The Republic of Moldova was one of fifteen states to emerge from the dissolution of the Soviet Union. With weak historical legacy of statehood, deteriorating economy and serious national divisions, the young state lacked many of the prerequisites deemed necessary for successful democratization. From the very beginning of independence, Moldova became the battleground of Romanianists, propagating for the Romanian character of Moldova’s majority population, and Moldovanists, who viewed the people as a separate nation. In the literature on democracy and democratization, a divided nation is singled out as a serious threat to statehood and democratization efforts alike. Without a nation in place it is generally understood that democracy cannot take root. Nevertheless, Moldova in a few years time managed to make considerable progress on its path towards democracy. A main theme of the dissertation is thus the issue of national division and how it has affected political developments in general and democracy in specific. This picture is then further expanded by including close analysis of political support. The dissertation contributes to discussions about how nation and democracy goes together in transitional states with no legacy of either of them. The analysis shows that national division in Moldova works on different levels. While political actors often seek support from the electorate according to their positions on the nation, national identity by itself does not suffice to explain differences in political support. Instead other aspects, such as generational values, degree of urbanity and level of education, play a much larger role. Democracy, as a platform where different political ideas and ambitions may form, can both complicate transitions since it provides opportunities for conflicts, but democracy also holds the prospects to find ways to resolve disagreements. In the long run, this carries the seed of consolidation of both democracy and nation alike.

302 f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-29T16:58:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Augusto Oliveira.pdf: 4193762 bytes, checksum: 2d8608fca5be7e8ccc35d7d3cb5a2c5a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Auxiliadora Lopes(silopes@ufba.br) on 2013-06-10T20:54:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Augusto Oliveira.pdf: 4193762 bytes, checksum: 2d8608fca5be7e8ccc35d7d3cb5a2c5a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-10T20:54:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Augusto Oliveira.pdf: 4193762 bytes, checksum: 2d8608fca5be7e8ccc35d7d3cb5a2c5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / O presente trabalho intitulado: “Ser Pataxó: educação e identidade cultural”, consiste numa análise referente a que pessoa Pataxó Hãhãhãi emerge das práticas educacionais ocorridas na Aldeia Nova Vida, em Camamu- Bahia. Divide-se em quatro capítulos, onde abordamos a trajetória histórica do povo Pataxó Hãhãhãi; o processo de discussão sobre os modelos de educação para o indígena, comunitária indígena, e escolar indígena, tanto no âmbito teórico, como na prática vivenciada na Aldeia - nosso universo de trabalho. Busca-se demonstrar que perfil de pessoa Pataxó Hãhãhãi emerge como fruto destes processos educacionais a partir das expressões dos próprios índios - priorizando aqueles que vivenciam as três práticas educacionais. / Salvador

The study sought to describe Mozambican women's experience of labour pain. The study sought to determine the manner in which labour pain is perceived and to determine the culturally acceptable behaviour of Mozambican women as they experience labour pain. The preferred pain relief measures and cultural practices and beliefs pertaining to labour pain by this cultural group were also studied. The major inferences drawn from this study are that during labour, Mozambican women mainly respond stoically to the experience of labour. They also exhibited different kinds of behaviour in response to labour pain, such as rubbing the painful site, tossing about in bed, and verbalisation. The implication of the study is that Swazi nurse-midwives should render culture congruent maternity care to the women during labour. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

My diploma thesis called Approaches in the Education of Roma Children in Christian School in Jihlava comprises both theoretical pieces of knowledge relating to issues of Roma children education and, furthermore, a qualitative research part. The primary goal of my thesis is to identify Roma pupil internal opinion of education procedure. As partial goals I set myself the comparison of this point of view with a particular grade (at the first and the second stage) and, also, to ascertain if there is a difference between pupil´s and teacher´s view. All information necessary for my diploma thesis research part were acquired by the qualitative research method, semi-structured interview technique with Roma pupil at the first and the second stage of the basic school, and the pedagogical staff.

Apesar de há muitos anos os índios brasileiros lutarem por uma educação escolar diferenciada, foi apenas a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 que a Educação Escolar Indígena tornou-se política pública no País e, desde então, aumentou muito o número de educadores envolvidos com a questão, especialmente no que se refere à formação de professores indígenas. No entanto, uma das primeiras questões que emerge desse encontro é como trabalhar de forma diferenciada, se pouco se sabe sobre as mais de 200 etnias do País. Além disso, tem-se, de um lado, a escola munida de um conhecimento em geral instituído por parâmetros nacionais; a escrita com papel central; o professor, em geral, desconhecido do grupo; e o ambiente escolar bastante distinto da residência. De outro, uma cultura onde saberfazer, mito e história se inter-relacionam; o conhecimento, em geral transmitido por um membro mais velho do grupo, é feito de forma oral ou por meio de um saber-fazer diário; e a sala de aula é a própria casa ou a floresta. Nesse sentido, este trabalho, realizado em um processo educacional com professores da etnia Gavião, de Rondônia, buscou, por meio de diálogo, caminhos para possíveis interações de distintas formas de conhecimentos ligados tanto à escola quanto ao saber-fazer indígena e em especial os relacionados à Matemática. Para tanto, foram organizados dois cursos, conduzidos por discussões em torno das construções tradicionais do grupo. Essas discussões possibilitaram vir à tona histórias, mitos, saber-fazer e alguns aspectos relevantes para a cultura do grupo, mas até então desconhecidos até mesmo pelos próprios professores indígenas. Quanto aos aspectos matemáticos, os professores indígenas, auxiliados pela ferramenta da modelagem matemática, puderam decodificar um saber-fazer presente na construção da maloca tradicional e, dessa forma, dar sentido a um conhecimento que anteriormente não fazia sentido ao grupo. Esta pesquisa foi conduzida por uma metodologia de trabalho de ordem qualitativa, de cunho etnográfico, com aspectos históricos e antropológicos e com aporte teórico principal da Etnomatemática. / Despite the fact that Brazilian Indigenous Peoples have long fought for appropriate schooling, it was only with the promulgation of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 that Indigenous School Education acquired the status of a public policy in the country, and since then there has been a significant increase in the number of educators engaged in that matter, especially as regards the formation of indigenous teachers. However, a preliminary question that arises is to how to accomplish a differentiated work given that little is known about the more than 200 ethnic groups in Brazil. Besides that, we have, on the one hand, schools provided with a knowledge often established by national parameters; writing ability having a central role; the teacher, in general, being unknown to the group; school environment radically different from living place. On the other side, there is a culture in which know how, myths and history are tightly interrelated; knowledge, often transmitted by an older member of the group, is done orally or through daily know how; the classroom is their own house or the forest itself. In this sense, the present work, carried out in an educational process with teachers from the Gavião ethnic group, in Rondônia, aimed, through dialogues, to devise ways of establishing interactions among different forms of knowledge related to school and indigenous know how as well, focusing especially on Mathematics. In order to do that, two courses were given in which indigenous constructions were taken as the moving power of the debates. Such discussions gave rise to stories, myths and know how as well as some other aspects relevant to the groups culture, as yet unknown even to the indigenous teachers themselves. Concerning mathematical aspects, the indigenous teachers, with the aid of mathematical modeling tools, were able to decode a know how present in the construction of the traditional maloca, and thus giving meaning to a knowledge that made no sense to the group until then. The research was carried out with a qualitative methodology of work, having an ethnographic character, with historical and anthropological aspects, Ethnomathematics being its main theoretical framework.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Crohn (DC) é uma doença inflamatória intestinal (DII) crônica de etiologia desconhecida, apesar de fatores genéticos e ambientais estarem envolvidos. Os fatores étnicos relacionados com a DC são muito controversos. Parece haver uma maior incidência em brancos, porém alguns estudos demonstram aumento da prevalência entre negros nos últimos 30 anos e sugerem diferenças na apresentação clínica. O Brasil apresenta uma população miscigenada, com importante imigração européia e africana. Temos dois objetivos principais: 1) caracterizar os pacientes com DC em um centro de referência brasileiro e 2) correlacionar as características fenotípicas dos nossos pacientes com a raça/cor e ancestralidade. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 273 pacientes acompanhados no Ambulatório de Intestino do HC-FMUSP com o diagnóstico de DC previamente estabelecido. Dados demográficos, o curso e as características clínicas da doença, manifestações extra-intestinais, uso de medicamentos e escores de gravidade foram registrados a partir dos prontuários e de entrevistas com os pacientes. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (164 pacientes, 60%). A média da idade dos pacientes foi 40,3 anos + 13,9, sendo que a média da idade de início dos sintomas foi 28,4 anos + 12,7. A raça/cor predominante foi branca (68,8%), seguida por parda (21,5%), preta (7,8%), amarela (1,5%) e indígena (0,4%). História familiar de DII estava presente em 36 pacientes (13,2%). Cento e trinta e três pacientes referiram história de tabagismo (48,7%). Doença fistulizante foi registrada em 45,2% dos pacientes e 67% dos pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de manifestação extra-intestinal. A localização predominante da doença conforme a classificação de Viena foi íleo-colônica em 39,5% dos pacientes. A distribuição de sexo por raça/cor foi semelhante em todas as raças. Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as diferentes raças. Analisando apenas brancos e negros (pretos + pardos), verificamos que foi semelhante a distribuição de sexo (60% de sexo feminino entre os brancos e 59% entre os negros; p=0,98), a presença de história familiar de doença inflamatória intestinal (16,2% entre os brancos e 7,6% entre os negros, p=0,08), a presença de doença fistulizante (43,5% dos brancos versus 48,7% dos negros; p=0,49), a presença de manifestações extra-intestinais (67% dos negros versus 66,9% dos brancos; p=1,0) e uso de corticosteróides (65,7% dos negros versus 73,9% dos brancos; p=0,21). Os brancos apresentaram doença restrita ao íleo terminal em 42,4% versus 23,4% nos negros (p=0,009). Não houve diferença na proporção de indivíduos necessitando cirurgia: 46,2% dos negros foram submetidos a cirurgia comparado com 53,2% dos brancos (p=0,34). Ao analisarmos a ancestralidade e não raça/cor declarada, também não encontramos nenhuma associação com idade do início dos sintomas, doença fistulizante, manifestações extra-intestinais, uso de imunossupressores, uso de corticosteróides ou cirurgia prévia. CONCLUSÕES: No Brasil, não encontramos diferenças na apresentação clínica ou gravidade da DC de acordo com raça/cor ou com a ancestralidade. / INTRODUCTION: Crohns disease (CD) is increasingly recognized in diverse ethnic populations. Ethnic factors related do CD are highly controversial. Apparently, there seems to be a higher incidence among white subjects. However, studies conducted in USA have shown an increase in prevalence among black subjects in the last 30 years. Overall, there is lack of information concerning the clinical phenotype (disease presentation and progression) so as to race, and literature remains controversial. Brazil has a multiracial society, with important European immigration and also Africans. AIM: to analyze the influence of race and/or ancestry on clinical presentation and progression in a multiracial society living in the same environment. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy three patients with CD seen in gastroenterology clinic of Hospital das Clínicas between June 2005 and July 2006 were analyzed to determine whether there were significant differences among racial/ancestry groups. Race was self-declared according to the classification used by IBGE (Brazilian Demographical Census classifies people according to race or skin color, which is declared by the person himself/herself according to the fallowing options: white, black, brown/mixed, yellow or indian). Ancestry (also declared by the patient) was described as European, African, mixture of African and European, Indian, Asian or another/unknown. The definition of disease location was according to the Vienna classification. The severity of disease was measured by the use of steroids, the use of immunomodulators (azathioprine or methotrexate) and the need of surgeries related to the disease. The evaluation of extra-intestinal manifestations consisted of 3 main categories: ophthalmological, dermatological and articular. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS statistic software. RESULTS: Whites comprised 68.8%, blacks 7.8%, brown/mixed 21.5% and yellow 1.5%. One patient reported itself as American Indian. Comparing the whites and the African Americans (blacks and brown/mixed), we found no significant difference with respect to family history of inflammatory bowel disease (16.2% vs 7.6%; p=0.08), mean age at the onset of symptoms (27+12 vs 30+12; p=0.07), steroids use (73.9% vs 65.7%; p=0.21), immunomodulators use (74.3% vs 74%; p=0.96), surgery need (53.2% vs 46.2; p=0.34), perforating disease (43.5% vs 48.7%; p=0.49), ocular manifestations (8.8% vs 9.0%; p=0.96), skin manifestations (15.5 vs 15.8%; p=0.94), articular (64.5% vs 63.3% p=0.89). Smoking habits, a possible confounding factor, was similar in the two groups. The whites have more frequent disease location at the ileum (42.4% vs 23.4%; p= 0.009). Analyzing the ancestry, there were 36.8% European, 3.8% mixture of African and European, 9.2% African, 7.9% Indian, 1.3 Asian and 41% Brazilian/other/unknown. If we analyze the European ancestry compared to African, there were no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences among the races (as defined by skin color) in most of the studied variables. There were difference only in respect to disease location, as described previously by others. It seems that in a multiracial society as Brazil, race, in respect of skin color or ancestry, may have some influence, but it is not an important factor defining presentation or progression of CD.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-07-24T14:23:49Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-07-25T15:03:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T15:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-06-25 / A neoplasia de mama é responsável pelo maior número de óbitos por câncer em mulheres. O Brasil tem diretrizes para o rastreamento do câncer de mama desde 2004, mas a cobertura populacional continua abaixo do recomendado. Os determinantes sociais que influenciam a cobertura do rastreamento e a sobrevivência ainda são pouco estudados. Propõe-se elaborar um modelo conceitual da determinação social da sobrevivência do câncer de mama em mulheres, baseado em evidências, e aplicar este modelo em estudos epidemiológicos. Propõe-se também investigar a distribuição espacial da cobertura de rastreamento mamográfico nas regiões de saúde do Brasil e os fatores associados. Para elaboração do modelo conceitual, fez-se uma revisão integrativa, com busca sistemática nas bases de dados LILACS e MEDLINE com os descritores de assunto "neoplasias da mama", "análise de sobrevivência" e termos relacionados aos determinantes sociais. Com base neste modelo, estudou-se a sobrevivência em 10 anos de uma coorte de mulheres com câncer de mama acompanhadas em serviço oncológico hospitalar de Juiz de Fora, com setores público e privado. Para investigar a cobertura do rastreamento, fez-se um estudo ecológico de análise espacial em saúde. Existem evidências na literatura de que a posição socioeconômica atual e em etapas anteriores da vida, a condição socioeconômica da área de residência, raça/cor/etnia, características dos serviços de saúde, estilo de vida e suporte psicossocial são determinantes sociais da sobrevivência no câncer de mama; e de que fatores biológicos, como o estadiamento da doença, e as intervenções terapêuticas, são mediadores desta relação. No estudo de sobrevivência, as mulheres de raça/cor negra (HR=2,08; IC95%: 1,48-2,91) e residentes em áreas de menor renda (HR=2,39; IC95%: 1,493,83; comparando o quartil de menor renda com o de maior renda) tiveram pior prognóstico. O principal mediador de raça/cor foi o diagnóstico em estágios mais avançados (proporção mediada=40%; IC95%: 37%-42%), provavelmente por menor acesso ao rastreamento. O estudo ecológico mostrou grandes desigualdades regionais na cobertura de rastreamento mamográfico, com valor mediano de 21,6% e intervalo interquartílico de 8,1% a 37,9%. Comparada com a região Sudeste, as regiões de saúde da região Centro-Oeste tiveram em média uma cobertura 24,0% menor, as da região Norte 13,9% menor e as do Nordeste 11,0% menor. Os fatores associados a uma maior cobertura mamográfica foram o tamanho e a proporção de urbanização da população, menor desigualdade de renda, maior disponibilidade de mamógrafos e radiologistas e maior eficiência no uso dos mamógrafos existentes. Nos modelos de regimes espaciais, a eficiência no uso dos mamógrafos foi o único fator significativo para todas as grandes regiões. O índice de Gini foi significativo no Sul e Sudeste, o tamanho da população no Sul, a razão de radiologistas no Centro-Oeste e a razão de mamógrafos no Norte. Foram evidenciadas iniquidades regionais na cobertura de rastreamento mamográfico e disparidades raciais e sociais na sobrevivência de mulheres com câncer de mama. A melhora do acesso a ações de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce do câncer de mama pode contribuir de maneira importante para a redução das iniquidades em saúde. / Breast cancer accounts for the highest number of cancer deaths in women. Brazil has had guidelines for screening for breast cancer since 2004, but population coverage remains low and the survival of woman with the disease is lower than in high-income countries. The social determinants of screening coverage and survival from breast cancer are still poorly studied. It is proposed to elaborate a conceptual model of the social determination of the survival of breast cancer in women, based on scientific evidence, and to apply this model in epidemiological studies. It is also proposed to investigate the spatial distribution of mammographic screening coverage in Brazilian health regions and associated factors. For the elaboration of the conceptual model, an integrative review was carried out, with a systematic search in the LILACS and MEDLINE databases with the subject descriptors "breast neoplasms", "survival analysis" and terms related to social determinants. Based on this model, it was studied the survival in 10 years of a cohort of women with breast cancer accompanied at a hospital oncology service in Juiz de Fora, with public and private sectors. To investigate the mammographic screening coverage, an ecological study of spatial analysis in health was made. There is evidence in the literature that current socioeconomic status and in earlier life stages, the socioeconomic conditions of area of residence, race/color/ethnicity, characteristics of health services, lifestyle and psychosocial support are social determinants of survival in breast cancer; and that biological factors, such as staging of the disease, in addition to therapeutic interventions, are mediators of this relationship. In the survival study, women of black race/color (HR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.48-2.91) and residents in lower income areas (HR = 2.39, 95% CI: 1, 49-3,83, comparing the lowest income quartile with the highest income quartile) had a worse prognosis. The main mediator of race/color was the diagnosis at more advanced stages (mediated proportion = 40%, 95% CI: 37%-42%), probably due to less access to screening. The ecological study showed large regional inequalities in mammographic screening coverage, with a median value of 21.6% and an interquartile range of 8.1% to 37.9%. Compared to the Southeast, the health regions of the Central-West had a 24.4% lower coverage, the North region 13,9% lower and the Northeast 11.0% lower. Factors associated with a greater mammographic coverage were the size and proportion of urbanization of the population, lower income inequality, greater availability of mammography machines and radiologists, and greater efficiency in the use of existing mammography machines. In spatial regime models, efficiency in the use of mammography was the only significant factor for all regions. The Gini index was significant in the South and Southeast, the population size in the South, the ratio of radiologists in the Central-West ant the ratio of mammography machines in the North. Regional iniquities in the coverage of mammographic screening and racial and social disparities in the survival of women with breast cancer were evidenced. Improved access to screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer can contribute significantly to reducing health inequities

Wang Meng, an important figure of modern Chinese literature, is best known as an author experimenting with literary techniques at the turn of the 70s and the 80s. Our paper examines a relatively little-known part of his work inspired by the writer's many-year stay in Xinjiang. Examined proses originate primarily from two collections - In Yili and Hello, Xinjiang. In the analysis of Wang Meng's literary creation we take into account the historical context and we present particular features of the literary image of non-Han culture in the work of a Han writer. We also examine the use of narrative techniques, with particular focus on "stream of consciousness" technique.

The main question of my thesis is what role non-profit organizations play in policies regarding Roma education in the Czech Republic. The thesis includes how these non-profit organizations can influence the policy. The research focuses on small groups of NGO's that support inclusive education in unspecialized schools. NGO's are active proponents of inclusion related politics, too. The research contains interviews with representatives or employers of these organizations, and it also looks into channels that represent the use in policy-making. The document presents what activists regard as effective instruments of policy-making, and which instruments activists consider as ineffective. The thesis comprises the difficulties and struggles these non-profit organizations encounter. The study tenders examples of policy-making in small groups of organizations, as well as possible ways NGO's advocate in the Czech state system. This thesis also compares inclusive education policy-making with other fields of policy-making. To conclude, this thesis analyzes the role of non-profit organizations and their ability to exert change at a policy level.

Child vulnerability is a complex human phenomenon that varies contextually. This thesis explores the views of Iraqw and Datoga residents of Haydom village relating to child vulnerability using a concept analysis. The study is a mixed methods study carried out in three stages. The first stage is a non-empirical qualitative literature review; findings from this stage were used to construct questions for the subsequent stage of the study. The second stage of the study is empirical and qualitative, using a focused ethnographic approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty-two adults of the Iraqw and Datoga ethnic groups. Five main themes emerged from a thematic analysis of these interviews; 1) antecedents: lack of resources, 2) contributing antecedents: intentional mistreatment, 3) defining attributes: deprivations in a young individual, 4) consequences: losses suffered, and 5) strategies: dealing with deprivation. Informants’ views were used to construct items for a questionnaire, which was administered in the third stage of the study. This quantitative stage involved eighty young adult respondents of the Iraqw and Datoga ethnic groups. The data in the third stage of the study was analysed statistically, and generally supported the findings of the second stage of the study. Significant Haydom findings congruent with the literature include that poverty and parental alcoholism are antecedents for child vulnerability, that fathers may be unreliable and that some children cope by persevering and working hard. Findings in Haydom that differ from the literature include the following: some people perceive large family size as a protective factor handicapped, illegitimate and foster children may be mistreated former wealth may predispose to lacking coping skills children as a resource child vulnerability has potential for deterioration, stasis or improvement informants suggested a limited range of strategies, including institutional care, with little stress on volunteerism unrelated fostering is unusual but acceptable to many people. This study recommends local identification of and advocacy for vulnerable children’s rights, and planning of evidence based but culturally acceptable strategies to help them. / Health Studies / (D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies))