Os calçados são essenciais na vida humana, eles possuem a função primordial de proteger os pés e interagem constantemente com o indivíduo. Além do aspecto funcional, se exige qualidade, conforto e estética em sua confecção. Os fatores antropométricos e biomecânicos contribuem nessa interface ao oferecer parâmetros científicos na sua forma ergonômica. Confeccionar um calçado que garanta a saúde para os pés necessita conhecer os fatores que estão direta ou indiretamente relacionados à sua história, ao processo de produção, a matéria-prima entre outros itens relacionados ao calçado, assim com um embasamento científico pode dar um melhor suporte ao processo de desenvolvimento do produto. Neste contexto, a dissertação teve por objetivo organizar estes conceitos de maneira que forneça informações essenciais para a construção de um calçado confortável, pois há uma dificuldade em encontrar uma gama de conhecimentos reunidos sobre calçados para o desenvolvimento de novos projetos. Neste sentido, o estudo investigou também as características da fibra de coco verde, dos frutos descartados na cidade de Francisco Morato - São Paulo, para verificar a viabilidade de aplicação dessas fibras na construção de partes do calçado. Para a realização deste trabalho foi fundamentado uma revisão teórica que apontou a evolução do calçado na história da humanidade, os fatores indispensáveis para oferecer o conforto, a análise do pé humano, conhecimento sobre a matéria-prima e algumas possibilidades de agregarem a fibra natural de coco verde para a fabricação de um protótipo para solado feito da fibra coco. A metodologia utilizada refere-se aos aspectos teóricos numa abordagem de conhecimentos para a confecção calçadista e, que possam ser empregados na etapa da produção do protótipo. Foi feita uma maceração biológica nas fibras e realizados testes de tração e microscopia óptica. As fibras foram extraídas do coco, analisadas em testes laboratoriais e posteriormente agregadas a uma resina (PVAc Poliacetato de Vinila) para formar o protótipo. Os resultados mostraram que as fibras de coco verde possuem potencial em relação a outras fibras naturais estudadas em literaturas, para serem aplicadas como reforços na construção de partes do calçado. Possuem a rigidez necessária aos materiais usados na fabricação do sapato e, uma proteção natural graças à presença de lignina. Porém, há necessidade de que as informações da cadeia produtiva sejam mais acessíveis e amplas a nível científico e, possibilitem a criação de alternativas mais eficazes e na melhoria das técnicas já existentes no mercado. Há uma grande possibilidade do emprego das fibras naturais em substituição das fibras sintéticas para serem empregadas na fabricação de partes dos calçados como, por exemplo, nos solados e palmilhas. / Shoes are essential mode of human life; they have the primary function of protecting the feet and constantly interact with the individual. Besides the functional aspect, if demands quality, comfort and aesthetics in its making. The anthropometric and biomechanical factors contribute to this interface and provide scientific parameters for its ergonomic design. Manufacturing a shoe that ensures the health of the human foot aims to know the factors that are directly or indirectly related to its history, production process, raw materials and other factors related to shoes, so with a scientific background can better support the process of product development. In this context, the dissertation aimed to organize these concepts in a way that provides essential information for the construction of comfortable shoes and can influence new ideas to use in the footwear sector, since there is a difficulty in finding a range of knowledge gathered over shoes, which are important for the development of new projects. In this sense, the study also investigated the characteristics of green coconut fiber, fruit discarded in the town of Francisco Morato - São Paulo, to verify the feasibility of these fibers in the construction of parts of footwear. For this work was based showed that a theoretical evolution of footwear in the history of mankind, the factors necessary to provide comfort, a study of foot, knowledge of the raw materials and some possibilities of aggregating the natural fiber coconut for manufacturing a prototype for soles made of coconut fiber. The methodology used refers to the theoretical approach knowledge for making footwear and which may be used in the production step of the prototype. We conducted a biological maceration into the fibers and performed tensile testing and optical microscopy. The fibers were extracted from coconut analyzed in laboratory tests and then aggregated to a resin (PVAc - Vinyl polyacetate) to form the prototype. The results showed that coconut fibers have potential in relation to other natural fibers studied in literatures, for use as reinforcements in building parts of the footwear. Have the necessary rigidity to the materials used in manufacturing the shoe, and a natural protection due to the presence of lignin. However, there is need for the information of the production chain are more accessible and wide-ranging scientific level and thus allow the creation of more effective alternatives and that the techniques could be improved. There is a great possibility of using natural fibers in place from synthetic for use in footwear, for instance, in the soloed and shoe insole.

[pt] O crescimento da internet trouxe um aumento rápido na quantidade de informações dos sites, que circulam de forma cada vez mais dinâmica. Por isso, muitas empresas estão utilizando sistemas de gerenciamento e publicação de conteúdo (CMS) para gerenciá-las. Porém, a reutilização desses sistemas em outro contexto, que não o original, pode ocasionar problemas de usabilidade, comprometendo a sua eficácia e a satisfação do usuário, problema da pesquisa. Para identificar os problemas e disponibilizar recomendações que possam facilitar a interação entre os sistemas de gerenciamento de conteúdo e seus usuários, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo específico realizar uma avaliação ergonômica no Gutenberg, sistema de gerenciamento e publicação de conteúdo, através de entrevistas e testes de usabilidade com usuários da Faperj - Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e profissionais da Winco - empresa responsável pelo desenvolvimento do sistema. Para fazer a análise dos resultados obtidos através das técnicas de pesquisa, foram utilizados os critérios ergonômicos de Nielsen, Bastien e Scapin, comprovando a hipótese de que os ajustes necessários para a aplicação do sistema de publicação de conteúdo em outro contexto podem ocasionar problemas de usabilidade, dificultando a utilização e manutenção do site pelos usuários que utilizam o sistema As recomendações geradas por esta pesquisa, resultado das sugestões dos usuários em conjunto com o pesquisador durante o processo de avaliação do sistema, são direcionadas ao contexto analisado. Porém, podendo servir como referência para outros sistemas do mesmo segmento. / [en] The growth of the InterNet has caused larged increase in the amount of information on sites that run in a more and more dynamic way. Therefore, many companies have been using content management and publication systems (CMS) to manage it. However, the re-utilization of these systems in a context other, than the original one, may result in usability problems, compromising its efficiency and user´s satisfaction, the problem of this research. In order to identify the problems and provide recommendations that may facilitate the interaction between the content management and publication systems and its users, this research has as main objective to carry out an ergonomic evaluation of the Gutenberg system of management and publication of content, through interviews and usability tests carried out with users from Faperj - Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - and professionals from Winco - company responsible for the system´s development. In order to carry out the analysis of the results gathered through research techniques, the ergonomic criteria of Nielsen, Bastien and Scapin have been used, confirming the hypothesis that the adjustments necessary for the application of the content management and publication systems in another context may cause usability problems, making it hard for the users that utilize the system to implement and maintain the site. The recommendations brought about by this research, result of the users´ suggestions together with the researcher´s over the process of evaluation of the system, are directed to the context analyzed. However, it may also be of use as a reference to for other systems of the same segment.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le champ de recherche en ergonomie qui porte sur les acteurs de la prévention. Elle défend l’idée que l’activité des représentants du personnel est un travail et qu’il est possible de contribuer au développement de leur activité à travers des interventions ergonomiques.Elle a été conduite auprès de sept CHSCT de métiers différents de la SNCF et fait suite à une demande sociale formulée par l’Observatoire de la Qualité de Vie au Travail de cette entreprise. Les membres de cet Observatoire souhaitaient avoir un éclairage scientifique pour comprendre les difficultés de fonctionnement de ces instances et les possibilités d’y améliorer la prise en compte du travail pour contribuer à la prévention de la pénibilité.Par l’Analyse Ergonomique du Travail, il a été possible de comprendre les spécificités de cette activité. Plusieurs interventions ergonomiques ont été mises en place au sein de sept CHSCT pour mettre à l’épreuve les diagnostics locaux réalisés. Il a ainsi été possible de contribuer au développement de l’activité des représentants du personnel.Cette thèse démontre que les représentants du personnel sont des praticiens qui contribuent par leur activité à résoudre les problèmes de l’entreprise. Pour autant, le cadre réglementaire ne leur permet pas de prendre en charge le caractère dynamique des situations de travail des salariés et les possibilités d’action de leur propre activité. Cela les amène à définir des modes d’action qui soient en adéquation avec l’environnement dynamique dans lequel ils agissent.Il leur est de fait nécessaire de construire un référentiel commun permettant d’articuler une nécessité d’agir ensemble tout en tenant des points de vue individuels. La conflictualité et la coopération sont par conséquent inhérentes au mode de fonctionnement des CHSCT. Toutefois, ce cadre commun doit s’appuyer sur d’autres éléments que la réglementation et il est nécessaire de donner une place aux salariés dans la construction des problèmes et des solutions.Il apparaît également qu’il est difficile pour eux de pouvoir débattre des difficultés individuelles et collectives qu’ils rencontrent. Cela contribue au développement de défenses collectives amenant à un traitement des problèmes en vase clos au sein de l’instance.Dès lors, l’intervention ergonomique doit faciliter une activité collective par la mise en débat des pratiques et des difficultés individuelles et collectives. Toute la difficulté pour l’intervenant étant qu’il ne s’appuie pas sur un collectif de travail qui pour autant doit développer un travail collectif. Il s’agit ainsi de contribuer à ce que le dénominateur commun entre les membres permette d’y intégrer la complexité du travail et les salariés. En cela, la conflictualité et la coopération doivent s’articuler autour des situations de travail des salariés et non uniquement de l’application de la réglementation. / This dissertation falls within a field of research in ergonomics focused on health and safety staff. It defends the idea that the activity of staff representatives is to be considered as work and that it is possible to contribute to the development of their activity thanks to ergonomic interventions.This research was carried out by studying seven CHSCTs (Occupational Health and Safety Committee) of different professions at the SNCF (French National Rail Company), and was ordered by their Observatoire de la Qualité de Vie au Travail (Monitoring Agency for Quality of Life in the Workplace). The members of the Observatoire wanted a scientific study to help them understand the functional difficulties encountered by the CHSCTs, and the possibilities for improving work analysis, in turn improving their prevention work.Thanks to an Ergonomic Work Analysis, we were able to understand the specificities of this activity. Several ergonomic interventions were organized in order to test previous local diagnostics. We were thus able to contribute to the development of the activity of staff representatives.This dissertation shows that staff representatives are practicians who, through their activity, contribute to problem solving in the company. The current regulations framework does not permit them to take into account the dynamic nature of employees' work situations, nor the possibilities for action in their own work. This has lead them to defining modes of action that are in line with the dynamic environment in which they are called upon to intervene.It is therefore necessary for them to build a common frame of reference in order to act together, while still retaining individual points of view. Inevitably, conflictuality and cooperation are inherent to the functioning of CHSCTs. This common framework however must be based upon other elements besides regulations, and it is necessary to give employees a say in the formation of both problems and solutions.It also appears to be difficult for them to discuss the individual and collective difficulties that they encounter. This contributes to the development of collective defenses, leading to a closed, in-house treatment of the workers situational problems.As such, ergonomic interventions must facilitate collective activity by questioning both individual and collective pratices and difficulties. The challenge for the ergonomist is that he cannot base his intervention upon a work collective, which must none-the-less produce a collective work. Therefore the contribution must work towards a common denominator between the members, allowing for the integration of both the complexity of work and the employees. In that, conflictuality and cooperation must be articulated around employees' work situations, and not only the application of regulations.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons conduit une étude épidémiologique transversale et descriptive dont les objectifs sont de décrire les caractéristiques sociales et professionnelles du personnel du service des urgences et les contraintes psychosociales et organisationnelles du travail. Les résultats de cette enquête, une fois analysés, sont resitués d’une part dans leur environnement politico-institutionnel en décrivant les caractéristiques du système de santé algérien et son évolution et quelques indicateurs reflétant les réponses du système aux défis représentés par la prise en charge de la santé de la population et d’autre part, dans leur environnement théorique et méthodologique, par l’élaboration d’une revue de littérature sur les risques psychosociaux encourus en milieu de soins. Dans un second temps, il nous a semblé propice d’approfondir les résultats de ces investigations épidémiologiques par une étude plus fine des situations de travail. Ceci nous a conduits à observer de près les situations de travail aux urgences moyennant la concrétisation, dans une première phase, d’une intervention ergonomique puis, dans une deuxième phase, l’organisation de Groupes de rencontres du travail (GRT). La démarche ergologique a permis de mieux expliquer les facteurs susceptibles de donner lieu aux conflits de valeurs, aux difficultés de coopérations, aux attitudes hostiles et aux dénis de reconnaissance. Les conséquences majeures de ces risques psychosociaux en sont la démotivation, l’épuisement et le déploiement de stratégies défensives individuelles et collectives. / Initial results have encouraged us to closely observe the work of the emergency situations through the realization of an ergonomic intervention at first and then ergologia (GRT) in a second time. To bring out the elements that may lead to the identification of difficult work situations, we conducted comprehensive and systematic observations leading to the formulation of a local and general diagnosis. We have proposed operational action tracks, one of which is the organization of a meeting of the Working Group (GRT). Writing and putting into words the activity of nurses, caregivers and physicians was difficult. The general tone of the speeches has reported difficulties, collective discomfort or pain at work. The protagonists of work relate currently functions lips and near absence of management. As to the issue of psychosocial risks, the epidemiological study has highlighted the strong professional constraints and the lack of recognition of novice general practitioners and young orderlies.The major consequences are the demotivation and the deployment of defensive strategies as the medicalization of their health seeking an exemption from custody or a transfer to another service.Keywords :Medical and surgical emergencies; Psychosocial risks; Ergonomic; Activity; Psychosocial risks; ergologia; Meeting of the Working Group.

This report treats a product development project conducted in the course Degree Project for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Innovation and Design Engineering, MSGC12, at Karlstads University. The course is a part of the faculty of heath, sciences and engineering. The report is written by the student Elin Berg, the supervisor of the project is Kristina Gullander and the examnier is Leo de Vin. The assignment is provided by Support Design, a Swedish company in Sunne that manufactures and distributes ergnomic chairs. The chairs are mainly sold to clients working in the dental and medical markets, but also office workers. Customers often sit on the chairs for long workdays, and several users sometimes perform precision work that requires relief for the arms and shoulders. Today, Support Design does not manufacture its own armrests but buys these from the US and China. The aim of the project is to develop an ergonomic armrest for dental operator chairs where the target group is dentists, dental hygienists and dentist assistants. The armrest should have functions that relieve, provide support and are flexible in order for the user to change the working position. The purpose of the project is to expand the Support Designs business by introducing its own armrest production. Eventually, this would give the company competitive advantages, facilitate logistics and result in better margins. The work process follows the methods that are part of a product development process. The phases of the project are project start, project planning, research, product specification, concept generation, concept selection, sub-report, design, final prototype, opposition, presentation, and exhibition. The research is the most important phase in identifying the user's needs, thus developing ergonomic armrests that fulfill the necessary functions.

[pt] O método projetual da atividade design de interiores, com enfoque no processo, é o objeto de estudo desta pesquisa. Propõe-se agregar os conhecimentos da ergonomia do ambiente construído a práticas de projeto existentes, a fim de contribuir com o desenvolvimento dessa profissão. A atividade de design de interiores vem sendo exercida no Brasil predominantemente por arquitetos, designers e designers de interiores. Acredita-se que os princípios da ergonomia do ambiente construído podem contribuir com melhorias na elaboração dos projetos desse segmento de criação tridimensional. Nesta pesquisa, faz-se uma revisão das metodologias utilizadas pelos profissionais que exercem a atividade de design de interiores e revisa-se os principais métodos utilizados na ergonomia com foco na análise do usuário e do ambiente. Busca-se compreender através de pesquisa descritiva junto aos profissionais e usuários como ocorre o processo projetual desta atividade, abordando-se todas as etapas do trabalho. As revisões das metodologias existentes, os resultados encontrados nas inquirições e as análises realizadas, servirão de aporte para um método projetual que contemple, além das etapas naturais do projeto de interiores, aspectos da ergonomia do ambiente construído. / [en] The method of interior design project in Brazil is the object of study of this research. Proposes to add the human factors in environmental design knowledge to existing design practices in order to contribute to the development of this profession. Mainly architects, designers and interior designers have practiced the interior design activity. It is believed that the principles of the human factors in environmental design can contribute to improvements in the preparation of projects. In this research, it is a review of the methodologies used by the professionals engaged in the interior design activity and is reviewed, the main methods used in ergonomics focusing on user analysis and in the environment. The aim is to verify through qualitative research with professionals and users, as in the design process of this activity, approaching all stages of the work. Revisions of existing methodologies, the results found in inquiries and analyzes, will serve as input for a proposed schematic modeling covering beyond the natural stages of the interior design project, ergonomic aspects of the human factors in environmental design.

Subject of this Diploma thesis is the design of metal detector and luggage X-ray screening. The thesis concerns with design of frame metal detector and luggage x-ray with focus on visual appeal, keeping of functional elements and concept of construction solution. Main objective is to find solution how to connect aesthetic, ergonomic and technical aspect. Complete analysis leads to design of metal detector and luggage X-ray screening. These appliances then appeal as compact system with uniform design. Also the machines can be used separately. Design of this system of appliances is solved through ergonomic, psychologic, technical and aesthetic aspects.

Ce mémoire contribue à la thématique de l'évaluation des interfaces utilisateur. Il se base sur deux contributions pour l'évaluation de ces interfaces. La première consiste en un Framework se basant sur trois différentes techniques d'évaluation (le mouchard électronique, le questionnaire et l'inspection des règles ergonomiques). La seconde consiste en deux ensembles de composants graphiques pour la composition d'interfaces graphiques avec les environnements de développement intégral du type WYSIWYG. Le premier ensemble vise à inspecter la présentation statique de l'interface lors de la conception de cette dernière. Cette inspection s'effectue localement par le composant graphique lui-même par rapport à un ensemble de règles ergonomiques. Le second ensemble consiste à l'évaluation de l'interface utilisateur en analysant l'interaction entre l'utilisateur et l'interface. Cet ensemble de composants opère avec un mouchard dédié à cet usage. Une évaluation de ces deux contributions ainsi que des perspectives de recherche concluront ce présent mémoire. / This thesis report is a contribution to the user interface evaluation theme. Our thesis is based mainly on two contributions for user interface evaluation. The first one consists of a Framework dedicated for user interface evaluation. It is based on three evaluation techniques (the electronic informer, the questionnaire and the ergonomic inspection). The second consists of two sets of graphical controls for composing the user interface using WYSIWYG integrated development environment. The thirst set is intended to inspect the user interface static display during the design phase. This inspection is elaborated by the control itself according to ergonomic guidelines. The second set consists in evaluating user interfaces by analyzing the interaction between the user and the interface. This set of controls operates with an electronic informer dedicated to user interface evaluation. An evaluation of these two contributions as well as research perspectives concludes this present report.

El sector textil de la confección es la actividad manufacturera más importante del país con el 16.5% de las empresas dedicadas a la confección de vestimenta. Sin embargo, la fuerte demanda de prendas de vestir ha generado problemas dentro del flujo productivo los cuales afectan la productividad. Por tal motivo, la presente investigación analiza el problema de la baja productividad en el área de costura, la cual, en el presente caso, ocasiona incumplimientos y sobrecostos operativos. Las causas principales que generan el problema central están relacionadas con el planeamiento de materiales, la gestión de calidad y las inadecuadas condiciones ergonómicas. En base a ello, se desarrolló un modelo de mejora basado en la aplicación de herramientas Lean y la ejecución de plan de abastecimiento (MRP), el cual tiene un enfoque de mejora continua desarrollado bajo la metodología Kaizen. Dicho modelo propone la mejora del flujo productivo mediante la eliminación de actividades que no generan valor a la cadena productiva; asimismo, ejecuta la mejora de las condiciones laborales basándose la redistribución de áreas de trabajo y políticas de orden y limpieza, lo cual logra reducir el esfuerzo operacional e incrementar la eficiencia; por último, el modelo restablece y mejora la cadena de abastecimiento de materia prima mediante el desarrollo de MRP, logrando reducir la cantidad de paradas de producción por desabastecimiento. Con la mejora de dichos factores que afectan directamente al problema principal, se logra incrementar la productividad en un 20%, lo cual puede ir mejorando a medida que la curva de aprendizaje de los trabajadores llegue a su máximo nivel. Esta nueva solución industrial permitirá a las empresas del sector textil ser más competitivas en el mercado y adaptarlas a sus necesidades. / The main purpose of using Lean Manufacturing tools are to increase productivity, improve product quality, reduce inventory, reduce lead time, and eliminate manufacturing waste or non-value-added activities. Garment manufacturing companies follow a conventional production system and face problems related to long production times, poor line balance, long material movement and transport, and ergonomic problems. The main objective of this research is to improve productivity by minimizing and eliminating waste within the production line in such a way as to increase market competition through the execution of a supply plan and the application of different Lean Manufacturing tools such as: 5'S, SLP, standardization of work through the study of time and line balancing; all based on the Kaizen methodology which works under a continuous improvement approach. Within the investigation, it has been possible to identify a high level of defective product, a poor balance of the production line, excessive transfer times and a low operational efficiency caused by inadequate ergonomic conditions. Based on the critical factors identified, which severely affect productivity, a model was developed based on the application of Lean tools and the preparation of an MRP supply plan, where the observed results involve, the reduction of the product index defective in 10.61%, the decrease to 9.95% of orders of stock-out production and the increase of the operating efficiency in 10.20%. The implementation of these new manufacturing practices contributed to a 20% increase in productivity, which can lead to constant improvement in product quality and contribute to business economic sustainability. / Trabajo de investigación

Det finns företag inom den svenska industrin som är intresserade av att tillämpa fixturer för byggnation av huskomponenter. I förhoppningen av att fixturerna ska medföra samma produktionsmässiga fördelar till byggindustrin som de redan gör inom andra industrier idagsläget. Ändamålet med fixturerna är att huskomponenterna som producerade i fixturerna ska bli billigare att tillverka i jämförelse med traditionell husbyggnation. Vilket leder till möjligheten att uppföra billigare bostäder. Samtidigt som fixturerna skapar en förhoppning av att de ska öppna upp för fler att arbeta med produktion av bostäder, genom att fixturerna sänker kravet på tidigare yrkesskicklighet och utbildning för att kunna producera högkvalitativa produkter. Därigenom har en inkorporering av fixturer inom byggindustrin möjlighet till att bidra positivt i samhällsutvecklingen rörande både bostads- och långtidsarbetslöshet.  Dock är forskning på området bristfällig och det saknas kunskap om hur en eventuell tillämpning av fixturer inom byggindustrin kan se ut. Därför utför det här projektet en fallstudie i utvecklandet av en fixtur. Fallstudien är utgörs av ett pilotprojekt mellan företaget Husmuttern AB och ett av Sveriges ledande byggföretag och ämnar utveckla en fixtur för produktion av innerväggar, vilka ska levereras till ett aktivt bostadsprojekt i Eskilstuna. Projektet följer en produktutvecklingsprocess utvecklad av Ulrich & Eppinger (2019) för att ta fram en adekvat fixturkonstruktion till pilotprojektet. Utöver produktutvecklingsprocessen genomförs en litteraturstudie baserat på metoden framtagen av Hagen-Zanker & Mallet (2013) för att identifiera ett teoretiskt underlag för projektet. Fallstudien syftar till att besvara de tvåforskningsfrågorna: ”Hur kan ergonomin se ut för monteringsarbete vid innerväggsfixturer?”och ”Vilka relationer finns mellan innerväggens byggkrav och tillverkningsfixturens konstruktion?”. Fallstudien resulterade i att en flexibel fixtur konstruerades, vilken: enligt de ergonomiska bedömningsmodeller som applicerades visade på att fixturen bidrog med att skapa en god ergonomisk arbetsplats för de anställda och säkerställde att väggsektionerna som producerades i fixturen uppnådde de rådande byggnationskraven. Den utvecklade konstruktionslösningen visade på förmågan att kunna medföra besparingar på 70 procent för deväggsektionerna som producerades under pilotstudien i jämförelse med den referenskostnad som användes. Besparingen avser produktionskostnaden av innerväggarna där materialkostnaden är exkluderad då den är densamma för båda fallen. Resultatet från fallstudien visade på att det går att tillämpa fixturer inom byggindustrin på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt vid produktion av större volymer komponenter, samtidigt som kravet på erfarenhet reduceras och ergonomin på arbetsplatsen förbättras.  Rapporten innehåller även rekommendationer om fortsatta studier inom ämnet.