This study investigated the process of bereavement in the Xhosa, Zulu and Tswana cultures with participants including three cultural experts and a bereaved family from each ethnic group. Data was collected using semi – structured interviews mainly in the participants’ homes. Analysis was used by comparing and contrasting the information gathered. Empirical research findings revealed that the process in the African culture specifically in these three ethnic groups is different from the western culture as stated in the literature. The literature review findings show that the western culture’s processes of bereavement seem focused in the intrapersonal processes. However, the African Black cultures seem to be focused more on interpersonal processes of bereavement. Recommendations are made in the study on how a western trained Educational Psychologist can approach a bereaved client coming from these ethnic groups. Recommendations are also made for Educators and Parents. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

On assiste en Géorgie, entre 1989 et 1994, à deux conflits civils couplés d’une violence politique majeure. L’Ossétie du Sud et l’Abkhazie, soit deux des trois régions dotées d’un statut autonome à l’intérieur de la Géorgie pendant la période soviétique, sont le théâtre de ces conflits. Les affrontements violents sont par ailleurs évités dans le cas de l’Adjarie, cette troisième région dotée d’un statut autonome. Les raisons de cette relative paix adjar ne sont pas évidentes à saisir à prime abord, surtout lorsqu’on observe la situation chaotique dans laquelle se trouve la Géorgie au moment de la chute de l’URSS. Il apparaît ainsi adéquat de se pencher plus spécifiquement sur l’Adjarie, en tant que région de la Géorgie, qui a certes entretenu de fortes tensions avec l’État géorgien nouvellement indépendant, mais sans pour autant que ces tensions politiques ne basculent en un conflit ouvert. Étant donné la similarité qui caractérise les territoires de l’Abkhazie et de l’Adjarie, les arguments géopolitiques ou encore les arguments concernant les structures institutionnelles n’apportent qu’une explication partielle. C’est plutôt un argument identitaire mettant de l’avant la relation entre les groupes qui apparaît déterminant pour expliquer l’absence de conflit en Adjarie. / Between 1989 and 1994, two civil conflicts occurred in Georgia together with major political violence. South Ossetia and Abkhazia, two of the three regions with autonomous status within Soviet Georgia, are the scene of these conflicts. Clashes are otherwise avoided in the case of Adjaria, the third region with an autonomous status. The reasons of this relative adjar peace are not obvious at first glance, especially when considering the chaotic situation in which Georgia is at the time of the USSR collapse. It seems appropriate then to further address the Georgian region of Adjaria, a region that certainly has experienced strong tensions with the newly independent Georgian state, although without turning into an open conflict. Because of the similarity between Abkhazia and Adjaria, the geopolitical arguments, or those concerning institutional structures, can only provide a partial explanation. It is rather an argument based on identity and putting forward relations between groups that appears to be determinant to explain the absence of conflict in Adjaria.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-02-20T23:56:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final-kelly.pdf: 2966404 bytes, checksum: 270972253f907c890371ecccbf1c9dfd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-20T23:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao final-kelly.pdf: 2966404 bytes, checksum: 270972253f907c890371ecccbf1c9dfd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / Prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality and the second leading cause of death in children under five years in all countries of the world. Its etiology is not well known and many risk factors have been blamed for their occurrence, among them are those related to social inequality, low education, poor access to health services and the black race. There are several evidences that ethnic and racial disparities can lead to premature birth, however, in Brazil, there are few studies that seek to evaluate the association of race/skin color and the occurrence of prematurity. To analyze the incidence of prematurity and maternal racial differences is necessary so that ethnic and racial disparities can be considered when planning programs to improve health outcomes. The aim of this study is to analyze the association between race/color maternal and prematurity among pregnant women assisted in the prenatal public network, residents in Santo Ant?nio de Jesus - Bahia. The design of this study was through conducting a meta-analysis and cross-sectional study nested in a prospective cohort study of a random sample of pregnant women assisted in the prenatal public health network services. For the meta-analysis were analyzed 17 articles of observational epidemiological studies. The meta-analysis indicates a positive association to the risk of prematurity according to race / skin color, where the black women had a risk of 51% more premature birth, compared with non-black women (RR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.39 to 1.65). In the cross-sectional study in a sample of 938 pregnant women, 18 to 45 years old the prevalence of preterm birth was 11.8% and the probability of prematurity was higher in black women (PR = 2.16, CI: 1.12 to 4.17) when compared with non-black women. The results highlight the variation in the prevalence of prematurity according to race / color, even after adjustment of covariates. / A prematuridade ? a principal causa da morbimortalidade neonatal e a segunda maior causa de morte em menores de cinco anos em todos os pa?ses do mundo. Sua etiologia n?o ? bem conhecida e muitos fatores de risco t?m sido responsabilizados pela sua ocorr?ncia, dentre eles est?o os relacionados a desigualdades sociais, como baixa escolaridade, dif?cil acesso aos servi?os de sa?de e a ra?a/cor da pele negra. H? evid?ncias de que as disparidades ?tnico-raciais podem levar a prematuridade gestacional, no entanto, no Brasil, poucos s?o os estudos que buscam avaliar a associa??o da ra?a/cor da pele e a ocorr?ncia da prematuridade. Analisar a ocorr?ncia da prematuridade gestacional e diferen?as raciais maternas se faz necess?rio, para que as disparidades ?tnico-raciais possam ser consideradas no planejamento de programas para melhorar os resultados de sa?de. O objetivo desse estudo ? analisar a associa??o entre a ra?a/cor materna e a prematuridade entre as gestantes acompanhadas no pr?-natal da rede p?blica, residentes no munic?pio de Santo Ant?nio de Jesus ? Bahia. O delineamento deste estudo se deu atrav?s de realiza??o de uma meta-an?lise e um estudo de corte transversal aninhado a uma coorte prospectiva de uma amostra aleat?ria de gestantes acompanhadas nos servi?os de pr?-natal da rede p?blica de sa?de. Para a meta-an?lise foram analisados 17 artigos de estudos epidemiol?gicos observacionais. A meta-an?lise indicou uma associa??o positiva para o risco da prematuridade segundo a ra?a/cor da pele, onde as mulheres negras apresentaram um risco de 51% a mais de parto prematuro, se comparado com mulheres n?o negras (RR: 1,51; IC 95%: 1,39-1,65). No estudo de corte transversal em uma amostra de 938 gestantes, de 18 a 45 anos de idade a preval?ncia da prematuridade gestacional foi de 11,8% e a probabilidade da prematuridade foi maior nas mulheres negras (RP= 2,16; IC: 1,12 ? 4,17) quando comparadas com as mulheres n?o negras. Os resultados revelam varia??o na preval?ncia da prematuridade de acordo a ra?a/cor da pele, mesmo ap?s o ajuste das co-vari?veis.

O vírus da hepatite C (HCV) é uma importante causa de doença hepática crônica e de complicações associadas, tais como cirrose e hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Fatores virais e do hospedeiro são conhecidos preditores da terapia antiviral. Fatores do hospedeiro preditores da resposta viral sustentada (RVS) foram descobertos por estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS), correspondendo a polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) nos genes IFNL3 e IFNL4 (rs8099917, rs12979860 e rs368234815). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar as frequências genotípicas dos SNPs rs8099917, rs12979860 e rs368234815 e avaliar a associação entre estes SNPs e a evolução clínica e a resposta ao tratamento da infecção pelo HCV tendo em conta a ancestralidade genética da população estudada. Neste estudo, foi observada a associação dos três polimorfismos tanto com o desfecho clínico quanto com a resposta ao tratamento com interferon peguilado (PEG-IFN) e ribavirina (RBV). Os polimorfismos rs12979860 e rs368234815 foram associados com aumento da sensibilidade (respectivamente 97,7%, IC 95% 87,2-100, e 93,3%, IC 95% 81,3-98,3) e com um maior valor preditivo de uma resposta positiva ao tratamento. Na análise multivariada ajustada por sexo, idade e ancestralidade genética, o haplótipo G/T/?G foi relacionado com a não-resposta ao tratamento (OR = 21,09, IC 95% 5,33-83,51; p < 0,001) e com uma chance maior de desenvolver infecção crônica (OR = 5,46, IC 95% 2,06-14,46; p=0,001), quando comparado com haplótipo T/C/TT. Estes resultados podem ajudar a ajustar políticas de tratamento para a infecção por HCV em populações com tais características genéticas, assim como nos permitem conhecer o perfil genético da nossa população em relação a esses polimorfismos / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and associated complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral and host factors are known to be predictors for anti-viral therapy. Host factors predictors of sustained viral response (SVR) were discovered by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near or on genes IFNL3 and IFNL4 (rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs368234815). The aim of the present work was verify the genotype frequencies of SNPs rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs368234815, and evaluate the association between these SNPs and HCV infection outcome taking into account the genetic ancestry of the population. In this study, there was an association of the three polymorphisms with both clinical outcome and response to treatment with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). The polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs368234815 showed increased sensitivity (97.7%, 95% CI 87.2-100, and 93.3%, 95% CI 81.3-98.3 respectively) and greater predictive value of a positive response to treatment. In multivariable analysis adjusted by gender, age and genetic ancestry, the haplotype G/T/?G was related to non-response to treatment (OR = 21.09, 95% CI 5.33-83.51; p < 0.001) and to a higher chance to develop chronic infection (OR = 5.46, 95% CI 2.06-14.46; p=0.001) when compared to haplotype T/C/TT. These findings may help to adjust our treatment policies for HCV infection in populations with such genetic characteristics, as well as allowing us to get to know the genetic profile of our population for these polymorphisms

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:54:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joaquim Jose Neto.pdf: 1032268 bytes, checksum: b23e3b664d8fe9e347b936ea8ebdf48d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-07-13 / This study proposes to investigate the reality of the Young members of the Tapuia Indian tribe who live in Carretão, at a time whey are going through a process of reconstruction of their indigenous identity. The study specifically examines the feeling of belonging to the ethnic group, Tapuia Indians of Carretão, on the part of these young people, thereby seeking to understand what it means to be young, to be a Tapuia Indian, the relationship with those who are older, with the traditions, with the family and the formative agencies, the relationship with the territory or the land where they live, the educational process and how they see their present and their future. The study seeks to know the young Tapuia Indians of Carretão, who they are and how they live, how they perceive their existence as heirs of an indigenous identity and a piece of land, and how they became interested in their heritage. It investigates the consistency or lack thereof of their conviction of belonging to an ethnic group which is in an accelerated process of losing cultural values, keeping in mind the fact that they participate, as do all young people of their time, in school education, recreation, religion, existential conflicts, to sum it up, in the social and cultural universe of youth who live in a rural area with probable pretensions to conquer space in a world that is becoming over more urbanized. The study considers the young person as a subject of his social world, immersed in the history of his country and his ethnic group, who bears the marks of this history an as subject who is capable to reflect on his acts and to position himself as far as his life is concerned. The phenomenological method has been used to enable penetration of the world of concepts of the subjects and ask who are these young people. The instrument used in this study is the specialized interview. To discover their sense of belonging, an attempt was made to investigate the process of education that the youth of Carretão go through, trying to give due dimensions to their participation in school education, the process of the loss of cultural values and the influence they absorb from organizations of civilian society (the Diocese of Rubiataba, the National Indian Foundation Funai, the Missionary Council for the Indigenous Cimi, the Institute for Pre-history an Anthropology of Goiás IGPA and the Catholic University of Goiás), who with the proposal to help the group in a process of revival influence the way these young people understand their past, their present and their future. The young Tapuia Indians of Carretão are in a process of identifying themselves as descendants of Amerindians. They are conscious of the fat that are Amerindians, the result of a long process of miscegenation and, they are building their identity on the conviction that they are not pure Amerindians and also that they are not white descendants of the colonizers. They consider themselves Tapuia, a World that identifies the indigenous descendants of Carretão since the beginning of 20th century. / O propósito deste estudo é a investigação da realidade dos jovens tapuios do Carretão, no momento em que estão vivendo o processo de reconstrução de sua identidade indígena. A pesquisa centra-se no exame do sentimento de pertencimento dos jovens ao grupo étnico tapuios do Carretão, tendo como referência as perspectivas dos próprios jovens, buscando, para isso, a compreensão do ser jovem, do ser tapuio, do relacionamento com os mais velhos, com as tradições, com a família e as agências formadoras, do relacionamento com o território ou a terra em que vivem, do processo educativo e do modo como vêem o seu presente e futuro. A pesquisa procura saber dos jovens tapuios do Carretão, quem são e como vivem, como percebem sua existência na condição de herdeiros de uma identidade indígena e de uma terra e como esta condição foi neles despertada. Investiga a consistência ou não de sua convicção de pertencimento a um grupo étnico em acelerado processo de aculturação, tendo em vista que eles participam, como todos os jovens de seu tempo, da educação escolar, do lazer, da religião, dos conflitos existenciais, enfim, do universo sócio-cultural da juventude que vive em um espaço rural com prováveis pretensões de conquistar espaços no mundo cada vez mais urbanizado. A pesquisa considera o jovem como sujeito social, imerso na história nacional e de seu grupo, portador de uma historicidade, como sujeito capaz de refletir sobre suas ações e se posicionar diante da vida. Utiliza-se o método fenomenológico, por possibilitar adentrar no universo conceitual dos sujeitos e perguntar quem são esses jovens. O instrumento de pesquisa é a entrevista aprofundada. Para desvendar o sentimento de pertencimento procura-se investigar o processo educativo vivido pelos jovens do Carretão, buscando dimensionar a participação da educação escolar no processo de aculturação e a influência exercida por organizações da sociedade civil (Diocese de Rubiataba, Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai), Conselho Indigenista Missionário (Cimi), Instituto Goiano de Pré- História e Antropologia (IGPA), da Universidade Católica de Goiás (UCG) que no propósito de assistir o grupo em processo de ressurgimento, influenciam a maneira de os jovens lerem o passado e compreenderem o presente e o futuro. Os jovens tapuios do Carretão estão em processo de identificação como descendentes indígenas. São conscientes de sua indianidade, o resultado de longo processo de miscigenação e, constroem sua identidade na convicção de que não são índios puros, segundo o imaginário da sociedade nacional, e também não são brancos descendentes dos colonizadores. Consideram-se tapuios, denominação que identifica os descendentes indígenas do Carretão, desde o início do século XX.

On assiste en Géorgie, entre 1989 et 1994, à deux conflits civils couplés d’une violence politique majeure. L’Ossétie du Sud et l’Abkhazie, soit deux des trois régions dotées d’un statut autonome à l’intérieur de la Géorgie pendant la période soviétique, sont le théâtre de ces conflits. Les affrontements violents sont par ailleurs évités dans le cas de l’Adjarie, cette troisième région dotée d’un statut autonome. Les raisons de cette relative paix adjar ne sont pas évidentes à saisir à prime abord, surtout lorsqu’on observe la situation chaotique dans laquelle se trouve la Géorgie au moment de la chute de l’URSS. Il apparaît ainsi adéquat de se pencher plus spécifiquement sur l’Adjarie, en tant que région de la Géorgie, qui a certes entretenu de fortes tensions avec l’État géorgien nouvellement indépendant, mais sans pour autant que ces tensions politiques ne basculent en un conflit ouvert. Étant donné la similarité qui caractérise les territoires de l’Abkhazie et de l’Adjarie, les arguments géopolitiques ou encore les arguments concernant les structures institutionnelles n’apportent qu’une explication partielle. C’est plutôt un argument identitaire mettant de l’avant la relation entre les groupes qui apparaît déterminant pour expliquer l’absence de conflit en Adjarie. / Between 1989 and 1994, two civil conflicts occurred in Georgia together with major political violence. South Ossetia and Abkhazia, two of the three regions with autonomous status within Soviet Georgia, are the scene of these conflicts. Clashes are otherwise avoided in the case of Adjaria, the third region with an autonomous status. The reasons of this relative adjar peace are not obvious at first glance, especially when considering the chaotic situation in which Georgia is at the time of the USSR collapse. It seems appropriate then to further address the Georgian region of Adjaria, a region that certainly has experienced strong tensions with the newly independent Georgian state, although without turning into an open conflict. Because of the similarity between Abkhazia and Adjaria, the geopolitical arguments, or those concerning institutional structures, can only provide a partial explanation. It is rather an argument based on identity and putting forward relations between groups that appears to be determinant to explain the absence of conflict in Adjaria.

Child vulnerability is a complex human phenomenon that varies contextually. This thesis explores the views of Iraqw and Datoga residents of Haydom village relating to child vulnerability using a concept analysis. The study is a mixed methods study carried out in three stages. The first stage is a non-empirical qualitative literature review; findings from this stage were used to construct questions for the subsequent stage of the study. The second stage of the study is empirical and qualitative, using a focused ethnographic approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirty-two adults of the Iraqw and Datoga ethnic groups. Five main themes emerged from a thematic analysis of these interviews; 1) antecedents: lack of resources, 2) contributing antecedents: intentional mistreatment, 3) defining attributes: deprivations in a young individual, 4) consequences: losses suffered, and 5) strategies: dealing with deprivation. Informants’ views were used to construct items for a questionnaire, which was administered in the third stage of the study. This quantitative stage involved eighty young adult respondents of the Iraqw and Datoga ethnic groups. The data in the third stage of the study was analysed statistically, and generally supported the findings of the second stage of the study. Significant Haydom findings congruent with the literature include that poverty and parental alcoholism are antecedents for child vulnerability, that fathers may be unreliable and that some children cope by persevering and working hard. Findings in Haydom that differ from the literature include the following: some people perceive large family size as a protective factor handicapped, illegitimate and foster children may be mistreated former wealth may predispose to lacking coping skills children as a resource child vulnerability has potential for deterioration, stasis or improvement informants suggested a limited range of strategies, including institutional care, with little stress on volunteerism unrelated fostering is unusual but acceptable to many people. This study recommends local identification of and advocacy for vulnerable children’s rights, and planning of evidence based but culturally acceptable strategies to help them. / Health Studies / (D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies))

This study investigated the process of bereavement in the Xhosa, Zulu and Tswana cultures with participants including three cultural experts and a bereaved family from each ethnic group. Data was collected using semi – structured interviews mainly in the participants’ homes. Analysis was used by comparing and contrasting the information gathered. Empirical research findings revealed that the process in the African culture specifically in these three ethnic groups is different from the western culture as stated in the literature. The literature review findings show that the western culture’s processes of bereavement seem focused in the intrapersonal processes. However, the African Black cultures seem to be focused more on interpersonal processes of bereavement. Recommendations are made in the study on how a western trained Educational Psychologist can approach a bereaved client coming from these ethnic groups. Recommendations are also made for Educators and Parents. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

Submitted by Gilvan Almeida (gilvan.almeida@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-09-26T14:06:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 140.pdf: 2110775 bytes, checksum: bc0a4b42c739a67a5c22bb24b7f390d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Barata Manoel (msbarata@coc.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-25T12:46:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 140.pdf: 2110775 bytes, checksum: bc0a4b42c739a67a5c22bb24b7f390d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:46:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 140.pdf: 2110775 bytes, checksum: bc0a4b42c739a67a5c22bb24b7f390d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Trata da história da antropologia física e das discussões sobre raça e nação no início do século XX, tendo como foco os estudos antropológicos desenvolvidos pelo médico e antropólogo Edgard Roquette-Pinto. De um lado, a tese analisa a interlocução e as controvérsias do antropólogo com escritores brasileiros, como Euclides da Cunha, Manoel Bomfim, Oliveira Vianna, Renato Kehl e Gilberto Freyre, procurando compreender como as polêmicas sobre miscigenação racial, imigração e povoamento do Brasil foram centrais na construção de interpretações, diagnósticos e projetos de reforma nacional. Por outro lado, esse trabalho destaca que sua escrita antropológica foi construída em diálogo com antropólogos físicos, historiadores e eugenistas estrangeiros, sobretudo alemães e norteamericanos, entre os quais se destacavam Charles Davenport, Madison Grant, Eugen Fischer, Rüdiger Bilden e Franz Boas. Um dos argumentos defendidos neste trabalho consiste justamente em destacar que a antropologia de Roquette-Pinto se torna mais inteligível quando analisado o debate internacional envolvendo os estudos antropológicos e as redes intelectuais. Deste modo, a tese é uma contribuição tanto para a história da antropologia no Brasil quanto para a história da circulação de idéias sobre raça, identidade nacional e população em contexto internacional. / This dissertation deals with the history of physical anthropology and discussions about race and nation at the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing on the anthropological studies carried out by the doctor and anthropologist Edgard Roquette-Pinto. As a scientist linked to the National Museum between 1905 and 1935, he dedicated his trajectory to researching the anthropology and ethnography of Brazil, through which he sought not only to describe the formative racial characteristics of the country, but also to valuate the biological feasibility, psychological character and social conditions of the population. By linking Roquette-Pinto’s nationalist activism, his public actions and his dialogue with the anthropological thought of the time, the aim of the dissertation is to analyze the relations between anthropology, nation and politics, emphasizing the national and international frontiers involved in the debate. As it will be demonstrated, Roquette-Pinto’s anthropology was based both on a national context and Brazilian intellectual and scientific concerns, and the international debate on race and populations. On the one hand, the dissertation analyzes the interlocution and the controversies between the anthropologist and Brazilian writers, such as Euclides da Cunha, Manoel Bomfim, Oliveira Vianna, Renato Kehl and Gilberto Freyre, seeking to understand how controversies about racial miscegenation, immigration and the settlement of Brazil were central to the construction of interpretations, diagnostics and projects of national reform. On the other, it is also shown how his anthropological writing was constructed in dialogue with physical anthropologists, historians and foreign eugenists, mostly German and American, including Charles Davenport, Madison Grant, Eugen Fischer, Rüdiger Bilden and Franz Boas. One of the arguments defended in this dissertation is that the anthropology of Roquette-Pinto becomes more intelligible when analyzing the international debate involving anthropological studies and intellectual networks. The dissertation is a contribution both for the history of anthropology in Brazil and for the history of the circulation of ideas about race, national identity and population in an international context.

Comment est-ce que les villes anciennes parviennent à se réinséser dans des ensembles urbains？Quels roles les diverses populations en présence jouent-elles dans les phénomènes de recomposition de ces espaces locaux？Est-ce qu’il n’y a que une route de development au monde qui s’appelle mondialisation？C’est à questions sensibles que s’efforce de répondre ce thèse en proposant une analyse minutieuse des multiples processus qui est fonçonné, au cour des dernières vingtaine ans en Chine, la transformation de culture et tradition du Lijiang, situé dans la province de Yunnan, à la marge en Chine. En retraçant ainsi au fil du temps la vie de ce lieu et ses habitants, ce thèse veut entraine dans l’histoire récente en Chine, en meme temps métider la route de development local et le concept de ‘développement’.À la fin, c’est mon analysis sur la base de cette recherche comparative. La réforme et l’ouverture sur le monde extérieur sont exéculté depuis 1978 en Chine, le gouverment s’efforce de developer l’économie. La façon de protéger héritage culture est devenu de plus en plus la manière de developer l’économie. En autre mot, c’est la technique de development dans les lieux locaux et une partie de modernisation (ou mondialisation). Après la guerre mondiale secondaire, modernisation est une trendence principal au monde, par ce thèse, je veux réfléchir sur cette processus de modernisation à nouveau, et analyse la route divisitaire de dévelopment sur la base de les environnements differents. Aujourd’hui, si nous voulons etre inscrits au patrimoine mondial, en un sens, ce n’est pas pour bien le protèger, mais pour profiter de cet honneur et d’un outil pour développer l’économie. Apres etre inscrit au patrimoine mondial, le gouvernement locale a des raisons de demander le support financier au gouvernement central et il a aussi des chances d’attirer les capitaux étrangers pour améliorer les constructions principales. / Lijiang old Town is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, one of the Naxi settlements. Historically, the ancestors of the Naxi and Tibetan, Han, Yi, Bai and other ethnic have lived together in peace, forming its own unique ecological view, and nourishing their own national character, which makes the town own its unspeakable intangible charm in the long history. In 1997, Lijiang Old Town was in the World Heritage List and enters the fast development track. As the result of economic development, the local Naxi culture gradually changes, for example, the ancient city’s commercial atmosphere increasing strong, the outside population coming, the Naxi language usage among the younger generations becoming less and less, the essence of the Dongba culture to be overlooked etc. Based on the above facts, the author tries to explore the Lijiang Old Town as a case from the perspective of the “anthropology of development”. Through collecting data on the basis of the field, compared with the Old City of Lyon, France, the author criticizes the modernist view of development and the excessive use of tools of cultural heritage, highlights our "development" view and cultural heritage awareness bias. The author believes that "development" should be multiple semantics, not just economic growth, including local knowledge. Fading out the cultural heritage as a tool to develop local economy and we should protect the heritage authenticity and integrity, respect different cultures and traditions, and then achieve scientific development and build a harmonious society. Based on the above understanding, the author from the perspective of subjective and objective explores the main viewpoints. Besides the introduction and conclusion, the paper consists of three major parts: In the first part, the author places the town of Lijiang in the scope of a long period of time and space, tracing its history through several important development stages: Tea Horse Road period, the anti-Japanese period in the Second World War and after the inscription. In contrast to the development of the past and today, the author shows some differences from the original Ancient Town’s life to today’s commercial city. In the process, the ancient city has changes from community to modern society, the traditional Naxi culture gradually lost. The second part explores different thoughts on the changes of this Old Town of Lijiang from the ethnographic perspective. Mainly through the interview to a family history of the Naxi and three generations’ oral storytelling who have lived in the ancient city, as well as city managers, Naxi scholars, community workers in Lijiang Old Town, young Naxi generation, ordinary residents, outsiders, and the author own field experiences and feelings, the author tries to show different understandings of the whole changes from the outside to the inside of Lijiang old Town. On this basis, the author reinterpreted the stereotype of the ancient Naxi people. In the third part, the author presents the deviation of understanding of the cultural heritage’s protection and development by comparing Lyon Old Town in France. From the “ anthropology of development”, the paper reflects the tool behavior and misunderstanding in the progress of developing and protecting our country’s old city, that is to say, development means not only developing local economy but also protecting tradition culture and customs, etc.