Cette thèse qui s'inscrit dans le domaine de la sociolinguistique/didactique et qui traite de la vitalité des langues à partir des représentations linguistiques des élèves et enseignants, tente de résoudre le problème de la politique linguistique éducative en général et de l'appropriation du français mise à rude épreuve ces deux dernières décennies en particulier. Au niveau de la politique linguistique, des réflexions ont été portées sur les langues et sur la langue en vue de la mise en place des différentes structures capables de promouvoir un bilinguisme harmonieux et efficace entre le sango et le français. Au niveau de la politique éducative, cette étude a le mérite d'avoir jeté les bases des principes des didactiques des langues contextualisées à travers quelques orientations pouvant servir à la refondation de l'école centrafricaine, à la formation des enseignants de français, à l'approche plurielle des langues et des cultures, à la diversification des supports pédagogiques et à l'évaluation des apprentissages. Au-delà de ces contributions qui aideront à la révision des curricula de français, la thèse s'ouvre sur des pistes de recherche portant sur l'évaluation des institutions éducatives, la rédaction des programmes d'enseignement et la mise en place d'un cadre juridique pouvant présider à l'appropriation des langues, notamment du français, matière et médium d'enseignement. / This thesis, which is within the framework of sociolinguistics/didactics and which deals with language vitality through the linguistic representations of students and teachers, tries to cope with the issue of educational language policy, in general, and the appropriation of French, a language jeopardized over the last two decades, in particular. In terms of linguistics policy, studies were carried out on languages and language for setting up different structures to promote a smooth and efficient bilingualism between French and Sango. In terms of educational policy, this study has the merit of laying the foundation of the principles of conceptualized language teaching through guidelines that can be used in rebuilding the Central African school, the training of French teachers, the pluralistic approach to languages and cultures, the diversification of educational materials and the assessment of learning. Beyond these contributions that will help in reviewing French curricula, the thesis opens avenues for research on the evaluation of educational institutions, the drafting of teaching curricula and the setup of a legal framework for the appropriation of languages, including French, a teaching matter and medium.

O vírus da hepatite C (HCV) é uma importante causa de doença hepática crônica e de complicações associadas, tais como cirrose e hepatocarcinoma (HCC). Fatores virais e do hospedeiro são conhecidos preditores da terapia antiviral. Fatores do hospedeiro preditores da resposta viral sustentada (RVS) foram descobertos por estudos de associação genômica ampla (GWAS), correspondendo a polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) nos genes IFNL3 e IFNL4 (rs8099917, rs12979860 e rs368234815). O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar as frequências genotípicas dos SNPs rs8099917, rs12979860 e rs368234815 e avaliar a associação entre estes SNPs e a evolução clínica e a resposta ao tratamento da infecção pelo HCV tendo em conta a ancestralidade genética da população estudada. Neste estudo, foi observada a associação dos três polimorfismos tanto com o desfecho clínico quanto com a resposta ao tratamento com interferon peguilado (PEG-IFN) e ribavirina (RBV). Os polimorfismos rs12979860 e rs368234815 foram associados com aumento da sensibilidade (respectivamente 97,7%, IC 95% 87,2-100, e 93,3%, IC 95% 81,3-98,3) e com um maior valor preditivo de uma resposta positiva ao tratamento. Na análise multivariada ajustada por sexo, idade e ancestralidade genética, o haplótipo G/T/?G foi relacionado com a não-resposta ao tratamento (OR = 21,09, IC 95% 5,33-83,51; p < 0,001) e com uma chance maior de desenvolver infecção crônica (OR = 5,46, IC 95% 2,06-14,46; p=0,001), quando comparado com haplótipo T/C/TT. Estes resultados podem ajudar a ajustar políticas de tratamento para a infecção por HCV em populações com tais características genéticas, assim como nos permitem conhecer o perfil genético da nossa população em relação a esses polimorfismos / Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and associated complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Viral and host factors are known to be predictors for anti-viral therapy. Host factors predictors of sustained viral response (SVR) were discovered by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near or on genes IFNL3 and IFNL4 (rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs368234815). The aim of the present work was verify the genotype frequencies of SNPs rs8099917, rs12979860 and rs368234815, and evaluate the association between these SNPs and HCV infection outcome taking into account the genetic ancestry of the population. In this study, there was an association of the three polymorphisms with both clinical outcome and response to treatment with pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV). The polymorphisms rs12979860 and rs368234815 showed increased sensitivity (97.7%, 95% CI 87.2-100, and 93.3%, 95% CI 81.3-98.3 respectively) and greater predictive value of a positive response to treatment. In multivariable analysis adjusted by gender, age and genetic ancestry, the haplotype G/T/?G was related to non-response to treatment (OR = 21.09, 95% CI 5.33-83.51; p < 0.001) and to a higher chance to develop chronic infection (OR = 5.46, 95% CI 2.06-14.46; p=0.001) when compared to haplotype T/C/TT. These findings may help to adjust our treatment policies for HCV infection in populations with such genetic characteristics, as well as allowing us to get to know the genetic profile of our population for these polymorphisms

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Ons bevind ons in 'n nuwe Suid-Afrika waar die klem baie sterk op die uitwissing van die spore van die apartheidsera gele word. Die oopstelling van skole het nie daartoe bygedra dat kinders hulle vooroordele oorboord gooi en mekaar spontaan aanvaar nie. Die verandering in wetgewing wat 'n eksterne verandering is, het nie noodwendig tot verandering van gesindhede gelei nie. Daar kan derhalwe tereg gevra word hoe versoening tussen mense van verskillende kulture tot stand kan kom. In hierdie studie is gepoog om vas te stel of 'n verrykingsprogram in groepverband interpersoonlike vaardighede en verhoudinge van persone van uiteenlopende kulturele agtergronde kan bevorder. Die program is onder gekontroleerde omstandighede aangebied en die idiografiese navorsingsmetode is gebruik. Daar is bepaal watter faktore die aard en die kwaliteit van verhoudinge tussen persone van verskillende kulturele herkoms be'invloed. Riglyne is gestruktrueer en kriteria is ge'identifiseer waarvolgens die program saamgestel is. Die ouderdomme van die leertinge het tussen 15 en 21 jaar gewissel. Tydens die multikulturele groepsbelewing het die leertinge die geleentheid gehad om persoonlike en interpersoonlike vaardighede te ontwikkel sodat daar 'n openheid en 'n beg rip vir mekaar ontstaan het. Die interaksie met persone afkomstig van 'n verskeidenheid oriemtasies het daartoe gelei dat raakpunte in die diversiteit ontdek is en hulle het mekaar as individue begin erken en verstaan. Nuutgestigte verhoudings was gekenmerk deur vertroue, warmte en empatie. Deur middel van verbeterde selfbegrip en interpersoonlike vaardighede het die verhoudings tussen groeplede in verskeie dimensies beduidend verbeter. Hierdie navorsing het aangetoon dat mense van uiteenlopende kulturele orientasies soos in Suid-Afrika die geval is, deur middel van ervaringsleer in groepverband, tot grater eenheid en verdraagsaamheid saamgesnoer kan word. / Psychology of Education / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

African curricular reforms indicate major inherent structural defects because only the contents of the curriculum were changed. As a result, the Western cultural influences embedded in the curriculum foundations are transmitted to the students, causing the curricular material to be irrelevant and unrelated to their culture and philosophy. The focus of this study was on making the basic education curricula relevant to the socio-cultural and structural context of the Gamo ethnic group of Ethiopia. The main aim of the study was to critically analyse how the indigenization approach is conceptualized and reflected in the policies and curricula, and in the implementation of the curricula at basic education level since the adoption of the 1994 Education and Training Policy, and to produce a model suited to indigenizing the basic education curricula for the Gamo ethnic group. To this end, the study employed a critical perspective to investigate the problem. The approach and design consists of a qualitative multiple case study. The country‟s constitutions, policies and strategies were treated as one case, while two cases, one from the Gamo Gofa Zone and another from the Addis Ababa City Administration, were treated similarly, so as to study the basic education curriculum planning and implementation process. The findings of the field study disclosed that the indigenization from the ethnic group‟s perspective has some strength, but major deficiencies. In order to keep the strengths up and avoid the weaknesses, a stand-alone indigenization approach, which calls for rooting the curriculum on indigenous foundations, theories, principles and ideas derived from the culture, and a blending approach, which allows for intercultural dialogue, were suggested as feasible. The researcher believes that this approach is an alternative that could contribute towards ensuring the relevance of the basic education curriculum for the Gamo ethnic group. A model which will assist in materialising the curriculum indigenization from the Gamo ethnic group‟s perspective was suggested. The salient features of the constitutional, policy and strategy provisions were outdone by their favour for a standardization approach. They will have to be revisited, either in favour of indigenization, or the standardization thesis, since these paradigms are opposite poles. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / D. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Pour des raisons de limitation, cette thèse analyse le thème de la réconciliation à partir des pratiques traditionnelles des Baluba du Katanga; elle concerne et s'applique également aux autres ethnies bantu en Afrique Centrale où ces pratiques sont similaires. / La détérioration des relations et la fragilité de la cohésion entre certains groupes sociaux en RD Congo remontent à 1958, peu avant l’indépendance du pays en 1960. Depuis ce temps, les conflits socio-politiques affectent profondément les groupes ethniques et les conditions économiques sont de plus en plus mauvaises. Depuis son indépendance, le pays a traversé de nombreuses périodes de conflits, sans aucune accalmie durable. De 1960 à 1964, les fréquentes guerres de sécessions, des rébellions et des guerres interethniques ont déstabilisé toute la structure sociale du pays. Les tentatives de réconciliation ont eu des résultats mitigés et parfois des solutions de courte durée. Le coup d’État de 1965, a plongé davantage le pays dans la violence : le pouvoir a été confisqué par les membres du parti unique et la gestion des biens publics a été confiée à quelques groupes ethniques privilégiés. Les frustrations et les injustices suscitèrent des insurrections et des soulèvements populaires, souvent réprimés dans le sang. Les efforts de démocratisation de 1990 n’ont pas rétabli l’équilibre des pouvoirs. Plusieurs groupes ethniques lésés se sont radicalisés et ont étayé leurs revendications par des actions violentes et meurtrières. La situation ne s’est guère améliorée depuis la fin de la dictature et perdure encore de nos jours. Pourtant, l’histoire montre qu’en RD Congo, les ethnies avaient un système traditionnel de résolution des conflits de diverses natures. Grâce à un enquête de terrain, nous avons reconstitué ce processus qui conduisait à une réconciliation durable parce qu’elle résultait d’une concertation communautaire sous l’arbre-à-palabre. Selon nos interlocuteurs, ces pratiques traditionnelles de réconciliation ont fait leurs preuves. Dans une perspective d’inculturation de l’Évangile, elles peuvent être interprétées et adaptées, puis intégrées à la vie de l’Église et à sa mission de réconciliation en RD Congo. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un modèle chrétien et inculturé de réconciliation, élaboré à partir des pratiques et des rites traditionnels des Baluba. Pour constituer ses composantes essentielles, nous avons fait une sélection critique de ces éléments traditionnels, qui ont des potentialités de paix. Nous les avons ensuite mis en corrélation avec ceux retenus d’une analyse du récit de la réconciliation entre Jacob et Ésaü (Gn 32–33) et de son appropriation chrétienne à partir des enseignements de Jésus (Mt 5. 21-26) et de Paul (2 Co 5. 11-21). Ce modèle chrétien inculturé est proposé à l’Église et ses partenaires pour être mis en œuvre auprès de la communauté chrétienne, dont les Baluba, et dans l’ensemble de la société congolaise. La première étape de cette mise en œuvre sera un travail de conscientisation et de concertation débouchant sur des expériences pratiques et concrètes de la réconciliation dans des communautés locales, qui pourront servir d’inspiration à d’autres niveaux. La démarche réalisée ici invite aussi à poursuivre des réflexions interdisciplinaires sur la réconciliation durable à partir des pratiques de la culture africaine traditionnelle. / The deterioration of relations and the fragility of cohesion between several social groups in the DR Congo date back to 1958, shortly before the country’s independence in 1960. Since then, socio-political conflicts have profoundly affected ethnic relations and economic conditions have even worsened. Since its independence, the country has gone through many periods of conflict, without any lasting peace. From 1960 to 1964, frequent secession wars, rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts have destabilized the entire social structure of the country. Attempts for reconciliation have had mixed results and sometimes short-lived solutions. The 1965 coup plunged the country further into violence: power ended up in the hands of members of the sole ruling party and the management of public assets got entrusted to select members of influential ethnic groups. Frustrations and lack of distributive justice engendered insurrections and popular uprisings, which were often quelled by bloody repression. Attempts to democratization since 1990 have not restored the balance of powers. Several ethnic groups, feeling unfavourably treated, have become radicalized and have used deadly violence in support of their claims. The situation has hardly improved since the end of dictatorship and persists even these days. Yet, history shows that in the DR Congo, ethnic groups had a traditional system of resolving various kinds of conflicts. Through a field survey, we have reconstructed the process which usually brought about lasting reconciliation, since it was grounded in community consultations under a palaver tree. Accounts by participants in our survey suggest that such traditional practices of reconciliation have demonstrated their efficiency. From the theological perspective of an inculturation of the Gospel, they can be reinterpreted and adapted, then integrated into the life of the Church and into its mission of reconciliation in the DR Congo. In this dissertation, we propose a Christian and contextualized model of reconciliation, grounded in the traditional practices and rites of the Baluba. To constitute its essential components, we have critically selected traditional elements which have shown their potential for peace. We have then correlated them with elements from a narrative analysis of the reconciliation between Jacob and Esau (Gen. 32–33) and its Christian reinterpretation through the teachings of Jesus (Mt 5. 21-26) and Paul (2 Co 5. 11-21). This contextualized Christian model is being proposed to the Church and its partners for implementation within the Christian community, including the Baluba, and within the entire Congolese society. The first step of this implementation process will consist of the raising of awareness and of consultations, thus leading to practical and actual experiences of reconciliation in local communities, which, in turn, will serve as a source of inspiration at further levels. The approach taken here also invites continued interdisciplinary reflections on lasting reconciliation grounded in traditional African cultural practices.

This thesis examines selected aspects of the Việt Ethnic group paremiology based on field research which was carried out from January to June 2012 in Ho Chi Minh City. First, the thesis focuses on facts about paremiology and the Việt Ethnic group's language in general. Then, field research based on a quantitative survey regarding usage and knowledge about proverbs in Vietnam is included. Thesis deals in detail with the basic contextual symbolic nature of proverbs. Finally, chronological examination of some proverbs and their approximate age is incorporated.

Einheimischer des Bwa-Landes, beabsichtige ich in dieser Doktorsarbeit, eine lokale Studie der Problematik der Sozialdynamik in dieser Zone durchzuführen. Diese im Sahel gelegte gilt als Gebiet der Bwa im Südosten Mali. Mit der Mehrheit von Bwa leben Dafings, Fulbe, Dogon, Minianka Minderheitsethnien im Gebiet. Diese Gruppe, außer den Fulbe (Viehzüchter), betreiben Ackerbau und andere Nebentätigkeiten. Die Bwa gelten als konservativ, sind wenig beforscht, in der Minderheit und in Mali administrativ vernachlässigt.Daher unsere Arbeitsziele bestehen im Folgenden: eine Visionsanschaffung der unvermeidbaren Vermischung der lokalen Praktiken und Modernisierungsfaktoren im Gebiet; Erklärung der Co-Existenz der Nicht-Änderungswillen (Traditionsanhalten) und der Änderungstendenz in den Dorfgemeinden; Bestimmen der Rolle der Innovationen und Verhaltensentwicklung der Bauern gegenüber diesen Faktoren; Bemessen der Integrationsprozess des Bwa-Landes in der Entwicklung Malis. Dafür wurde eine Forschung im Bwa-land durchgeführt, die eine Kombination der Methoden und Instrumente der empirischen Sozialforschung erfordert hat: Befragungsverfahren, Beobachtung, Literaturrecherche, Interpretation der Daten mittels des Programms WinMax-QDA. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass auch das Bwa-Land dem Gesetz der natürlichen (endogenen) Dynamik und der Innovationeneffekt nicht entgeht. Es hat eine Autonomie, eigene Strategien und Zielsetzungen, die sich inter-aktiv mit seinem sozialen und natürlichen Umfeld offen entwickeln. Ausdrücklich wurden die Entwicklungsphasen der internen Sozialdynamik der Bauern und ihr unterschiedliches Verhalten gegenüber der Invasion beobachtet. Die Bauern leben, wie überall, seit langer in einem dialektischen Verhältnis mit ihrem Umfeld, ohne den widersprüchlichen/vorteilhaften Verhältnissen, die sie mit dem natürlichen, sozialen, lokalen und nationalen Umfeld haben, zu entgehen. In Bezug auf diese Arbeitsergebnisse, ist die interne Veränderung innerhalb der Gesamtheit der nationalen Veränderung universal, überall präsent nur stellt sie eine lokale, kulturelle und wirtschaftliche Diversität dar. Das Verständnis dieser Phänomene stellt die Grundlage für Einsatzerfolg auf dem Land dar und daher sollte jeder Einsatz dort vorgehen. / Native of the Bwa-Land in Mali, I undertook a study to understand the social dynamics among people living in this geographical zone. The Bwa-Land is located in the Sahelian region of Mali. There live together Bwa, the major ethnic group, and some other minor ethnic groups such as Dafing, Peulh, Dogon and Manianka. Except the Peulhs (stockbreeders), all other ethnic groups practice crop farming and off-farm activities. Bwa people are considered conservative, are administratively marginalised in Mali and not much studied. The objectives of the doctoral studies were to: present the links between indigenous socio-agricultural practices and factors of rural modernisation in the Bwa-Land; explain the coexistence of lack of change and of trends towards evolution; define the role of the factors of modernisation and evolution in the attitudes of the peasants Bwa and Dafing vis-à-vis these factors; measure the evolution of integration of the Bwa-land to the dynamics of democratic progress occurring at national level in Mali. Therefore, we combined methods and instruments used in empirical social sciences research that include: questionnaires, participant observation, analyse of published documents. The data were collected during a seven-months field survey realised in two phases. Data evaluation and analysis were performed using the computer-based programme WinMax-QDA.The results showed that the Bwa locality, like any other, do not escape the law of the natural (endogenous) and induced (innovations) dynamics. It has inherited certain autonomy and is equipped with strategies and objectives and evolutes in very open interaction with its agricultural, social and political environment. Our results also reveal the trends in the indigenous social dynamics and the behaviour of the communities vis-à-vis exogenous factors of change. Peasants have always lived in dialectical relationship with their social and natural environment. We conclude that, local change as part of change occurring at national level is worldwide omnipresent with some local, cultural and economic specificities. The comprehension of this logic is the key of the success of any collaboration with the rural populations and should precede any intervention in rural areas.

本論文之研究動機原在對川西山區人群變遷的歷程作一通盤的考察；繼而欲以川隴交界地區的白馬人為重心，以歷史、地域與文化三面向為觀察途徑。在第一章緒論裡，曾介紹相關學科的演進以建構歷史民族誌撰述的框架，同時就川西山區歷史民族誌的研究歷程、白馬人系屬問題之提出與相關研究概況作回顧。 第二章與第三章所記述的是歷史記憶與文獻解讀的層面，前一章著眼於川西山區全景在魏晉時期以前曾經出現的人群活動、神話傳說及其歷史記載，並試圖在不同的地理分區歸納出個別人群之間的文化類型；其後一章則集中考究活動於川隴之間的古代氐人及其遺裔的歷史，間或以當時華夏人群西部邊緣的消長為時空背景，對照出其人群歷史興衰的過程。 第四章以川隴山區的地理環境為主軸，分別討論今日白馬聚落與古代氐人部落的向外活動軌跡，由對外通道的變遷亦可了解其歷史重心的轉移過程；第五章則以白馬聚落的文化內涵與社會變遷為研究對象，得知古代的氐人與今日的白馬人之間不僅文化風貌極為接近而有前後相承的類緣關係，在地緣上可比對出古代氐羌系人群的文化分布範圍。第六章則以「在變與常之間的山區人群歷史與文化」為全文結論，希冀作為進一步研究其他山區人群歷史民族誌的開端。

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Ons bevind ons in 'n nuwe Suid-Afrika waar die klem baie sterk op die uitwissing van die spore van die apartheidsera gele word. Die oopstelling van skole het nie daartoe bygedra dat kinders hulle vooroordele oorboord gooi en mekaar spontaan aanvaar nie. Die verandering in wetgewing wat 'n eksterne verandering is, het nie noodwendig tot verandering van gesindhede gelei nie. Daar kan derhalwe tereg gevra word hoe versoening tussen mense van verskillende kulture tot stand kan kom. In hierdie studie is gepoog om vas te stel of 'n verrykingsprogram in groepverband interpersoonlike vaardighede en verhoudinge van persone van uiteenlopende kulturele agtergronde kan bevorder. Die program is onder gekontroleerde omstandighede aangebied en die idiografiese navorsingsmetode is gebruik. Daar is bepaal watter faktore die aard en die kwaliteit van verhoudinge tussen persone van verskillende kulturele herkoms be'invloed. Riglyne is gestruktrueer en kriteria is ge'identifiseer waarvolgens die program saamgestel is. Die ouderdomme van die leertinge het tussen 15 en 21 jaar gewissel. Tydens die multikulturele groepsbelewing het die leertinge die geleentheid gehad om persoonlike en interpersoonlike vaardighede te ontwikkel sodat daar 'n openheid en 'n beg rip vir mekaar ontstaan het. Die interaksie met persone afkomstig van 'n verskeidenheid oriemtasies het daartoe gelei dat raakpunte in die diversiteit ontdek is en hulle het mekaar as individue begin erken en verstaan. Nuutgestigte verhoudings was gekenmerk deur vertroue, warmte en empatie. Deur middel van verbeterde selfbegrip en interpersoonlike vaardighede het die verhoudings tussen groeplede in verskeie dimensies beduidend verbeter. Hierdie navorsing het aangetoon dat mense van uiteenlopende kulturele orientasies soos in Suid-Afrika die geval is, deur middel van ervaringsleer in groepverband, tot grater eenheid en verdraagsaamheid saamgesnoer kan word. / Psychology of Education / D.Ed. (Psychology of Education)

EditorialThe text doesn´t have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen