This report aims to study how the indoor climate in a conference room can be improved by the use of phase change material (PCM). The study includes an experiment where 40 kg of salt hydrate based PCM was placed within a conference room located in an office in the city of Uppsala, Sweden. The experiment resulted in a decrease in the peak temperature with respect to the internal heat gains in the conference room and a slower temperature increase with PCM implemented. The report concludes that PCM can improve the indoor climate in regard to its ability to limit the temperature fluctuation. The study also contains modelling and simulation over the office and conference room in the program Trnsys. This was carried out to study how the temperature and cooling demand in the conference room and office respectively would change with a larger implementation of PCM. When 106 kg of PCM was simulated to be implemented in two of the conference room walls, the specific peak temperature was on average decreased with 0.17 °C/kW during the year. Furthermore, a decrease in the cooling demand with 16 % was achieved when implementing 1 208 kg of PCM in the internal walls of the office. This study shows that there is potential for reducing the cooling demand in the building through an implementation of PCM. Further studies with a more detailed model of the office is recommended before deciding upon if and where PCM should be implemented.

Energy security is a dynamic term with many alterating aspects, some more frequently used than others. Furthermore, humankind is becoming increasingly dependent on energy to sustain today's modern lifestyle and therefore the topic of energy security is becoming more important than ever. The trend of validating energy security is also expanding from an exclusively national context to the inclusion of, for example, the operations of a single organization. One of these organizations is the housing company, Uppsalahem, with their ambition to transform their energy system in line with their aspiration to reduce environmental impact and assure that it withstands the threats of tomorrow. This thesis aims to explore the adaptation of energy security validation from a national perspective to a company perspective with Uppsalahem as the main actor. With this in mind, the validation methodology was constructed. It included a risk analysis, indicators of energy security and a correlation analysis. The combination of these three were selected with the ambition to shed light upon several aspects of energy security. Uppsalahem's electrical and heat supply systems were then subjected to the validation and the results implied that Uppsalahem is situated in a state of dependency with its suppliers. Therefore, it is in Uppsalahem's best interest that their operations are sustained and external and internal defects are avoided. This thesis presents serveral measures that can be implemented in order for Uppsalahem to minimize its dependecy on external suppliers as well as reduce the risk of malfunction within its internal operations.

Energieffektivisering inom bostäder är viktigt för att nå bestämda mål inom den Europeiska unionen, däremot kommer inte en bostadsägare att investera i energieffektiva åtgärder om de inte är lönsamma. Detta arbete kommer att undersöka energibesparingen och lönsamheten av att införa olika förbättringsåtgärder på ett lättbetonghus i Söderhamn vilket är studieobjektet i arbetet. Syftet är att undersöka byggnadens energibalans och hur olika åtgärder påverkar energianvändningen, upplevelsen av inomhusklimatet och driftkostnaden. Studieobjektet genomgick en energikartläggning för att sedan undersöka olika förbättringsåtgärder. Kartläggningen var utförd med simuleringsverktyget IDA Indoor Climate and Energy för att konstruera en referensmodell som inkluderade alla insamlade data från studieobjektet. Tidigare forskningsstudier inom området användes som vägledning till val av förbättringsåtgärder på studieobjektet. Energiförändring utav åtgärderna användes sedan i en kostnadskalkyl som var utförd med annuitetsmetoden för att åstadkomma den årliga kostnadsbesparingen vid installation för var och en av åtgärderna. Koldioxidhalten mättes i början av projektet för att undersöka luftkvalitén i byggnaden och om den behöver åtgärdas. Studieobjektets primärenergital blev 148 kWh/(m2·år) vilket var 43 % högre än Boverkets byggreglers energikrav för småhus. Byggnadens värmebehov var 18 209 kWh/år och kunde minskas med 42,7 % vid installation av ett åtgärdspaket och då var primärenergitalet 109 kWh/(m2·år). De tre mest energieffektiva åtgärder var att tilläggsisolera ytterväggar, isolera taket och minskning av inomhustemperaturen. Den mest kostnadseffektiva av enskilda åtgärder var att isolera taket ifall övervåningsutrymmet utnyttjades och att isolera källaren var den minst lönsamma av besparingsåtgärderna. Ventilationsproblemet i byggnaden kunde åtgärdas med installation av ett FTX-system som använder luftflödet 0,35 l/(s·m2) och 0,1 l/(s·m2) när inga personer är i byggnaden. Att komplettera uppvärmningen med en värmepump var en lönsam investering men ökade primärenergianvändningen och gör byggnadens energisystem mer komplext. Det rekommenderas att isolera klart taket ifall boende har intresse av att utnyttja övervåningsutrymmet. / Energy efficiency in dwellings is crucial in reaching goals set within the European Union, but homeowners won’t invest in energy-efficient measures unless it is cost-effective. This study is going to investigate the energy savings and cost-effectiveness of different renovating measurements for a light-concreate house in Söderhamn. The aim is to investigate the building’s energy balance and how renovating measurements affect the energy use, the indoor climate and the operating cost. An energy audit was performed on the building for the purpose of investigating the various measurements. The audit was achieved with IDA Indoor Climate and Energy simulation tool, which was used to construct a reference model that included data from the studied building. Previous research in the field were used for selecting the renovating measurements used in this study. The results of the simulations were then used to carry out a cost analysis with the equivalent annual cost method to evaluate the annual cost saving for each measurement. The carbon dioxide level was measured in the beginning of the project to investigate the indoor air quality in the building and if it needed to be addressed. The primary energy use of the building was 148 kWh/(m2·year), which was 43 % more than Building regulations energy requirements for single-family households. The heat demand was 18 209 kWh/year and could be reduced by 42,7 % when installing a created renovation package and resulting in the primary energy use of 109 kWh/(m2·year).  The three most energy efficient measures were adding extra insulation on external walls, insulating the roof and decreasing the indoor temperature level. The most cost-effective measure was to insulate the roof if the upstairs area were heated and insulate the basement walls was the least cost-effective of the energy efficient measures. The ventilation problem was fixed with installation of an FTX system that switched to an air flow of 0,35 l/(s·m2) to 0,1 l/(s·m2) during unoccupancy. Complementing the heat demand with a heat pump was a cost-effective measure but did increase the primary energy use. It is recommended to finish isolating the roof if the family is interested in using the unoccupied space.

The increasing amount of renewable energy in the power system have led to new challenges to balance supply and demand in the electric grid. To maintain the balance in the power system the system operator can activate power reserves to restore the balance at a frequency deviation. Today these reserves consist exclusively of hydropower in Sweden. With more volatile power generation new types of technologies to provide these reserves are desirable. The aim of this master thesis is to investigate the technical potential for using wind power, demand response and energy storage for automatic frequency control in the Swedish power system. The thesis examines the performance of the different technologies to see if they meet the technical requirements for delivering reserves set by the TSO. Moreover, the available capacity from the technologies throughout the year are estimated. The results show that all three technologies potentially could be used for frequency control. However, the technical requirements are not always fulfilled. In order to enable new technologies to provide power reserves some of the requirements needs to be modernized. Generally, demand response proved to have the largest available capacity for frequency control today. The study shows that demand response from industries and electric heated households could potentially provide all automatic frequency control. Modern wind turbines can be used for frequency control and for down regulation of the frequency the potential is considerable. Energy storages are not yet widely used in Sweden but with reduced costs they can play an important role in regulating the frequency in the future.

Detta examensarbete är en del av energiingenjörsutbildningen i värmeteknik på Mälardalens högskola i Västerås och är en fördjupning inom ventilationsteknik. Arbetet har utförts med hjälp av företaget VentPartner i Västerås som har tillgodosett med det aktuella studerande ventilationssystemet. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka om beräkningsprogrammet MagiCAD är tillförlitligt med avseende på tryckfall i ventilationssystem samt vilken potential och påverkan programmet eventuellt kan ha för ventilationsbranschen. Tre stycken olika beräkningsmetoder för tryckfall har utförts; MagiCAD simuleringar, handberäkningar med formler och diagram samt fysiska mätningar med mätinstrument. Syftet har gått ut på att göra en jämförelse mellan dessa tre beräkningsmetoder för att med hjälp och tillsammans med tidigare forskning fastställa MagiCADs trovärdighet samt undersöka eventuella brister hos beräkningsprogrammet. Det studerade ventilationssystemet för den aktuella studien var ett till- och frånluftssystem på VentPartners kontor i Västerås. Systemet hade ett tilluftsflöde på 250 l/s och ett frånluftsflöde på 260 l/s. I arbetets tidiga skeende utfördes först ett platsbesök i syfte att ta fram referensdata av det utvalda ventilationssystemet. Med hjälp av stege, tumstock och en utskriven skiss av systemet samlade man in längd och dimensioner på kanaler, kanalernas placering i höjdled, produktinformation på don, spjäll och ljuddämpare. Därefter utfördes själva designen och uppritningen av ventilationssystemet i MagiCAD med hjälp av referensdata. När det projekterade ventilationssystemet var färdigt i MagiCAD utfördes själva tryckfallssimuleringen i beräkningsprogrammet. De manuella handberäkningarna utfördes med hjälp av formler och diagram och genomfördes i programmet Excel. De fysiska mätningarna utfördes vid ett separat platsbesök på VentPartners kontor och utfördes med universalmätaren Swema 3000 som Ventpartner tillgodosatte. Resultatet av tryckfallen ifrån MagiCAD simuleringarna och handberäkningarna skiljde sig endast en aning, både för tillufts -och frånluftssystemet. Medans tryckfallen ifrån de fysiska mätningarna skiljde sig betydligt mer jämförelsevis mot de andra två beräkningsmetoderna. Detta berodde på att MagiCAD och handberäkningarna utgår ifrån ideala förhållanden, vilket verkligheten aldrig är. Slutsatsen blev att beräkningsprogrammet MagiCAD är ett väldigt komplett och behagligt projekterings -och simuleringsprogram som är tillförlitligt. Dock har programmet sina brister i en del anpassningsfunktioner till verkligheten, men potentialen för framtiden ser ljus ut.

The aim of this thesis is to apply and evaluate potential forecasting models for solar power production, based on data from a photovoltaic facility in Sala, Sweden. The thesis evaluates single step forecasting models as well as multiple step forecasting models, where the three compared models for single step forecasting are persistence, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and ARIMAX. ARIMAX is an ARIMA model that also takes exogenous predictors in consideration. In this thesis the evaluated exogenous predictor is wind speed. The two compared multiple step models are multiple step persistence and the Gaussian process (GP). Root mean squared error (RMSE) is used as the measurement of evaluation and thus determining the accuracy of the models. Results show that the ARIMAX models performed most accurate in every simulation of the single step models implementation, which implies that adding the exogenous predictor wind speed increases the accuracy. However, the accuracy only increased by 0.04% at most, which is determined as a minimal amount. Moreover, the results show that the GP model was 3% more accurate than the multiple step persistence; however, the GP model could be further developed by adding more training data or exogenous variables to the model.

The concern of climate change and Greenhouse Gas emission have increased national consideration toward energy efficiency. Despite noticeable action which have taken by EU cities and Sweden government to mitigate the climate change, there is still shortage in appropriate energy measurements in old residential buildings. Due to the fact that a large share of residential buildings in Sweden have constructed more than 40 years ago, most of them need energy renovation  to enhance efficiency and saving more energy. In order to encourage home owners toward energy efficiency renovations, some cost effective measurements have to introduce to people with the view of effect on property value.  To this end, 50 detached houses and villas in Kronoberg County in Sweden have been chosen and analyzed to identify how renovation can increase the property value. These houses have been set in different categories by location, heating system, deep renovation, energy and aesthetic renovation. After that, compares the sold prices and biding prices for each category. Moreover, it analyses the people behavior toward renovation to see how can motive people to adopt necessary energy efficient renovation. This research also shows the current situation of building renovation, the most favourite renovation which are adopted by people as well as providing information about the factors affect the value of the house after renovation.

An existing solar-powered water pumping system located in Mutomo, Kenya has beenevaluated in this paper. The requirement for this system is to produce a minimum of25m³ water per day throughout the year.The aim of this thesis is to investigate theperformance of the currently installed system and find a suitable replacement in termsof efficiency and economic viability. In order to acquire the necessary knowledge forthis project, a literature study was carried out to analyse the research within the area.Three simulation models were created which all include an electric motor driven by aphotovoltaic array and are connected to a submersible groundwater pump. Allmodels utilise space vector pulse width modulation. One model of an inductionmotor that represents the currently installed system, one induction motor thatdelivers a minimum of 25 m³ water per day, and one model of a permanent magnetsynchronous motor for comparison. Simulations using weather data, representing anaverage day for each month of the year were carried out. It was shown that thecurrently installed system does not fulfil the requirement of producing 25 m³ waterper day, and in addition produces a significant amount of energy that can not beutilised. It was also shown that the efficiency of the permanent magnet synchronousmotor was superior to the induction motors. In order to compare the systems interms of economic viability, price quotations from world leading manufacturers wereacquired. The results of the economic comparison show that the superior efficiencyof the permanent magnet synchronous motor was not enough to compensate for thehigher investment cost.

There is a challenge to feed an increasing world population. Simultaneously, as more people rely on food production, ensuring a sustainable food production becomes more important. In two of the United Nations’ seventeen sustainable development goals food is mentioned, and one of the more specific targets regards making public procurements more sustainable. There are however challenges with regards to how to reduce a Swedish public procurement’s environmental impacts. This is due to some fundamental principles every Swedish public procurement must follow. This thesis examines the environmental impacts of two public procurements of food, regarding global warming, acidification and eutrophication. It also examines whether calculating food’s environmental impacts per serving or per kg is the more representative approach. Lastly, this thesis examines how the environmental impacts of a public procurements of food can be reduced. Consequently, a methodology of how to minimize the environmental impacts of a procurement is presented. Firstly, the results show that the environmental impacts per servings and per kg differ. One procurement has approximately 50-60% higher environmental impacts compared to the other when measured per serving, but approximately 2-9% lower impacts when measured per kg. The authors argue that representing the environmental impacts per serving is more accurate, since it is more correlated to nutritional values. Secondly, the results show that the environmental impacts for minimizing each environmental impact category differs.

Att minska energianvändningen är lika mycket ett globalt mål som ett nationellt mål. Sverige har som mål att öka effektiviseringen av energianvändningen med 20 % fram till år 2020. Det gör att nästan alla sektorer påverkas och inte minst bostads- och servicesektorn som står för nästan 40 % av Sveriges energianvändning. Ventilationssystem är en av de saker som kan bidra till energibesparingen. I den här studien har en nybyggd grundskola simulerats avseende energi och komfort där olika ventilationssystem testats för att se vilket system som är mest lönsamt ekonomiskt, energi- och komfortmässigt. Det som skiljer ventilationssystemen åt är de olika typerna av flödesreglering. Två huvudtyper av ventilationsflödesreglering har testats: ”Variable Air Volume” = Luftflödet varierar efter behovet (VAV) och ”Constant Air Volume” = Konstant luftflöde (CAV). Byggnaden, som är välisolerad och har tung stomme, har även simulerats med ökad personbelastning för att se hur det påverkar ventilationssystemet. Metoden som används för att utföra arbetet är en simuleringsstudie av komparativt slag, där datorprogrammet IDA ICE 4.8 har använts för att modellera byggnaden och utföra simuleringarna. Modellen som har simulerats efterliknar delar av grundskolan Stigslundsskolan i Gävle, i både uppbyggnad, ventilation och användningsgrad. Data har samlats in från konsultföretaget Rambolls databaser med information om projekteringen av skolan och genom personlig kommunikation. Simuleringen av ett skolår har utförts och ett schema för personbelastningen har ställts in för varje sal för att efterlikna det schema som eleverna går efter i dagsläget. Resultatet av simuleringarna visade att VAV -ventilationssystemet som efterliknar det projekterade fallet väl täckte ventilationsbehovet, använde mindre energi än CAV-systemet och skapade ett mycket bra termiskt klimat i byggnaden. Resultatet visade också att ökad personbelastning hade stor inverkan på ventilationssystemet, och medförde bland annat att återbetalningstiden för VAV-systemet ökade från 11 till 30 år. / To reduce the energy use is as much a global goal as it is an international goal. The Swedish goal is to increase the efficiency of energy use with 20 % by year 2020. This means that almost all the sectors are affected, that includes the housing and service sector which accounts for almost 40 % of Sweden’s energy use. The ventilation system is one thing that can contribute to saving energy. In this study a new built primary school has been simulated, regarding energy use and thermal comfort, where different ventilation system has been tested to determine which system are the most profitable in economically, energy and comfortably. The ventilation system different in the flow control. Two main types of flow control have been tested: Variable Air Volume (VAV) and Constant Air Volume (CAV). The building, which is well insulated and has a heavy body has also been simulated with increased personal load to see how it affects the ventilation system. The method used to perform the work is a comparative type simulation study. The computer program IDA ICE 4.8 has been used to build the model and do the simulations. The model that has been simulated resemble the primary school Stigslundsskolan in Gävle in both construction, ventilation and degree of use. Data has been collected from the consulting company Ramboll’s database with information on the planning of the school. Personal communication has also been used to collect information. The simulations have been performed for a school year and a schedule for the personal load has been set for each hall to imitate the schedule that the students are following today. The result of the simulations showed that the VAV ventilation system, which resemble the planned case, cover the ventilation requirements, uses less energy than the CAV system and create a very good thermal climate in the building. The result also shows that the increased personal load had a great influence on the VAV ventilation system and increased the repayment period from 11 to 30 years.