Based on the articles Associativity of crossed produts by partial actions, enveloping actions and partial representations" of M. Dokuchaev and R. Exel ([7] and Enveloping Actions for Partial Hopf Actions" of M.M.S. Alves and E. Batista ([3]), we will report conditions for the existence of enveloping actions of partial group actions and partial Hopf algebra actions. The main results are: 1. Every partial action {αg:Dg−1→Dg:g∈G} of a group G on an unital associative algebra admits only one enveloping action if and only if, the ideals Dg are unital algebras; 2. Every left partial action of a Hopf algebra H on an unital associative algebra admits an enveloping action. Moreover, every left partial Hopf action is equivalent to a left partial action induced by the enveloping action; 3. Two miminal enveloping actions of a parcial Hopf action are isomorphic as left H-module algebras. / Baseados nos artigos Associativity of crossed produts by partial actions, enveloping actions and partial representations" de M. Dokuchaev e R. Exel ([7]) e Enveloping Actions for Partial Hopf Actions" de M.M.S. Alves e E. Batista ([3]), estabeleceremos condições para a existência de envolventes para ações parciais de grupo e ações parciais de Álgebras de Hopf sobre Álgebras. Os resultados principais são: 1. Toda ação parcial {αg:Dg−1→Dg:g∈G} de um grupo G sobre uma álgebra associativa e unitária admite uma única ação envolvente se, e somente se, os ideais Dg são álgebras unitárias; 2. Toda ação parcial (á esquerda) de uma álgebra de Hopf H sobre uma álgebra associativa e unitária tem uma envolvente, decorrendo daí que toda ação parcial (à esquerda) de Hopf é equivalente a ação parcial (à esquerda) induzida pela ação da envolvente; 3. Duas ações envolventes minimais de uma ação parcial de Hopf são isomorfas como H-módulos álgebras (á esquerda).

CGI är ett av världen största IT-tjänsteföretag med säte i Kanada. I Sverige erbjuder CGI flera tjänster där Business Process Services (BPS) är en av dem. Inom BPS finns grupperingen Data Documenting Services (DDS). DDS:s uppgift är att förmedla meddelanden till och mellan såväl människor som företag, via olika kanaler. Meddelanden som förmedlas i form av fysiska utskrifter, exempelvis administrativ post, hanteras inom tjänsten Printing Services. Administrativ post är till exempel kontrolluppgifter från skatteverket och försäkringsbrev. På Printing Services’ produktionsanläggning i Slagsta Strand söder om Stockholm printas, efterbehandlas och kuverteras drygt 440 miljoner sidor årligen, vilka genererar 150 miljoner försändelser per år. Ledningsgruppen på Printing Services anser att uttaget per investerad timme är för lågt, varför syftet med detta arbete är att utvärdera eventuella problem och identifiera potentiella förbättringar inom produktionen. Arbetets mål har varit att genomföra en kartläggning av verksamheten, utvärdera Printing Services mätmetoder samt identifiera förbättringsförslag inom varje delprocess och prioritera dessa. Resultatet är baserat på praktik, semistrukturerade intervjuer och visuella studier av delprocesserna. Resultatet av arbetet presenteras i form av textbeskrivningar och swimlane-diagram för respektive avdelning, där nuläget och ett potentiellt framtidsläge beskrivs. De identifierade förbättringsförslagen prioriteras i en PICK-matris. Slutsatserna som dragits under examensarbetet är censurerade. Nyckelord: Lean, Värdeflödesanalys, Print, Kuvertering / CGI is based in Canada and is one of the world’s largest IT service companies. CGI provides the Swedish market with several services including Business Process Services (BPS). Within BPS is Data Documenting Services (DDS). DDS’s main task is to communicate messages through various channels both directly to, and between, people and enterprises. DDS has a service called Printing Services that is responsible for all physical printouts. Printing Services is located in Slagsta Strand, an area south of Stockholm. At this facility more than 440 million pages are printed, post processed, and enveloped annually which generates around 150 million postal items each year. The management team of Printing Services considers the production rate to be unsatisfactory; therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate this problem and to identify potential improvements in the production. The goals of the thesis have been to conduct a Value Stream Mapping of Printing Services, evaluate Printing Services’ performance measurements, and provide suggestions for improvements and order of priority. The gathering of information, as a base for the thesis, was done by performing internships at Printing Services divisions, semi-structured interviews, and visual studies of sub-processes. The results of the thesis describe the present and the future state of Printing Services, presented in text and swimlane diagrams, with a prioritization of the suggestions for improvements in a PICK-matrix. The conclusions are censored. Keywords: Lean, Value Stream Mapping, Print, Enveloping

Tires are the most influential component of the vehicle as they constitute the only contact between the vehicle and the road and have to generate and transmit forces necessary for the driver to control the vehicle. The demand for the tire models are increasing due to the need to study the variations of force generation mechanisms due to various variables such as load, pressure, speed, and road surface irregularities. Another need from the vehicle manufactures is the study of potential incompatibilities associated with safety systems such as Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) and tires. For vehicle dynamic simulations pertaining to the design of safety systems such as ABS, ESC and ride controllers, an accurate and computationally efficient tire model is required. As these control algorithms become more advanced, they require accurate and extended validity in the range of frequencies required to cover dynamic response due to short wavelength road disturbances, braking and steering torque variations. Major thrust has been provided by the tire industry to develop simulation models that accurately predict the dynamic response of tires without the use of computationally intensive tools such as FEA. The objectives of this research are • To develop, implement and validate a rigid ring tire model and a simulation tool to assist both tire designers and the automotive industry in analyzing the effects of tire belt vibrations, road disturbances, and high frequency brake and steering torque variations on the handling, braking, and ride performances of the vehicle. • To further enhance the tire model by considering dynamic stiffness changes and temperature dependent friction properties. • To develop, and implement novel control algorithms for braking, stability, and ride performance improvements of the vehicle / Ph. D.

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Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons explicitement la structure multiplicative et la structure d’algèbre de Lie graduée sur la cohomologie de l’algèbre enveloppante d’une algèbre de Lie de dimension finie. Dans un premier temps, nous introduisons une structure multiplicative de la cohomologie de l’algèbre de Lie. Ensuite, nous montrons explicitement qu’il existe un isomorphisme d’algèbres graduées commutatives entre l’algèbre de cohomologie de Hochschild de l’algèbre enveloppante munie du produit cup et l’algèbre de cohomologie de l’algèbre de Lie. Dans un deuxième temps, nous introduisons une structure d’algèbre de Lie graduée sur la cohomologie de l’algèbre de Lie. Ensuite, nous montrons qu’il existe un isomorphisme d’algèbres de Lie graduées entre l’algèbre de Lie de cohomologie de Hochschild de l’algèbre enveloppante munie du crochet de Gerstenhaber et l’algèbre de cohomologie de l’algèbre de Lie. Enfin, nous décrivons complètement le crochet de Gerstenhaber sur la cohomologie de Hochschild de l’algèbre enveloppante d’une algèbre de Lie de dimension _ 3. / In this thesis, we explicitly describe the multiplicative structure and the graded Lie algebra structure of the cohomology of finite-dimensional Lie algebras. In a first step, we introduce a multiplicative structure for the cohomology of Lie algebra. Then, we explicitly show that there exists an isomorphism of commutative graded algebras between the Hochschild cohomology algebra of the enveloping algebra provided with the cup product and the cohomology algebra of the Lie algebra. In a second step, we introduce a graded Lie algebra structure for the cohomology of Lie algebra. Then, we show that there exists an isomorphism of graded Lie algebras between the Hochschild cohomology Lie algebra of the enveloping algebra provided with the Gerstenhaber bracket and the cohomology algebra of the Lie algebra. Finally, we describe completely the Gerstenhaber bracket on the Hochschild cohomology of the enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra for dimension _ 3.

Wheeled Mobile Driving Simulators (WMDS) promise a high potential for urban traffic simulation. The tires generate the accelerations of WMDS and therefore are a key component of this simulator type. Hence, the choice of a proper tire concept is of high importance. Solid tires with compact dimensions and a high vertical stiffness are a possible alternative approach to conventional pneumatic tires. To assess the application potential of solid tires their characteristics are identified. The results show that high slip values and slip angles are necessary to reach the maximum friction coefficient of about 0.8 while their correlation is highly nonlinear. With the identified tire properties, the impact of the tires on energy consumption and motion control performance of WMDS is investigated. The solid tires show an increased energy consumption of about 4% compared to pneumatic tires in representative urban driving cycle simulations. Solid tires with their nonlinear characteristics lead to five times higher lateral acceleration errors in relation to pneumatic tires at accelerations of 5 m/s2 during a horizontal eight maneuver. The vertical properties of both tires were identified to be not sufficient for the application of a WMDS solely sprung by tires on uneven grounds of common quality.

Obtaining the modal parameters of a deflected and rolling tire represents a challenge due to the complex vibration characteristics that cause the tire's symmetry distortion and the natural frequencies' bifurcation phenomena. The modal parameters are usually extracted using a detailed finite element model. The main issue with full modal models (FEA, for example) is the inability to integrate the tire modal model with the vehicle models to tune the suspension system for optimal ride comfort. An in-plane rigid–elastic-coupled tire model was used to examine the 200 DOF finite difference method (FDM) modal analysis accuracy under non-ground contact and non-rotating conditions. The discrete in-plane rigid–elastic-coupled tire model was modified to include the contact patch restriction, centrifugal force, Doppler, and Coriolis effects, covering a range of 0-300 Hz. As a result, the influence of the contact patch and the rotating tire conditions on the natural frequencies and modes were obtained through modal analysis. The in-plane rigid–elastic-coupled modal model with varying conditions was created that connects any two DOFs around the tire's tread or sidewall as inputs or outputs. The vertical movement of the wheel was incorporated into the in-plane rigid–elastic-coupled tire modal model to extract the transfer function (TF) that connects road irregularities as an input to the wheel's vertical movement as an output. The TF was utilized in a quasi-static manner to obtain the tire's enveloping characteristics rolling over short wavelength obstacles as a direct function of vertical wheel displacement under varying contact patch length constraints. The tire modal model was implemented with the quarter car model to obtain the vehicle response rolling over short wavelength obstacles. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to examine the influence of tire parameters and pretension forces on natural frequencies. / Doctor of Philosophy / The goal of vehicle manufacturers is to predict the vehicle's behavior under various driving conditions using mathematical models and simulation. Automotive companies rely heavily on computational simulation tools instead of real-time tests to shorten the product development cycle and reduce costs. However, the interaction between the tire and the road is one of the most critical aspects to consider when evaluating automobile stability and performance. The tires are responsible for generating the forces and moments that drive and maneuver the vehicle. Tires are complex products due to their intricate design, and their characteristics are affected by many factors such as vertical load, inflation pressure, speed, and a road with an uneven surface profile. Consequently, this project aims to describe the influence of various driving circumstances and load conditions on tire properties, as well as to develop a model that can represent the vertical tire and vehicle behavior while traveling over a cleat under different vehicle loads.

Först presenteras metafysisk funktionalism. En Ramseysats för smärta spelar en central roll som en implicit definition av ett mentalt tillstånd över sensorisk input och beteendemässig output. Därefter presenteras reliabilismen som en teori om kunskap. Några allmänna kunskapsteoretiska problem, samt några av reliabilismens problem presenteras. De mest relevanta problem är följande: fallet med en elak demon, klärvoajans samt Mr. Truetemp, och generalitetsproblemet. En formell och schematisk presentation ges för reliabilism som en teori för kunskap, eller möjligen tillskrivande av kunskap, och processreliabilism som en teori för epistemiskt rättfärdigande. Därefter exponeras strukturella likheter mellan funktionalism och processreliabilism. Det får anses plausibelt att det råder ett nära släktskap mellan dessa teorier då Ramseysatser för rättfärdigade trosföreställningar presenteras. Dessa analyseras sedan utifrån möjliga fall. Med ny teoretisk bakgrund prövas reliabilismens problem ånyo inom ett funktionalistisk ramverk. Nya sätt att bemöta problemen presenteras genom en analys av det Kinesiska Rummet. Det svårlösta generalitetsproblemet kan ses som ett frameproblem och hanteras med hjälp av enveloping. / Firstly, a presentation of metaphysical functionalism. A Ramsey sentence plays a central role as an implicit definition of a mental state over sensory input and behavouristic output. A presentation of reliabilism as a theory of knowledge. A summary of some general epistemological problems and some specific to reliabilism; the main ones are the evil demon, clairvoyance and Mr. Truetemp, and the generality problem. A formal and schematic presentation of reliabilism as a theory of knowlege, or possibly knowlege attribution, and process reliabilism as a theory of belief justification. Structural similarities between functionalism and process reliabilism are exposed. A close kinship between these two theories seems plausible because of the possibility to present Ramsey sentences for justified beliefs. These Ramsey sentences are then analysed over possible cases. This new theoretical background, warrents another look at problems for reliabilism. New ways to counter these problems are presented via an analysis of the Chinese Room. The elusive genrality problem is seen as a frame problem and treated using enveloping.

L'anneau $\Diff(n)$ des opérateurs différentiels $\h$-déformés apparaît dans la théorie des algèbres de réduction.Dans cette thèse, nous construisons les anneaux des opérateurs différentiels généralisés sur les espaces vectoriels $\h$-déformés de type $\gl$. Contrairement aux espaces vectoriels $q$-déformés pour lequel l'anneau des opérateurs différentiels est unique \`a isomorphisme pr\`es, l'anneau généralisé des opérateurs différentiels $\h$-déformés $\Diffs(n)$ est indexée par une fonction rationnelle $\sigma$ en $n$ variables, solution d'un syst\`eme d\'eg\'en\'er\'e d'\'equations aux diff\'erences finies. Nous obtenons la solution g\'en\'erale de ce syst\`eme. Nous montrons que le centre de $\Diffs(n)$ est un anneau des polynômes en $n$ variables. Nous construisons un isomorphisme entre des localisations de l'anneau $\Diffs(n)$ et de l’algèbre de Weyl $\text{W}_n$ l’étendue par $n$ indéterminés. Nous présentons des conditions irréductibilité des modules de dimension fini de $\Diffs(n)$. Finalement, nous discutons des difficultés a trouver les constructions analogues pour l'anneau $\Diff(n,N)$ correspondant \`a $N$ copies de $\Diff(n)$. / The ring $\Diff(n)$ of $\h$-deformed differential operators appears in the theory of reduction algebras. In this thesis, we construct the rings of generalized differential operators on the $\h$-deformed vector spaces of $\gl$-type. In contrast to the $q$-deformed vector spaces for which the ring of differential operators is unique up to an isomorphism, the general ring of $\h$-deformed differential operators $\Diffs(n)$ is labeled by a rational function $\sigma$ in $n$ variables, satisfying an over-determined system of finite-difference equations. We obtain the general solution of the system. We show that the center of $\Diffs(n)$ is a ring of polynomials in $n$ variables. We construct an isomorphism between certain localizations of $\Diffs(n)$ and the Weyl algebra $\W_n$ extended by $n$ indeterminates. We present some conditions for the irreducibility of the finite dimensional $\Diffs(n)$-modules. Finally, we discuss difficulties for finding analogous constructions for the ring $\Diff(n, N)$ formed by several copies of $\Diff(n)$.

Neste trabalho classificamos, a menos de isomorfismos, as álgebras de Bol de dimensão 2 sobre um corpo de característica 0. Também determinamos suas álgebras de Lie envolvente e, mostramos que existem álgebras de Bol não isomorfas cujas álgebras de Lie envolventes coorrespondentes são isomorfas. Calculamos os grupos algébricos (locais) correspondentes a cada uma das álgebras de Lie envolventes e provamos que todo loop de Bol analítico (algébrico) global de dimensão 2 sobre um corpo de característica 0 é um grupo. Exibimos exemplos de loops de Bol algébricos globais de dimensão n, para todo n > 2, e fornecemos uma condição necessária e suciente para a existência de um loop de Bol algébrico global quando a álgebra de Bol tem uma álgebra de Lie envolvente nilpotente de índice 2 sobre um corpo de característica diferente de 2. / In this work, we classify up to isomorphism, the Bol algebras of dimension 2 over a eld of characteristic 0. We also determine their enveloping Lie algebras and we exhibit two non-isomorphic Bol algebras which have isomorphic enveloping Lie algebras. We determine the (local) correspondent algebraic groups of each of those enveloping Lie algebras and we show that every global analytic (algebraic) Bol loop of dimension 2 over a eld of characteristic 0 is a group. We exhibit examples of non-nilpotent solvable algebraic Bol loops in dimension n for every n > 2, and we were able to give a necessary and sucient condition to decide if a local algebraic Bol loop is global when its enveloping Lie algebra is nilpotent of index 2 and char(F) 6= 2: