Dans cette thèse, je me suis proposé de chercher à comprendre, en m'appuyant sur une étude critique d'écrits coloniaux et ethnographiques, comment se sont constituées les classifications des populations africaines à partir de présupposés raciologiques et les identifications réifiantes dans une région d'Afrique de l'ouest où le « mélange des races» avait frappé les premiers observateurs. Dans le même temps où ces représentations synchroniques s'imposaient, la conquête et l'administration coloniale ont contraint à des changements au niveau de l'activité productrice et du pouvoir ettransformé la vie collective et l'univers imaginaire et religieux. Une étude de terrain dans et autour du village de Sara situé dans la boucle du Mouhoun complète l'étude des écrits coloniaux et permet de mettre en évidence l'existence de réseaux de lignages au fondement de l'organisation sociale et politique, des distinctions qui en sont issues entre les Bwaba et les «étrangers », ce qui semble être à l'origine d'un sentiment d'appartenance à un groupe humain géographiquement indéfini, en Bwamu « Bwabawa .» Cette étude confirme également l'existence des transformations qui sont apparues pendantet après la colonisation. / Based on analysis of colonial and ethnographic studies, I tried to understand in this thesis how established the classifications of African populations from racial presumptions and reifying identifications in a region of western Africa where the "mixture of races" had struck the first observers. As these synchronous representations stood out, the conquest and the colonial administration forced changes to the productivity and to the existing power, transforming the people’s collective lives and their spiritual and religious worlds. A ground study in and around Sara's village, located in the loop of Mouhoun, completes the study of the colonial papers and highlights the existence of ethnic lineages in forming social and political structure, making distinctions between the Bwaba and the "foreigners", what seems to be at the origin of a feeling ofmembership of a geographically undefined human group, in Bwamu "Bwabawa.» This study also confirms the existence of transformations which appeared during and after colonization.

華裔移殖美國歷史超過一百五十年，但早期在美遭受不平等待遇與歧視幾 達一世紀之久。二次世界大戰後，美國社會漸趨開放，華裔地位稍獲改善 。一九五○年代，夏威夷地區已有不少華裔參與政治選舉活動。一九六○ 年代，民權法案及選舉權法案陸續通過，雖使美國大陸的華裔基本參政權 獲得基本保障，然而只有少數的土生華裔積極參與美國政治活動。到了一 九七○年代，才有比較多的華裔參政人士投入美國地方及全國性的政治活 動。一九八二年密西根州底特律華裔「陳果仁命案」的發生，引起全美各 華裔社團及社區的關切。翌年兩名被告獲判緩刑及罰款，激起全美華裔及 亞裔的憤怒，紛紛示威遊行抗議。華裔地位的不穩固，使愈來愈多的華裔 體認美國民主政治的形態，唯有參與政治、投入政治主流活動，才是維護 族裔權益，爭取人權地位的最直接途徑。近十幾年來，隨著華裔的人口增 加，知識水準提高，經濟力量日漸雄厚及參政意識提升，已促使許多華裔 積極參與美國政治活動。尤其近二、三年，在華裔人口較密集的主要城市 ，華裔的經濟實力和選票增加相互結合，再加上華裔參政團體有效運作， 其政治力量已在地方選舉中展現出來。但在全國性的大選中，全美華裔的 集體政治力量尚未反應出來。未來全美華裔應儘早成立一超黨派且強有力 的全國性政治組織，以整合全美華裔社區的政治資源，使全美華裔的集體 政治力量在大選中發揮出來，進而對美國政治過程產生更大的影響力。

Emotions play an important role in the lives of human beings and, without doubt, emotions form an inherent part of the workplace (Ashkanasy, Zerbe, Charmine & Hartel, 2002). Studying emotions within the South African context is relevant for applied psychology. South Africa comprises eleven official languages which are representative of the general population in the working environment. As a result, knowledge and understanding of emotions is useful since it forms part of social interaction at work. The understanding of one’s own as well as others’ emotions and the ability to deal with those emotions contribute to the productivity and cooperation among employees in the working environment. The objective of this research was to determine the conceptualization of emotion and culture according to the literature study, to determine the different and representative emotion words within the isiNdebele speaking group, to determine the relevant and representative prototypical emotion words that have been encoded in this group, to determine the cognitive emotion structure of this group and lastly, to determine the interrater reliability of the raters and reliability of the measurement instrument as well as the dimensions of emotion structure in the isiNdebele speaking group in Mpumalanga province. A survey design with convenience sample was used to achieve the research objectives in a series of three independent studies. The study population of the first phase (N=126) consisted of a convenience sample of the isiNdebele speaking group who have metric and are working in the South African Police Service in Mpumalanga province. The study population of the second phase consisted of a convenience sample of Language Experts with degrees and diplomas (N=51) in isiNdebele language from different occupations. The study population of the third phase consisted of a convenience sample of the experts (educators) in isiNdebele speaking group (N=183) from different schools in the former KwaNdebele homeland in Mpumalanga province. In this study, free listing, prototypicality and similarity rating questionnaires were administered by a qualified psychometrist. Statistical methods and procedures (Multidimensional Scaling and Descriptive Statistics) were used and Cronbach alpha coefficients were determined to analyse the results of the isiNdebele speaking group. The results of the free listing task indicated the words with the highest frequency as cry (lila), happy (thaba), laugh (hleka), angry (kwata), disappointed (swaba), confused (hlangahlangana), depressed (gandeleleka), pain (ubuhlungu), tired (dinwa), and abused (hlukumezeka). The results of this phase also indicated the basic emotion concepts of happiness (thaba) and angry (kwata) as the only emotion terms which mostly came to mind to the isiNdebele speaking group. The results of the prototypicality rating task indicated the emotion terms ranked as the ten (10) most prototypical emotion terms for the isiNdebele speaking group (N=51) were “ukuthaba khulu” (exhilaration), “itukuthelo/ ukukwata” (anger), “ithabo elikhulu” (euphoria), “ukuthaba” (cheerfulness), “ithabo” (happiness), “ukudana” (dejection), “ukutlhuwa/ ukudana”(glumness), “ukuthaba” (joviality), “ukulila/isililo” (cry), “ithabo” (joy). A multi– dimensional scaling was conducted to determine the cognitive structure of emotion concepts whereby a two– dimensional structure (evaluation and power) was identified to the isiNdebele speaking group. Recommendations for future research to the organisation as well as recommendations for future research were suggested. / http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7044 / http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7044 / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Emotions play an important role in the lives of human beings and, without doubt, emotions form an inherent part of the workplace (Ashkanasy, Zerbe, Charmine & Hartel, 2002). Studying emotions within the South African context is relevant for applied psychology. South Africa comprises eleven official languages which are representative of the general population in the working environment. As a result, knowledge and understanding of emotions is useful since it forms part of social interaction at work. The understanding of one’s own as well as others’ emotions and the ability to deal with those emotions contribute to the productivity and cooperation among employees in the working environment. The objective of this research was to determine the conceptualization of emotion and culture according to the literature study, to determine the different and representative emotion words within the isiNdebele speaking group, to determine the relevant and representative prototypical emotion words that have been encoded in this group, to determine the cognitive emotion structure of this group and lastly, to determine the interrater reliability of the raters and reliability of the measurement instrument as well as the dimensions of emotion structure in the isiNdebele speaking group in Mpumalanga province. A survey design with convenience sample was used to achieve the research objectives in a series of three independent studies. The study population of the first phase (N=126) consisted of a convenience sample of the isiNdebele speaking group who have metric and are working in the South African Police Service in Mpumalanga province. The study population of the second phase consisted of a convenience sample of Language Experts with degrees and diplomas (N=51) in isiNdebele language from different occupations. The study population of the third phase consisted of a convenience sample of the experts (educators) in isiNdebele speaking group (N=183) from different schools in the former KwaNdebele homeland in Mpumalanga province. In this study, free listing, prototypicality and similarity rating questionnaires were administered by a qualified psychometrist. Statistical methods and procedures (Multidimensional Scaling and Descriptive Statistics) were used and Cronbach alpha coefficients were determined to analyse the results of the isiNdebele speaking group. The results of the free listing task indicated the words with the highest frequency as cry (lila), happy (thaba), laugh (hleka), angry (kwata), disappointed (swaba), confused (hlangahlangana), depressed (gandeleleka), pain (ubuhlungu), tired (dinwa), and abused (hlukumezeka). The results of this phase also indicated the basic emotion concepts of happiness (thaba) and angry (kwata) as the only emotion terms which mostly came to mind to the isiNdebele speaking group. The results of the prototypicality rating task indicated the emotion terms ranked as the ten (10) most prototypical emotion terms for the isiNdebele speaking group (N=51) were “ukuthaba khulu” (exhilaration), “itukuthelo/ ukukwata” (anger), “ithabo elikhulu” (euphoria), “ukuthaba” (cheerfulness), “ithabo” (happiness), “ukudana” (dejection), “ukutlhuwa/ ukudana”(glumness), “ukuthaba” (joviality), “ukulila/isililo” (cry), “ithabo” (joy). A multi– dimensional scaling was conducted to determine the cognitive structure of emotion concepts whereby a two– dimensional structure (evaluation and power) was identified to the isiNdebele speaking group. Recommendations for future research to the organisation as well as recommendations for future research were suggested. / http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7044 / http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7044 / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

在正常的情形下，人類預期新地區的生活條件會更好，才會決定從原居住地遷移到另一個地區生活，就理論的觀點分析，人類遷徙的因素大致可區分為個人因素與結構因素，而此二者所導致的遷徙，勢將改變社會的發展，特別是移民所遷入的社會。 1949年，中國大陸超過百萬的人口遷徙到臺灣，顯然的，這是結構因素所致，這是一群人受到政治因素的推力而形成的大遷徙；由於當時移民占臺灣總人口數相當的比例，於是形成所謂的「外省人」族群，此族群對臺灣戰後的發展產生相當程度的影響。 本文試圖從遷徙作為的研究途徑，依循歷史演進的脈絡，以質性研究的方法，探討自1949-1996年移民與臺灣戰後的發展情形，並檢視近半個世紀以來，移民在臺灣政治、經濟與社會發展過程中所扮演的角色。 / Generally speaking, people believe that the living conditions of the new area will be better, then they make decision to migrate to another place to live. In the theory of migration, it can be divided into individual factors and structural factors. No matter which factor, migration will have an effect on the development of immigrant society. In 1949, there were over 1.2 millions of the people who migrated from mainland China to Taiwan. Undoubtedly, it was caused by the structural and political factors that pushed the “great migration”. Because the immigrants moving into Taiwan accounted for a considerable proportion of the population, they formatted an ethnic group so-called "mainlanders". This paper attempts to use migration as an approach to review and explore the development of society in Taiwan in the second half of the 20th century. The time frame is between the year of 1949 when the Nationalist government immigrated to Taiwan and the year of 1996 when direct presidential election took place in Taiwan.

Cette thèse propose une exploration qualitative et quantitative des conditions dans lesquelles l’ethnie des Makina du Gabon se transforme au contact d’autres ethnies et au contact du monde urbain qui se construit à différentes échelles à travers le pays. La conclusion est que l’ethnie doit être déconstruite en diverses composantes qui connaissent des rythmes d’évolution qui sont objectivables dans leurs formes historiques et géographiques. Ce résultat est atteint par l’analyse contextualisée de 747 données individuelles qui – sur une durée globale d’un siècle – sont tour à tour référées au changement d’ethnonyme, au déplacement des villages, au changement de la langue pratiquée, à la modification des règles de mariage, à la transformation lente des noms de lignages et celle plus rapide des noms de personnes. La différence de vitesse de transformation de chacune des composantes structurantes de l’ethnie donne ainsi une configuration polyrythmique qui remet en cause les conceptions holistes de l’ethnie en leur préférant une dynamique de l’hétérogénéité. / The main proposal of this doctoral dissertation is an insightful study of the historical, linguistic and anthropological transformations of the Makina, an ethnic group of Northern and Eastern Gabon. These transformations are referred to the change, during the last century, of the original ethnonym as well as that of the language, of matrimonial rules, and finally of clan and person naming. On the whole, the author’s demonstration leads to the evidence of a rhythmical pattern in change, even a polyrhythmical one, as the differences in speed between different components of an ethnic group may be interpreted as a multi rhythmical transformation system. 81 genealogical diagrams and over 747 individual data collected on fieldwork give strong support to the different aspects of the author’s thesis.

En Afrique subsaharienne, le fardeau exact du cancer reste largement méconnu et sous étudié. La Gambie et le Mali sont parmi les rares pays d'Afrique à avoir des registres de cancer opérationnels basés sur la population. Les données allant de 1988 à 2006 pour la Gambie et de 1987 à 2009 pour Bamako-Mali, ont été utilisées afin d'analyser les taux d'incidence en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, de l'ethnicité et de caractériser les profils des femmes atteintes de cancers du sein et du foie. Les données ont été arbitrairement divisées en deux sous périodes ; 1988-1997 et 1998-2006 pour la Gambie et 1987-1997, 1998-2009 pour Bamako-Mali. En plus de ceci, une étude cas témoins sur les facteurs de risque associés à la vie reproductive des femmes atteintes de cancer du sein a été réalisée au Mali. Dans ces deux pays, le cancer du sein chez les femmes est caractérisé par une prédominance de cancers pré-ménopausiques. Ces femmes sont pour la plupart multipares et leur âge médian au moment du diagnostic est compris dans la tranche d'âge 40-45 ans. L'étude cas témoins a montré une association significative entre l'âge tardif aux premières règles et une augmentation du risque de développer un cancer du sein chez les femmes préménopausées contre une baisse du risque chez les femmes post-ménopausées (pas significatif). Pour ce qui est du cancer du foie, pendant que l'incidence de ce dernier était relativement stable chez les hommes de la Gambie, elle augmentait chez les femmes de ce même pays. Par contre au Mali, une baisse progressive et homogène dans l'incidence du cancer du foie a été observée au fil des ans et pour les deux sexes. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires afin de caractériser le profil biologique du cancer du sein et les facteurs de risque qui y sont associés, mais aussi afin d'évaluer le rôle de l'obésité et de l'exposition à l'aflatoxine B1 dans les tendances observées sur le cancer du foie en Afrique de l'Ouest / In Sub-Saharan Africa, the exact burden of cancer remains largely unknown and understudied. The Gambia and Mali are among the few African countries with operational population-based cancer registries. Data from 1988 to 2006 for the Gambia and from 1987 to 2009 for Bamako-Mali were used to analyze the incidence rates according to age, sex and ethnicity and to characterize the profile of women with breast and liver cancers. The data were arbitrarily divided into two periods, 1988-1997 and 1998-2006 for the Gambia and 1987-1997, 1998-2009 for Bamako- Mali. In addition to this, a case-control study evaluating the risk factors associated with the reproductive life of women with breast cancer was conducted in Mali. In both countries, breast cancer in women is characterized by a predominance of premenopausal cancers. These women are mostly parous with a median age at diagnosis in the age group 40-45 years. The case-control study showed a significant association between late age at menarche and increased risk of developing breast cancer in pre-menopausal women against a decrease in risk among post menopausal women. Concerning liver cancer, while the incidence rate was relatively stable among males in the Gambia, it was increasing among females of this country. In contrary, in Mali, a gradual decline and homogeneous in the incidence of liver cancer was observed over the years and for both sexes. Further studies are needed to characterize the biological profile of breast cancer and risk factors associated with it, but also to assess the role of obesity and exposure to aflatoxin B1 in order to understand the trends observed in liver cancer in West Africa

No description available.

Yes / Background: Inter-arm differences (IAD) ≥10mmHg in systolic blood pressure (BP) are associated with greater incidence of cardiovascular disease. The effect of ethnicity and the white coat effect (WCE) on significant systolic inter-arm differences (ssIADs) are not well understood. Methods: Differences in BP by ethnicity for different methods of BP measurement were examined in 770 people (300 White British, 241 South Asian, 229 African-Caribbean). Repeated clinic measurements were obtained simultaneously in the right and left arm using two BP-Tru monitors and comparisons made between the first reading, mean of second and third and mean of second to sixth readings for patients with, and without known hypertension. All patients had ambulatory monitoring (ABPM). WCE was defined as systolic Clinic BP ≥10mmHg higher than daytime ABPM. Results: No significant differences were seen in the prevalence of ssIAD between ethnicities whichever combinations of BP measurement were used and regardless of hypertensive status. ssIADs fell between the 1st measurement (161, 22%), 2nd/3rd (113, 16%) and 2nd-6th (78, 11%) (1st vs 2nd/3rd and 2nd-6th, p<0.001). Hypertensives with a WCE were more likely to have ssIADs on 1st, (OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.04-2.86), 2nd/3rd, (OR 3.05 (1.68-5.53) and 2nd-6th measurements, (OR 2.58 (1.22-5.44). Non-hypertensive participants with a WCE were more likely to have a ssIAD on their first measurement (OR 3.82 (1.77 -8.25) only. Conclusion: ssIAD prevalence does not vary with ethnicity regardless of hypertensive status but is affected by the number of readings, suggesting the influence of WCE. Multiple readings should be used to confirm ssIADs. / This report presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).

The study sought to describe Mozambican women's experience of labour pain. The study sought to determine the manner in which labour pain is perceived and to determine the culturally acceptable behaviour of Mozambican women as they experience labour pain. The preferred pain relief measures and cultural practices and beliefs pertaining to labour pain by this cultural group were also studied. The major inferences drawn from this study are that during labour, Mozambican women mainly respond stoically to the experience of labour. They also exhibited different kinds of behaviour in response to labour pain, such as rubbing the painful site, tossing about in bed, and verbalisation. The implication of the study is that Swazi nurse-midwives should render culture congruent maternity care to the women during labour. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)