porte sur les niveaux et les variations des performances journalières et hebdomadaires de l’attention chez les enfants Chinois du Cours Préparatoire et du Cours Moyen deuxième année en situation scolaire. Et plus précisément chez les enfants de 6 à 7 ans et de 10 à 12 ans. Elle a pour objectif de démontrer, d’une part, dans une approche interculturelle et différentielle, l’effet des moments dans la journée et des jours de la semaine ainsi que les durées du sommeil sur les performances attentionnelles et les comportements scolaires des enfants selon leur ’âge, le niveau scolaire et l’origine géographique. D’autre part, l’incidence des lieux de vie (rural /urbain) sur la rythmicité scolaire. / The introduced study appears in the framework of the research concerned with the levels and variations of the attention performance of Chinese children in CP and CM2 of primary school, specifically the children of 6 to 7 and 10 to 12 years old. It aims at showing, on the one hand, in an intercultural and differential approach, the effect of the moment of daily performance and weekly performance, as well as weekly variations of sleep duration according to age, educational level and geographic background of the children. On the other hand, the impact of life place (city/ country) on the school timetables.

Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest Under-5 Mortality rates (U5M) estimated at 117 deaths/1000 live births. Despite public health control initiatives, no significant improvement in U5M has been demonstrated. The purpose of the study was to determine whether history of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (APO) and maternal socioeconomic factors could predict the death of children before their fifth birthday, using the life course health development and fetal programming theories. The study population was women in their reproductive age (15- 49 years). The study was a secondary data analysis of the datasets obtained from three Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (2003, 2008, and 2013). Complex samples multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the associations among variables. The results showed that lower education level (p < 0.001), lower income level (p <0.05), rural residential setting (p< 0.01), and lower socioeconomic status index (p < 0.001) of women were statistically significant predictors of U5M. APO was not statistically associated with U5M (p > 0.05). This concludes that children of women with low socioeconomic factors and status index could be at higher risk of death within the first 5 years of their lives, and women with history of APO stand no greater risk of losing their under-5 children. The study would contribute to positive social change among women in Nigeria through early identification of women whose children may be at risk of U5M and provision of evidence-based advocacy to urge increased government and public attention to women and child welfare.

The research reported in this thesis examines some aspects of upward influence behaviours at work, and in particular, the relationship between type of influence behaviours used and a number of potential correlates, including sex of agent, sex of target, sex-role identity, locus of control, job level, job type (secretarial worker or not) and educational level of agent. To examine these relationships. 64 male and 173 female white-collar workers (at AS01 to AS06 levels, or equivalent) in three large organisations in Canberra (A.C.T.) were surveyed, with a questionnaire containing measures of influence behaviours, attitudes to influencing upwards at work, a measure of sex-role identity, and a measure of locus of control beliefs, as well as demographic information. The data gathered from this survey was analysed using univariate, bivariate. and multivariate methods. Results showed limited support for stereotypical differences between males and females in influence behaviours used, and no support for hypotheses involving sex of target, sex-role identity, or secretarial workers. Influence behaviours previously identified as having positive outcomes for the agent were found in this study to be significantly associated with job level and educational level; influence behaviours previously identified as having negative outcomes for the agent were significantly associated with the tendency to explain outcomes in terms of control by powerful others, and with a sex-role identity characterised by negative masculinity traits. These findings suggest the importance of both structural and personal factors in choice of upward influence strategies at work. Suggestions for further research are provided.

Aims: The main aim of this thesis was to study a perspective of women`s expressed wishes for mode of delivery and how they actually give birth. Additional aims were to examine the notion of risk applied to childbirth, to examine what characterizes women who want to give birth as naturally as possible without painkillers or intervention and the characteristics of women who would, if possible, choose to have a cesarean section. Material and methods: The notion of risk was examined in an essay. Self-rating instruments were completed by 55,858 MoBa participants during week 30 of their pregnancy and available from The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) by April, 2007. Individually reported information on socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, feelings related to childbirth, factors concerning psychosocial health, physical, psychological and sexual harassment and information on satisfaction with antenatal care health services were collected from a MoBa questionnaire. Data on the mother’s age, parity, physical health before and during the pregnancy, previous cesarean sections and actual mode of delivery were collected through a linkage to the The Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Findings: General perspectives on risk differ depending on both the person and the profession. More and more childbearing women are in danger of being considered deficient and in the danger zone. Figures on risk are not objective values, and the association between risk and security is socially and culturally determined. Personal symbols can be basic assumptions about the life one leads, and the childbearing woman has preferences of her own. Interest in natural childbirth was expressed by 72 percent and a wish for caesarean section was expressed by ten percent of the women. Positive experience from previous childbirths, first birth or third or later birth, no dread of giving birth, and reporting positive intra-psychic phenomena are significantly associated with the wish for natural birth. Negative experiences from previous childbirths and fear of giving birth are two of the strongest factors associated with a wish for a caesarean section.Overall, 47 percent of the women who wanted ”as natural a birth as possible” had their preference fulfilled. The figures differed largely for primiparas and multiparas; the risk of acute caesarean sections was high among primiparas and the effects of the predictors of natural birth were stronger for primiparas than for multiparas. Conclusions:The factors that influence the chance of having a natural birth are different for primiparas and multiparas. The high rate of non-natural births among first time mothers who actually want to have a vaginal birth without interventions should call attention to the increasing incidence of cesarean section in Norway. The chance of actually having a natural birth for women with a preference for a natural birth is much larger for multiparas. Negative experiences from previous childbirths and cesarean section are, however, important factors associated with non-natural birth and should be taken into consideration in public health / Mål: Det overordna målet for denne avhandlingen var å studere perspektiv omkring hvordan kvinner uttrykker at de ønsker å føde og hvordan de faktisk føder. I tillegg var målet å undersøke risikobegrepet anvendt innen fødselsomsorg, undersøke hva som karakteriserer kvinner som ønsker å føde så naturlig som mulig uten smertestillende eller intervensjon og undersøke hva som karakteriserer kvinner som ville valgt å ta keisersnitt dersom det var mulig. Materiell og metode: Avhandlingen inkludere fire artikler. Risikobegrepet drøftes i første artikkel som er et essay. De 3 andre inkluderer data fra Den norske mor og barn-undersøkelsen. Data fra 55,858 MoBa informanter var ferdigregistrert april 2007 og omfatter individuell informasjon om sosioøkonomiske faktorer, livsstilsfaktorer, følelser/opplevelser relatert til fødsel, faktorer som omhandler psykososial helse, fysiske, psykiske og seksuelle overgrep og informasjon om tilfredshet med offentlig svangerskapsomsorg. Tidligere keisersnitt og hvordan kvinnene faktisk fødte i dette svangerskapet ble hentet fra en link til Medisinsk Fødselsregister. Funn: Generelt perspektiv på risiko er forskjellig, avhengig av både person og profesjon. Stadig flere gravid/fødekvinner står i fare for å bli betraktet som utsatte/mangelfulle og i faresonen. Kalkulasjoner av risiko er ikke objektive verdier og assosiasjonen mellom risiko og sikkerhet er sosialt og kulturelt bestemt. Subjektive symbol kan være grunnleggende antagelser/forståelser i forhold til det livet en lever og blivende mødre har sine egne preferanser. Syttito prosent av kvinnene uttrykte ønske om å føde så naturlig som mulig og ti prosent av kvinnene ønsket å ta keisersnitt. Positive erfaringer fra tidligere fødsler, det å være førstegangsfødende eller ha født mer en ett barn tidligere, ikke være redd for å føde, samt å rapportere positivt i forhold til intrapsykiske fenomen, er signifikant assosiert med ønske om å føde så naturlig som mulig. Negative erfaringer fra tidligere fødsler og redsel for å føde er de to faktorene som er sterkest assosiert med ønske om keisersnitt. Samlet sett fikk 47 prosent av de kvinnene som ønsket så naturlig fødsel som mulig, oppfylt ønskene sine. Resultatet var svært ulikt mellom førstegangsfødende og fleregangsfødende; risikoen for akutt keisersnitt var høg blant førstegangsfødende og effekten av prediktorene for naturlig fødsel var sterkere i forhold til førstegangsfødende enn for fleregangsfødende. Konklusjon: Faktorene som influerer sjansen til å føde så naturlig som mulig er ulike for førstegangsfødende og for fleregangsfødende. Den høge tallet på fødsler med intervensjon hos førstegangsfødende som egentlig ønsker å føde vaginalt uten intervensjon burde fått større oppmerksomhet. Dette bør også sees i sammenheng med en stadig økende innsidens for keisersnitt i Norge. Muligheten for å få en så naturlig fødsel som mulig er mye større for fleregangsfødende. Negative erfaringer fra tidligere fødsler og tidligere keisersnitt er, likevel, viktige faktorer assosiert med ikke-naturlig fødsel og bør reflekteres over/tas i betraktning i et folkehelseperspektiv.

The main aim of this thesis is to analyse the extent of the acquired map skills of pupils in Slovak primary and secondary schools in three age categories (11, 15 and 18 years old); and then to compare the results with similar research conducted in the Czechia. The individual characteristics such as age, gender, and mark are taken into account whilst evaluating the results. These affected the overall performance of students in the test of their map skills. The thesis is firstly describing theoretical views of skills and then describes specific pupils' map skills. Then it characterizes curricular documents of Slovakia and compares them with curricular documents of the Czechia. Furthermore, it also concentrates on results of content analysis of map skills contained in the Slovak and Czech curricular documents, embodiments Hanus (2012). The following section specifies the didactic test of map skills and is dedicated to the analysis of respondents. The research part of the thesis has research sample which is evaluated from a number of indicators such as gender, age, grade, popularity of the subject of Geography, and the type of school attended. The practical part describes the use of a statistical model to verify the data collected. Moreover, it also interprets the results and compares the results from...