Cette thèse propose d'étudier les instruments du chef d'établissement dans un contexte d'évolution des politiques éducatives et de la nature de sa fonction, managérialisée. En réseaux ambition réussite, les chefs d'établissements se trouvent face à des situations inédites : personnels supplémentaires, co-pilotage des équipes, collectifs nouveaux et hétérogènes à constituer. Nous nous inscrivons dans une perspective historico-culturelle qui considère l'activité individuelle comme une construction sociale portant sur des objets sociaux qui assurent la médiation inter-individuelle. Selon l'approche ergonomique de l'activité, l'activité du chef d'établissement est individuelle mais forcément partagée et médiée par des instruments. Des entretiens répétés de chefs d'établissement ont été analysés et mis en perspective avec les entretiens de divers acteurs scolaires. Les résultats montrent que l'activité du chef d'établissement est empêchée : l'organisation du travail dont il a la charge n'est pas tournée vers la réorganisation du milieu et des rapports sociaux qui s'y inscrivent. D'une part, les instruments utilisés pour agir sur le milieu ne sont pas transformés et la logique verticale de l'établissement domine. En retour, le chef d'établissement perçoit son travail comme inchangé. D'autre part, les instruments utilisés pour agir sur les professeurs ne permettent pas à ces derniers de participer à la réorganisation du milieu. Ils visent à les mobiliser, les faire adhérer, voire leur imposer des manières de faire. En retour, le travail d'organisation des professeurs reste dans l'ombre. Par conséquent, organisation du travail et travail d'organisation ne se rencontrent pas. / This thesis studies the tools of headmasters resulting of the evolution of school policies witch made them as managers. Headmasters are facing unprecedented situations with ambition success networks: new staff, co-leading of teams, forming new and heterogeneous groups. Our historic and cultural approach states that individual activity is a social construction based on social objects witch make possible inter-individual mediation. The ergonomic approach to the activity states that the headmaster's activity is individual but necessarily shared and mediated by tools. Repeated interviews of headmasters have been analyzed and put in perspective with the interviews of several other school actors. The results show that the activity of the headmaster is prevented: the organization of work does not contribute to the reorganization of the milieu and of the social relations. On the one hand, the tools used to act on the milieu are not transformed to reorganize the milieu and the school-based rationale prevails. In return, the headmaster sees his work as unchanged. On the other hand, the tools used to act on teachers do not allow them to contribute to the reorganization of the milieu. The tools aim at mobilize them, make them subscribe, gather them or sometimes set them behavior patterns. In return, the work of organization made by teachers remains in obscurity. Consequently, organization of work and work of organization do not meet.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo ergonômico sobre o trabalho de operadores de processo de plataformas marítimas de produção de petróleo. As primeiras investigações sobre as atuais práticas e produtos finais de projetos de sistemas produtivos de grande porte resultaram em indícios de um ambiente de produção com aspectos operacionais não equilibrados e desintegrados. A partir destes indícios, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica que destacou as considerações e limitações de aspectos relacionados à Ergonomia em assuntos como gestão de projetos, projetos de engenharia, de sistemas produtivos e de arranjo físico. A revisão relativa à Ergonomia destacou seus conceitos básicos, a Ergonomia de Concepção e estudos relacionados ao trabalho de operadores de produção contínua, tendo o objetivo de indicar possibilidades de atuações desta ciência em projetos de plantas produtivas. Desta forma, a pesquisa de campo desenvolvida procurou destacar aspectos operacionais como dificuldades e constrangimentos enfrentados pelos operadores. Tais aspectos foram investigados com o objetivo de ressaltar os desequilíbrios presentes nesta situação de trabalho e as estratégias desenvolvidas por estes operadores para manterem o funcionamento satisfatório da unidade produtiva, atendendo aos objetivos da organização empresarial em que se inserem. / This work presents the ergonomics study based on offshore oil production platforms, in operation works for the process plant. The first investigations resulted on indications of disintegrated and unbalanced operational aspects into the production environment. From those evidences, the bibliographical revision indicated the considerations and limits of aspects related to Ergonomics in subjects as design management, engineering design, productive systems and layout design. The revision of Ergonomics included basic concepts, Ergonomics of Conception, and studies related to the operator works of continuous production process, having the aim of indicating participation possibilities of this science in production plants design. In such a way, the developed research tried to raise operational aspects as difficulties and constraints daily faced by operators. Such aspects were investigated intending to stand out the disequilibriums in this situation of work and strategies developed by these operators to keep satisfactory performance of a productive unit, taking care of company goals where they are inserted.

Este estudo pretendeu colaborar com a análise das relações entre satisfação com aspectos psicossociais no trabalho e saúde do trabalhador. Método: Realizou-se estudo transversal junto aos empregados de uma empresa de auto-gestão em saúde e previdência privada em São Paulo. O estudo incluiu três etapas: (a) 42 entrevistas exploratórias para verificar a semelhança entre referências da literatura com percepções dos empregados quanto ao conceito e às fontes de satisfação no trabalho; (b) questionários auto-aplicados respondidos por 224 empregados para análise das associações entre satisfação no trabalho e saúde: a escala Satisfação no Trabalho do Occupational Stress Indicator, o SF-36, e o Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho; e (c) análise ergonômica de 43 postos de trabalho por meio da técnica AET - Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho de Rohmert e Landau, visando identificar aspectos da organização do trabalho interferindo na satisfação no trabalho. Resultados: As percepções dos empregados quanto ao conceito e fontes de satisfação no trabalho foram semelhantes aos conhecimentos da literatura adotada como referencial teórico. Satisfação no trabalho esteve associada com aspectos da saúde mental e com capacidade para o trabalho e estas associações ocorrem independentes de aspectos sócio-demográficos e funcionais. As condições e a organização do trabalho apresentaram características que podem configurar elevada carga mental no trabalho. Conclusões: Foram discutidas as relações entre satisfação no trabalho e saúde do trabalhdor e feitas considerações referentes a mudanças visando melhorias quanto aos aspectos psicossociais no trabalho, favorecendo a satisfação no trabalho e a saúde do trabalhador. / This study intends to collaborate with the analysis of the relationships among satisfaction with psychosocial factors at work and the worker's health. Methods: It took place a cross-sectional study close to the employees of a self-administration company in health and providence private. The study included three stages: (a) 42 exploratory interviews to verify the similarity among references of the literature with the employees' perceptions about the concept and sources of job satisfaction; (b) self-applied questionnaires answered by 224 employees for analysis of the associations among job satisfaction and health: the Job Satisfaction scale of the Occupational Stress Indicator – OSI, the SF-36, and the Work Ability Index; and (c) ergonomic analysis of 43 workstations by AET technique - Job Ergonomics Analysis of Rohmert and Landau, looking for identify spectos of work organization interfering on the job satisfaction. Results: The employees’ perceptions about the concept and sources of job satisfaction are similar to the knowledge of the literature adopted as theoretical framework. Job satisfaction was associated with aspects of the workers' mental health, and with work ability, and this associations happens independent of social-demographic and functional aspects. The job conditions and organization presented characteristics that can configure high mental load at the work. Conclusions: the relationships among job satisfaction and worker’s health were discussed, and made considerations regarding changes seeking improvements of the psychosical aspects at work, favoring job satisfaction and worker’s health.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-24T17:57:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Lucia Helena D Mendes.pdf: 3293969 bytes, checksum: 87f413cae995c8cdaba84edb5cccb9ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-31T11:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Lucia Helena D Mendes.pdf: 3293969 bytes, checksum: 87f413cae995c8cdaba84edb5cccb9ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T11:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Lucia Helena D Mendes.pdf: 3293969 bytes, checksum: 87f413cae995c8cdaba84edb5cccb9ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-10 / Esta dissertação está fundamentada em um estudo de caso que utiliza como base a Ergonomia, visto que o cenário atual dos ambientes laborais, face às transformações aceleradas no mundo do trabalho, produziram efeitos negativos como o aumento de incidências de doença e de afastamentos no trabalho. Para tanto a pesquisa possui caráter exploratório e descritivo e tem como proposta discutir, quais os benefícios que a Ergonomia pode trazer para o ambiente da Biblioteca Central do CEFET/RJ e para os funcionários que nela estão inseridos de modo que se possa contribuir para que eles tenham um ambiente mais saudável e seguro e consequentemente mais Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho. A ferramenta utilizada neste estudo foi a Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho que propiciou através de sua análise corrigir e propor um ambiente mais adequado e como consequência uma melhoria na qualidade de vida do trabalho dos funcionários inseridos na biblioteca em questão. Para o alcance deste objetivo fez se necessário: identificar as condições de trabalho, detectar os possíveis riscos, conhecer as atividades e a percepção dos funcionários pertencentes a este ambiente em análise para identificar suas reais necessidades. Este estudo também fez comparação com os resultados e a realidade da biblioteca citada com as normas de ergonomia em vigência. Foi verificado após a análise que os principais fatores ergonômicos ligados ao desconforto estão relacionados com as condições ambientais (iluminação, ruído, temperatura e mobiliário). As contribuições desta pesquisa contemplaram: o ambiente laboral estudado na forma de propiciar melhor QVT, a Instituição na maneira de cooperar com resultados mais positivos e ao mundo acadêmico em geral. / This essay is based on a case study that uses based on Ergonomics, since the current scenario of working environments, face the accelerated changes in the work world, they produced negative effects such as increased incidences of disease and of departures at work. For both exploratory and descriptive character has research and its proposal to discuss, what are the benefits that ergonomics can bring to the environment of the Central Library at CEFET/RJ and for employees that are inserted so that it can contribute to them to have a safe and healthy environment and consequently more quality of life at work. The tool used in this study was the ergonomic analysis of the work provided by your correct analysis and propose a more suitable environment and an improvement in the quality of life of staff entered in the library in question. To achieve this goal made if necessary: identify working conditions, detect possible risks, learn about the activities and the perception of officials belonging to this environment under review to identify their real needs. This study also did comparison with the results and the reality of the library quoted with the standards of ergonomics in term. It was verified after the analysis the main factors linked to ergonomic discomfort are related to environmental conditions (lighting, noise, temperature and furniture). The contributions of this research involved: the working environment studied in the form of providing better QVT, the institution on way to cooperate with more positive results and the academic world.

Este estudo pretendeu colaborar com a análise das relações entre satisfação com aspectos psicossociais no trabalho e saúde do trabalhador. Método: Realizou-se estudo transversal junto aos empregados de uma empresa de auto-gestão em saúde e previdência privada em São Paulo. O estudo incluiu três etapas: (a) 42 entrevistas exploratórias para verificar a semelhança entre referências da literatura com percepções dos empregados quanto ao conceito e às fontes de satisfação no trabalho; (b) questionários auto-aplicados respondidos por 224 empregados para análise das associações entre satisfação no trabalho e saúde: a escala Satisfação no Trabalho do Occupational Stress Indicator, o SF-36, e o Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho; e (c) análise ergonômica de 43 postos de trabalho por meio da técnica AET - Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho de Rohmert e Landau, visando identificar aspectos da organização do trabalho interferindo na satisfação no trabalho. Resultados: As percepções dos empregados quanto ao conceito e fontes de satisfação no trabalho foram semelhantes aos conhecimentos da literatura adotada como referencial teórico. Satisfação no trabalho esteve associada com aspectos da saúde mental e com capacidade para o trabalho e estas associações ocorrem independentes de aspectos sócio-demográficos e funcionais. As condições e a organização do trabalho apresentaram características que podem configurar elevada carga mental no trabalho. Conclusões: Foram discutidas as relações entre satisfação no trabalho e saúde do trabalhdor e feitas considerações referentes a mudanças visando melhorias quanto aos aspectos psicossociais no trabalho, favorecendo a satisfação no trabalho e a saúde do trabalhador. / This study intends to collaborate with the analysis of the relationships among satisfaction with psychosocial factors at work and the worker's health. Methods: It took place a cross-sectional study close to the employees of a self-administration company in health and providence private. The study included three stages: (a) 42 exploratory interviews to verify the similarity among references of the literature with the employees' perceptions about the concept and sources of job satisfaction; (b) self-applied questionnaires answered by 224 employees for analysis of the associations among job satisfaction and health: the Job Satisfaction scale of the Occupational Stress Indicator – OSI, the SF-36, and the Work Ability Index; and (c) ergonomic analysis of 43 workstations by AET technique - Job Ergonomics Analysis of Rohmert and Landau, looking for identify spectos of work organization interfering on the job satisfaction. Results: The employees’ perceptions about the concept and sources of job satisfaction are similar to the knowledge of the literature adopted as theoretical framework. Job satisfaction was associated with aspects of the workers' mental health, and with work ability, and this associations happens independent of social-demographic and functional aspects. The job conditions and organization presented characteristics that can configure high mental load at the work. Conclusions: the relationships among job satisfaction and worker’s health were discussed, and made considerations regarding changes seeking improvements of the psychosical aspects at work, favoring job satisfaction and worker’s health.

A globalização das economias, aliada ao avanço das comunicações e à chegada da Internet, está tornando a integração virtual cada vez mais viável. O comércio eletrônico com as empresas, a web social e a inclusão das pessoas deverão se beneficiar dos serviços que estão sendo disponibilizados na web reforça a necessidade de uso das páginas. Com isto, surge a necessidade de tornar as páginas da Internet cada vez mais agradáveis, fáceis de serem utilizadas e eficientes em seus objetivos e, desta maneira, facilitando a todos. Nesse novo cenário, portanto, é primordial torná-las cada vez mais práticas de serem utilizadas, ou seja, o estudo da usabilidade se tornou uma necessidade para os projetistas das páginas de Internet para que a qualidade da Interação Humano-Computador(IHC) seja cada vez melhor. Deve-se pensar também em como verificar/avaliar se essas páginas foram construídas de forma satisfatória a atender aos interesses dos usuários. Neste contexto, foi interessante desenvolver algo que fizesse uma coleta automatizada dos elementos de interação dos websites para servir de suporte e apoio no processo de avaliação de usabilidade, tornando-os, desta maneira, mais claros e com maior possibilidade de a interação com o usuário ser realizada de forma mais eficaz e eficiente. No desenvolvimento das atividades relacionadas a esta proposta de trabalho foi criado um protótipo de uma ferramenta que informasse quais elementos de interação estavam contidos em cada uma das páginas dos websites avaliados. Tal coleta visava auxiliar o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que apoiassem a avaliação da usabilidade, tanto de forma automatizada como, por exemplo, por meio da apresentação de questionários confeccionados por essas ferramentas de forma prática, pois apresentariam apenas perguntas específicas aos elementos de interação que realmente estivessem contidos nos websites. Este protótipo também torna a avaliação da usabilidade mais eficiente e rápida, pois apresenta um levantamento prévio dos elementos de interação da página web uma vez que identifica os elementos da página com as suas características e disponibiliza para o avaliador todas essas informações em formulários web. / The globalization of economies, coupled with the advancement of communications and the arrival of the Internet, is becoming increasingly feasible virtual integration. Electronic commerce with businesses, web and social inclusion of people will benefit from the services that are available on the web reinforces the need to use the pages. With this, comes the need to make Web pages more and more enjoyable, easy to use and efficient in their goals and in this way facilitating all. In this new scenario, therefore, it is essential to make them ever more practical to be used, ie, the study of usability has become a necessity for designers of web pages so that the quality of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is better. One should also think about how to verify/evaluate whether these pages were designed to satisfactorily serve the interests of users. In this context, it was interesting to develop something that would make an automated collection of interaction elements of the websites to provide support and assistance in the usability evaluation process, making them, in this way, clearer and with greater possibility of interaction with the user be performed more effectively and efficiently. In developing this proposal related to work activities a prototype of a tool to inform interaction elements which were contained in each of pages of reviews websites was created. This collection was intended to assist the development of tools that would support the assessment of usability , both automated way, eg, through the presentation of questionnaires made by these tools in a practical way, it would show only specific questions to the elements of interaction that were actually contained in websites. This prototype also makes the assessment more efficient and faster usability, it presents a preliminary survey of interaction elements of the web page as it identifies the elements of the page with its features and available to the assessor all this information into web forms.

AB Furhoffs Rostfria is a company with its base in Skövde. They are specialists in the manufacturing of stainless-steel parts, such as plumbing products, floor wells and sinks. In addition to manufacturing their own products, the company also has a subcontract to manufacture other companies’ products. The department where this bachelor thesis will be conducted has a subcontract to manufacturing radar cones and treats only the production of the most frequent manufactured radar cones. The department consists of seven manufacturing steps and three additional steps for one of the details. The purpose of the bachelor thesis is to create a simulation model that shows how potential improvement proposals would meet the expected increase of the order intake of the radar cones by streamlining the current production flow. In order to achieve this, a simulation model has been created in which the improvement proposals have been implemented. The improvement proposals that have been tested are based on the data that has been collected through production engineering methods. The frame of references describes the theory that constitutes the foundation for the chosen methods. In addition, areas within discrete event simulation, lean production and improvement work have been studied from other works in the literature review. These areas can in some way relate to the work and conclusions of this project. The empirical study was conducted by using observations according to genchi genbutsu, conversations and interviews with operators, spaghetti diagrams of the operators and the product flow as well as time studies according to the continuous method. These methods have formed the basis for both the creation of the simulation model, where the current situation is reflected, and for the development of the future state simulation model. The future state simulation model shows the implementation of the improvement proposals that increases efficiency and production volume throughout the system. The empirical study resulted in a visual overview of the production flow, standard times, the identification of waste as well as improvement proposals. When all the improvement proposals were implemented, the hourly production was increased by 26.6% and the lead time was reduced by 21.1%. With these improvements, the company can increase their production and profit significantly. / AB Furhoffs Rostfria är ett bolag som är baserade i Skövde. De är specialister inom tillverkning av produkter i rostfritt stål, såsom rörprodukter, golvbrunnar och diskbänkar. Förutom tillverkning av egna produkter har företaget en legotillverkning för att tillverka andra företags produkter. Avdelningen där detta examensarbete har genomförts är en legoproduktion av radarkonor och examensarbetet har endast behandlat produktionen av de mest producerad radarkonorna. Processen består av sju tillverkningssteg och tre ytterligare steg för en av detaljerna. Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en simuleringsmodell som visar hur potentiella förbättringsförslag kan möta den förväntade orderökningen av radarkonorna genom att effektivisera det nuvarande produktionsflödet. För att uppnå detta har en simuleringsmodell skapats där förbättringsförslagen har implementerats. De förbättringsförslag som har utarbetats bygger på data som har samlats in genom produktionstekniska metoder. Den teoretiska referensramen beskriver den teori som utgör grunden för de valda metoderna. Dessutom har områden inom diskret händelsesimulering, lean produktion och förbättringsarbete studerats från andra arbeten i litteraturstudien. Dessa områden kan på något sätt relatera till arbetet och slutsatserna i detta projekt. Den empiriska studien genomfördes genom att använda observationer enligt genchi genbutsu, konversationer och intervjuer med operatörer, spagettidiagram av operatörerna och produktflödet samt tidsstudier enligt den kontinuerliga metoden. Dessa metoder har utgjort grunden för både skapandet av simuleringsmodellen, där den nuvarande situationen återspeglas, och utvecklingen av den framtida simuleringsmodellen. Den framtida simuleringsmodellen visar implementeringen av förbättringsförslagen som ökar effektiviteten och produktionsvolymen i hela systemet. Den empiriska studien resulterade i en visuell översikt över produktionsflödet, standardtider, identifiering av slöseri samt förbättringsförslag. När samtliga förbättringsförslag implementerades i simuleringsmodellen ökade genomströmningen av produkter per timma med 26,6% och ledtiden reducerades med 21,1%. Med dessa förbättringar kan företaget öka sin produktion och vinst avsevärt.

A globalização das economias, aliada ao avanço das comunicações e à chegada da Internet, está tornando a integração virtual cada vez mais viável. O comércio eletrônico com as empresas, a web social e a inclusão das pessoas deverão se beneficiar dos serviços que estão sendo disponibilizados na web reforça a necessidade de uso das páginas. Com isto, surge a necessidade de tornar as páginas da Internet cada vez mais agradáveis, fáceis de serem utilizadas e eficientes em seus objetivos e, desta maneira, facilitando a todos. Nesse novo cenário, portanto, é primordial torná-las cada vez mais práticas de serem utilizadas, ou seja, o estudo da usabilidade se tornou uma necessidade para os projetistas das páginas de Internet para que a qualidade da Interação Humano-Computador(IHC) seja cada vez melhor. Deve-se pensar também em como verificar/avaliar se essas páginas foram construídas de forma satisfatória a atender aos interesses dos usuários. Neste contexto, foi interessante desenvolver algo que fizesse uma coleta automatizada dos elementos de interação dos websites para servir de suporte e apoio no processo de avaliação de usabilidade, tornando-os, desta maneira, mais claros e com maior possibilidade de a interação com o usuário ser realizada de forma mais eficaz e eficiente. No desenvolvimento das atividades relacionadas a esta proposta de trabalho foi criado um protótipo de uma ferramenta que informasse quais elementos de interação estavam contidos em cada uma das páginas dos websites avaliados. Tal coleta visava auxiliar o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que apoiassem a avaliação da usabilidade, tanto de forma automatizada como, por exemplo, por meio da apresentação de questionários confeccionados por essas ferramentas de forma prática, pois apresentariam apenas perguntas específicas aos elementos de interação que realmente estivessem contidos nos websites. Este protótipo também torna a avaliação da usabilidade mais eficiente e rápida, pois apresenta um levantamento prévio dos elementos de interação da página web uma vez que identifica os elementos da página com as suas características e disponibiliza para o avaliador todas essas informações em formulários web. / The globalization of economies, coupled with the advancement of communications and the arrival of the Internet, is becoming increasingly feasible virtual integration. Electronic commerce with businesses, web and social inclusion of people will benefit from the services that are available on the web reinforces the need to use the pages. With this, comes the need to make Web pages more and more enjoyable, easy to use and efficient in their goals and in this way facilitating all. In this new scenario, therefore, it is essential to make them ever more practical to be used, ie, the study of usability has become a necessity for designers of web pages so that the quality of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is better. One should also think about how to verify/evaluate whether these pages were designed to satisfactorily serve the interests of users. In this context, it was interesting to develop something that would make an automated collection of interaction elements of the websites to provide support and assistance in the usability evaluation process, making them, in this way, clearer and with greater possibility of interaction with the user be performed more effectively and efficiently. In developing this proposal related to work activities a prototype of a tool to inform interaction elements which were contained in each of pages of reviews websites was created. This collection was intended to assist the development of tools that would support the assessment of usability , both automated way, eg, through the presentation of questionnaires made by these tools in a practical way, it would show only specific questions to the elements of interaction that were actually contained in websites. This prototype also makes the assessment more efficient and faster usability, it presents a preliminary survey of interaction elements of the web page as it identifies the elements of the page with its features and available to the assessor all this information into web forms.

Cette thèse porte sur la planification du personnel en accordant une attention particulière à l'aspect humain et aux facteurs ergonomiques dans le domaine de la production. Un certain nombre de modèles mathématiques sont présentés pour formuler les problèmes d'ordonnancement et de planification du personnel étudié. Concernant les modèles de planification, la productivité du système de fabrication et le bien-être des travailleurs sont ciblés. De cette manière, une méthode d'affectation des travailleurs est présentée pour réduire le temps de production et une méthode d'ordonnancement pour la rotation des tâches est présentée afin d’équilibrer la charge de travail des opérateurs. À cet effet, une analyse ergonomique est effectuée sur les postes de travail du système de production étudié. Cette analyse aboutit à l'évaluation des postes du travail suivant la convention dite des feux de circulation, c'est-à-dire que les postes sont classés dans les niveaux de charge faible, moyen et élevé qui sont représentés respectivement par les couleurs verte, jaune et rouge. Une approche mathématique est développée pour convertir ces résultats en valeurs numériques, car les paramètres quantitatifs sont plus applicables pour l'optimisation de la planification. Une programmation multi-objectifs est proposée pour optimiser les deux objectifs mentionnés du problème d'ordonnancement de tournée du personnel étudié. Les méthodes d'agrégation linéaire et de ε-contrainte sont appliquées pour résoudre ce modèle d'optimisation. En outre, cette thèse présente une nouvelle variante du problème d'affectation appelé problème d'affectation généralisée par séquence qui est défini pour la planification du personnel dans un système combiné constitué des postes de travail en série et en parallèle. Il est prouvé que ce problème d'optimisation combinatoire est NP-difficile et les méthodes exactes ne sont pas capables de résoudre les instances de grande taille. Ainsi, trois méthodes approchées composées de deux approches matheuristiques et une heuristique hybride sont développées pour résoudre ce problème. Les méthodes matheuristiques sont basées sur la décomposition de la formulation pour simplifier le modèle principal en deux ou plusieurs modèles plus petits. La troisième méthode est une heuristique gloutonne combinée à une recherche locale. En outre, dans la dernière étape de cette thèse, la planification des ressources humaines pour un système de soins à domicile est formulée mathématiquement. Selon la structure du système, une intégration des problèmes d'affectation et de tournées de véhicules est présentée. Enfin, une approche matheuristique en trois étapes est proposée pour résoudre ce problème d'optimisation combinatoire. / This thesis concerns the human resource planning by paying a special attention to the human aspect and ergonomic factors in the manufacturing domain. A number of mathematical models are presented to formulate the studied workforce scheduling and planning problems. In the planning models, the productivity of the manufacturing system and the well-being of the workers are targeted. In this way, a worker assignment approach is presented to reduce the production time and a job rotation scheduling approach is presented to balance the workloads on the operators. For this purpose, an ergonomic analysis is carried out on the jobs of the studied production system. This analysis results in the traffic light evaluation for the jobs, i.e., the jobs are categorized into the low, medium and high workload levels which are presented respectively by the green, yellow and red colors. A mathematical approach is developed to convert these outputs to the numerical values, because the quantitative parameters are more applicable for the optimization of the planning. A multi-objective programming is proposed to optimize two mentioned objectives of the studied workforce scheduling problem. Both linear aggregation and epsilon-constraint methods are applied to solve this optimization model. Furthermore, this thesis presents a novel variant of the assignment problem called sequencing generalized assignment problem which is defined for workforce scheduling in a combined system consisting of the jobs in series and in parallel. It is proved that this combinatorial optimization problem is NP-hard and the exact methods are not able to solve the large-scale instances. Hence, three approximate methods consisting of two matheuristic and a hybrid heuristic approaches are developed to solve it. The matheuristic methods are based on the decomposition of the formulation to break down and simplify the main model into two or more smaller models. The third method is a greedy heuristic combined with a local search. The efficiency of the three mentioned methods is evaluated by various instances of different sizes. Moreover, in the last step of this thesis, the human resource planning for a home healthcare system is formulated mathematically. According to the structure of the system, an integration of the worker assignment and vehicle routing problems is presented. Finally, a three-steps matheuristic approach is proposed to solve this combinatorial optimization problem.

Ο αξιόπιστος και αποτελεσματικός ανθρωποκεντρικός σχεδιασμός προϊόντων και διαδικασιών παραγωγής αποτελεί μείζον ζήτημα της κατασκευαστική βιομηχανίας. Για το λόγο αυτό, πλήθος ελέγχων που αφορούν στη λειτουργικότητα, την ασφάλεια και την άνεση, τόσο των προϊόντων που χρησιμοποιούνται από τον άνθρωπο, όσο και των διαδικασιών παραγωγής που συμμετέχει ο ανθρώπινος παράγοντας, πραγματοποιούνται και αξιολογούνται σε περιβάλλον Η/Υ με τη χρήση λογισμικών προσομοίωσης και εικονικής πραγματικότητας. Η ρεαλιστική και αξιόπιστη αναπαράσταση της ανθρώπινης κίνησης μέσα σε εικονικό περιβάλλον, αποτελεί στις μέρες μας επιτακτική ανάγκη. Στο πλαίσιο αυτό, η παρούσα διατριβή επικεντρώνεται στο σχεδιασμό και την ανάπτυξη μιας νέας μεθοδολογίας μοντελοποίησης της ανθρώπινης κίνησης, που βασίζεται στην προσαρμογή μιας υπάρχουσας κίνησης σε νέα ανθρωπομετρικά δεδομένα και περιορισμούς του περιβάλλοντος εργασίας (εικονικού πρωτοτύπου ή σταθμού εργασίας). Η προτεινόμενη προσέγγιση αποσκοπεί στη δημιουργία ρεαλιστικών και αξιόπιστων κινήσεων ψηφιακών ανθρωποειδών με στόχο την προσομοίωσή τους σε εικονικό περιβάλλον, ώστε να εξαχθούν αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα κατά την εργονομική αξιολόγηση του σχεδιασμού προϊόντων και σταθμών εργασίας σε γραμμή παραγωγής. Αρχικά, γίνεται εισαγωγή τόσο στη σπουδαιότητα, όσο και στα προβλήματα του εργονομικού σχεδιασμού με χρήση ψηφιακών ανθρωποειδών, που αποτέλεσαν και το κύριο έναυσμα της παρούσας έρευνας. Παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα της βιβλιογραφικής ανασκόπησης, που αφορούν σε μεθόδους μοντελοποίησης της ανθρώπινης κίνησης με χρήση τεχνολογίας ψηφιακών ανθρωποειδών, καθώς και σε λογισμικά προσομοίωσης ανθρώπινης συμπεριφοράς και εργονομικού σχεδιασμού. Στη συνέχεια, παρατίθεται μια εκτεταμένη ανάλυση που έχει ως στόχο τη βαθύτερη κατανόηση της ανθρώπινης κίνησης. Η ανάλυση αυτή βασίζεται στη θεωρία του Στατιστικού Σχεδιασμού Πειραμάτων και χρησιμοποιεί πειραματικά δεδομένα καταγραφής ανθρώπινων κινήσεων. Η Ανάλυση της Διακύμανσης χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τον καθορισμό των ανθρωπομετρικών χαρακτηριστικών που επηρεάζουν περισσότερο την ανθρώπινη κίνηση, καθώς και για την ποσοτικοποίηση της επιρροής τους στη διαφοροποίηση της κίνησης. Βάσει των αποτελεσμάτων της Ανάλυσης της Διακύμανσης, γίνεται ανάπτυξη ημι-εμπειρικών, προσθετικών μοντέλων κίνησης, τα οποία συσχετίζουν την επίδραση των ανθρωπομετρικών χαρακτηριστικών με τις τροχιές των αισθητήρων που τοποθετούνται πάνω στο ανθρώπινο σώμα για την καταγραφή της κίνησης. Ακολουθεί η στοιχειοθέτηση της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας μοντελοποίησης. Δεδομένου ότι η ανθρώπινη κίνηση αναλύεται σε ένα σύνολο διαδοχικών στιγμιοτύπων, η μεθοδολογία μοντελοποίησης αποσκοπεί στη δημιουργία στάσεων σώματος ψηφιακού ανθρωποειδούς για κάθε στιγμιότυπο του επιθυμητού σεναρίου κίνησης. Ως σενάριο κίνησης ορίζεται κάθε δυνατός συνδυασμός “εργασίας – ψηφιακού ανθρωποειδούς – περιβάλλοντος εργασίας”. Για τη δημιουργία ενός στιγμιότυπου της νέας κίνησης, ο αλγόριθμος της μεθοδολογίας παράγει τυχαίες εναλλακτικές στάσεις σώματος, διασφαλίζοντας ταυτόχρονα την αποφυγή τόσο των μη-ρεαλιστικών στάσεων, όσο και των στάσεων που δεν ικανοποιούν τους περιορισμούς του νέου σεναρίου κίνησης. Η βασική ιδέα της μεθοδολογίας μοντελοποίησης στηρίζεται στη θεωρία λήψης αποφάσεων πολλαπλών κριτηρίων, η οποία χρησιμοποιείται για την αξιολόγηση των εναλλακτικών και την τελική επιλογή των βέλτιστων στάσεων σώματος, για τη σύνθεση της νέας κίνησης. Τα κριτήρια αφορούν αφενός στην εξασφάλιση της ρεαλιστικότητας της κίνησης και αφετέρου στην ικανοποίηση των νέων χωρικών περιορισμών, που προκύπτουν από τις γεωμετρικές τροποποιήσεις του περιβάλλοντος εργασίας. Έπεται η περιγραφή των βοηθητικών και δομικών στοιχείων του συστήματος υλοποίησης, καθώς και ο αναλυτικός σχεδιασμός του. Το σύστημα που αναπτύχθηκε αποτελείται από τα ακόλουθα δομικά στοιχεία: i)τη βάση δεδομένων, στην οποία αποθηκεύονται οι κινήσεις αναφοράς, τα ψηφιακά ανθρωποειδή, τα περιβάλλοντα εργασίας και τα αρχεία περιγραφής εργασιών, ii)το μηχανισμό που παράγει τις εναλλακτικές στάσεις σώματος λαμβάνοντας υπ’ όψη τους νέους περιορισμούς, iii)τα κριτήρια αξιολόγησης των εναλλακτικών κινήσεων, που αφορούν στην ομοιότητα των γωνιών των αρθρώσεων του σώματος και στην ομοιότητα της θέσης του άκρου εργασίας, iv)τον πίνακα αποφάσεων, ο οποίος υπολογίζει το δείκτη αξιολόγησης για κάθε εναλλακτική, βάσει των κριτηρίων αξιολόγησης, v)το μηχανισμό συνολικής αξιολόγησης των εναλλακτικών, ο οποίος υπολογίζει τον τελικό δείκτη αξιολόγησης, βάσει των δεικτών αξιολόγησης του πίνακα αποφάσεων και των βαρών των κριτηρίων, vi)το μηχανισμό κατάταξης των εναλλακτικών στάσεων, ο οποίος κατατάσσει τις εναλλακτικές, βάσει του τελικού δείκτη αξιολόγησης, και επιλέγει τη βέλτιστη στάση σώματος για κάθε στιγμιότυπο κίνησης. Το σύστημα που αναπτύχθηκε παρέχει τη δυνατότητα δημιουργίας προσαρμοσμένων κινήσεων ψηφιακών ανθρωποειδών που ικανοποιούν τις νέες συνθήκες και περιορισμούς. Οι νέες συνθήκες και περιορισμοί προέρχονται από την τροποποίηση των ανθρωπομετρικών διαστάσεων του ψηφιακού ανθρωποειδούς που εκτελεί την κίνηση, ή/και από την τροποποίηση της γεωμετρίας του περιβάλλοντος εργασίας, όπου εκτελείται η κίνηση. Η αξιολόγηση της αξιοπιστίας της προτεινόμενης μεθοδολογίας μοντελοποίησης παρουσιάζεται μέσα από μια σειρά πειραμάτων εκτέλεσης της πιλοτικής εφαρμογής από το χώρο της αυτοκινητοβιομηχανίας. Η πιλοτική εφαρμογή αποσκοπεί στην εργονομική αξιολόγηση του σχεδιασμού του εσωτερικού ενός επιβατηγού αυτοκινήτου, επικεντρώνοντας στην επιλογή της βέλτιστης θέσης του καθίσματος του οδηγού και της εσωτερικής λαβής της πόρτας. Τα αποτελέσματα της αξιολόγησης καταδεικνύει τις δυνατότητες πρόβλεψης του αλγορίθμου όταν τροποποιούνται, τόσο τα ανθρωπομετρικά, όσο και οι διαστάσεις του περιβάλλοντος εργασίας. Ο αλγόριθμος δημιουργεί ρεαλιστικές και αξιόπιστες ανθρώπινες κινήσεις οι οποίες μπορούν να συντελέσουν στη βελτίωση του εργονομικού σχεδιασμού προϊόντων και διαδικασιών παραγωγής. / The efficient and reliable human-centred design of products and processes is a major goal of the manufacturing industry. Thus, numerous aspects related to performance, safety and ergonomics, need to be verified using Simulation and Virtual Reality techniques, in the context of the product development procedure. The realistic and accurate representation of human motion in Virtual Environment is crucial for the reliability of the simulation results. In this context, this dissertation focuses on the design and development of a novel methodology for human motion modelling, based on the adaptation of a given motion of a digital human model to new anthropometrics and environment’s constraints (related to virtual prototype or workspace). The proposed approach aims at the generation of realistic and reliable digital human motions in order to drive computer manikins into a Virtual Environment, so as to obtain reliable evaluation results during ergonomic design of a product or a production line’s workspace. The introductory chapter presents both the importance and the limitations of the ergonomic design using computer manikins, which consisted the major motivation of this research work. State-of-the-art is presented next, concerning other approaches related to human motion modeling using computer manikins, as well as software tools for digital human modeling and ergonomic design. Next chapter presents an extensive analysis, which focuses on the better understanding of the human motion. This analysis is based on a Statistical Design Of Experiments (SDoE) and makes use of experimental motion captured data. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was performed for the determination of the impact factor of the anthropometric parameters influencing the human motion path. Semi-empirical additive models was developed next, based on the results of this analysis, which connects the effect of anthropometrics with the trajectories of the markers that are attached on the human body during the motion capture procedure. The composing of the proposed motion modelling methodology is following. Given that human motion is analysed by a set of sequential motion frames, the modelling methodology aims at the generation of digital human’s postures for each frame of the desirable motion scenario. Motion scenario is each possible combination of “task – computer manikin – environment”. For the creation of a new motion’s frame, the algorithm of the methodology generates alternative postures, ensuring the rejection of non-realistic and constraint-violating postures. The basic concept of the modelling methodology is based on the multi-criteria decision making, which is used for the alternatives’ evaluation and the selection of the best-ranked human postures that constitute the new human motion. The criteria concern both the extensionality of the new motion and the satisfaction of the new constraints, related to the geometric modifications of the working environment. The description of the primary and secondary components of the implemented system, as well as their detailed design are presented next. The developed system consists of the following primary components: i)the data base, which includes reference motions, computer manikins, virtual environments and tasks , ii)the alternative generation mechanism, which takes into account the new constraints, iii)the evaluation criteria of alternatives, which are related to joint angles’ and end-effector’s similarity, iv)the decision matrix, which calculates the evaluation score of each alternative posture, based on the criteria, v)the aggregation mechanism, which calculates the utility score of each alternative, based on the evaluation scores and the weights of the criteria, vi)the ranking mechanism, which sorts the alternatives based on the utility score and selects the best-ranked alternative for each motion frame. The developed system enables the creation of adapted motions for digital humans that satisfies the new conditions and constraints. The new conditions and constraints come from the modification of the anthropometrics of the digital human model that realize the motion and/or the modification of the shape/geometry of the working environment. The evaluation of the proposed methodology’s efficiency is illustrated through a set of experiments through the pilot application coming from the automotive industry. The pilot application aims at the ergonomic evaluation of the interior design of a passenger car, focusing mainly on the position optimization for the driver’s seat and the door’s handle. The evaluation demonstrates the prediction capabilities of the algorithm, when both anthropometrics and environment parameters are modified. The algorithm generates accurate and realistic human motions that can be efficiently used in order to improve the computer-aided ergonomic design of manufacturing products and processes.