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This dissertation examines how the human bodymind has been seen as malleable by science, technology, and policy practitioners from the Eugenic era in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, to the future imaginaries of Transhumanists and technology innovators. I critique the main goal of these practitioners – to perfect the human bodymind and through that perfection, perfecting human society – as utopic, impossible, and amoral. I argue instead, that we are intra-dependent – dependent on and through each other and our ecological contexts. I ground this argument both in the lived experience of those whose bodymind arrangements go against our normative expectations – folks like disabled people, queer and transgender people, body modders, and more – and in the philosophical metaphysics of Karen Barad's Agential Realism. I argue that we can only produce a future where bodymind alteration is acceptable if we first value different bodymind arrangements. I argue both that we cannot consider ourselves individuals, separate from the world or each other, and that multiplicity of bodyminds is a generative, heterotopic (neither utopic nor dystopic), force toward which we ought strive through engaging intentionally with each other in care relations. / Doctor of Philosophy / An interdisciplinary examination of how science and technology has made possible bodymind alteration from the eugenics in the early 20th century until today. Particular focus is given to how futures were imagined by different groups (eugenics educators, regenerative medicine scientists, and transhumanists in particular), the practices used to realize these futures, and the ethics around the practices and beliefs that are often taken for granted. I also describe several communities (disabled people, body modders, otherkin, and more) whose bodyminds are decidedly non-normative in order to reveal practices of community, kinship, and resistance to power that illuminate the lived realities of having a different morphology. I argue that these communities reveal ways to value and include morphological difference that might bring about a Morphological Freedom in which we might all thrive.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis examines the widely unknown history and origins of Muscatatuck Colony, located in Butlerville, Indiana. The national eugenics movement impacted the United States politically, medically, legally, and socially. While the United States established mental institutions prior to the eugenics movement, many institutions, including ones in Indiana, were founded as eugenic tools to advance the agenda of achieving a “purer” society. Muscatatuck was one such state institution founded during this national movement. I explore various elements that made the national eugenics movement effective, how Indiana helped advance the movement, and how all these elements impacted Muscatatuck’s founding. I investigate the language used to describe people that were considered “mentally inferior,” specifically who the “feeble-minded” were and how Americans were grouped into this category. I research commonly held beliefs by eugenicists of this time-period, eugenic methods implemented, and how these discussions and actions led to the establishment of Muscatatuck in 1920. Muscatatuck Colony, though a byproduct of the national eugenics movement, outlived this scientific effort. Toward the mid and late twentieth century, Muscatatuck leadership executed institutional change to best reflect American society’s evolving thoughts on mental health and how best to treat people with mental disabilities. Muscatatuck Colony reveals a complicated narrative of how best to treat or care for people within these institutions, a complex narrative that many mental institutions share.

Traces the inter-related histories of the eugenics movement and birth control, with an emphasis on abortion. Discusses Sarah Weddington's arguments and the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v Wade. Straws the eugenic influences in the case and asserts that these influences caused the decision to be less than decisive.

In this thesis it is argued that a full and complete understanding of the eugenics movement may only be gained by examining those who were implicated in its criticisms. Using the example of three Christian missionary organisations that worked amongst largely poor and immigrant communities in London and New York, it is demonstrated that eugenics was a pervasive ideology outside its 'official' societies. Moving away from an understanding grounded in ideas of conflict and concession, it will be demonstrated that those whose work was challenged by eugenic claims were able to interpret the ideology according to their existing reformist agendas. Hereditarian ideas did not sound the death knell for reformers, and these organisations demonstrated both the willingness and capacity to shape eugenic ideas within and outside their organisations. From these examples it is argued there is a need to move beyond definitions of eugenics that limit the movement to a small subset of its methods. Far from being a peripheral aspect to the history of eugenics, it will be seen that these missionary agencies occupied a position at the centre of eugenicists' concerns. As prominent providers of charity, a work charged by eugenicists with unnaturally hindering the natural laws of selection, religious communities were, in part, one of the reasons that eugenics was deemed necessary in the first place. This picture is confirmed by an examination of two eugenics societies, one on each side of the Atlantic, where the impact of religious sentiment and ideas exerted a dramatic effect upon policies and propaganda work. There was no one-way flow of ideology from eugenicists towards reformers, but rather a two-way dialogue which created a marked impression on both groups.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-09-26T10:04:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Patrícia Marques Freitas.pdf: 1073348 bytes, checksum: f24442091b470f9a435fc445cccff78d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T10:04:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patrícia Marques Freitas.pdf: 1073348 bytes, checksum: f24442091b470f9a435fc445cccff78d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-21 / This study aims to analyze how Michel Foucault’s Biopolitics notion may have contributed to Biolaw and Bioethics by developing studies on eugenics and biological racism as the backbone of the relation between Biopolitics, Bioethics and Biolaw. For that, the bibliographical research method was chosen. In order to understand the meaning of Biopolitics — that is the extension of the State power controlling bodies and institutionalizing policies to discipline, regulate and rule over the aforementioned body —, Foucault’s genealogical period writings were scrutinized. This study is divided in four parts, for the sake of better understanding the research problem. The first and the second focuses on studying Michel Foucault’s Biopolitics and it was decided to start with “Dits et écrits”, volume II, translated into Portuguese, where Foucault starts criticizing the biological aspects. Then, we move to Microphysics of power, first mentioned in “Birth of Social Medicine”, when Foucault used the term Biopolitics for the first time. After that, “The Will to Knowledge”, volume I, about the History of sexuality, is used as it discusses Biopolitics further. Next, this study dives into courses taught by Foucault at Collège de France, more specifically in the course “In Defense of Society” (1976), followed by “Security, Territory, Population” (1977-1978), and, finally, “Birth of Biopolitics” (1978-1979). This way, it is shown in the end what Michel Foucault understood as Biopolitics, in a conceptual mapping in order to build the theoretical reference for this study. The third part of this work focuses on the historic journey that paved the road for Bioethics, in a way of consolidating it as part of practical philosophic ethics, related to ethical behavior of health care professionals. Biolaw is stressed by analyzing historical context when it was created and its driving principles as well. Forth part makes explicit how eugenics, which was part of Foucault’s analysis on Biopolitics — that is stated in his analysis of the degeneration theory —, and themes currently related to Biolaw and Bioethics, under the perspective of the growing human need of “race improvement” / A presente pesquisa visa analisar a possível contribuição da noção de Biopolítica em Michel Foucault para uma área do saber vinculada ao Direito, conhecida como Biodireito, e, à própria Bioética, através do estudo da eugenia e do racismo biológico, como fios condutores dessa correlação entre os temas da Biopolítica, Bioética e Biodireito. Com o propósito de realizar tal finalidade foi utilizada a metodologia bibliográfica em que se fez um recorte nos escritos de Michel Foucault, correspondente ao período da genealogia, para que se pudesse compreender o significado da Biopolítica, entendida pelo processo de estatização do biológico, no qual se revela o controle do corpo por parte do Estado e pela institucionalização de políticas que disciplinam, regulam e normalizam este corpo. Para a compreensão do problema de pesquisa proposto, o trabalho divide-se em quatro capítulos. O primeiro e o segundo dedicam-se ao estudo da Biopolítica em Michel Foucault, por isso, foi trilhado um caminho que se inicia com Ditos e escritos, v. II, no qual já aparecem as primeiras críticas que Foucault traça a respeito da biologia. Logo em seguida, passa-se à Microfísica do poder, notadamente, no texto sobre o Nascimento da Medicina Social, quando será a primeira vez que Foucault utiliza o termo “Biopolítica”. Posteriormente, faz-se uso de A vontade de saber, v. 1, de História da sexualidade, no qual o tema da Biopolítica é aprofundado. Após isso, adentram-se os cursos ministrados por Foucault no Collège de France, mais especificamente, Em defesa da sociedade (1976), seguido por Segurança, território e população (1977- 1978), e, finalmente, Nascimento da Biopolítica (1978-1979). Desse modo, caminha-se ao final para o que Michel Foucault entendia por Biopolítica, num mapeamento conceitual de forma a construir o referencial teórico desta Tese. O terceiro capítulo deste trabalho concentra-se na trajetória histórica que permitiu o surgimento da Bioética, de maneira a se consolidar como uma parte da Filosofia Ética Prática, relacionada ao comportamento ético dos profissionais da saúde. Além disso, destaca-se o Biodireito, analisando o contexto histórico de sua formação, bem como seu conceito e princípios regentes. No quarto capítulo, é revelado como o movimento científico da eugenia estava presente tanto nas análises que Foucault faz a respeito da Biopolítica, o que aparece na sua análise da teoria da desgenerescência, como, nos temas que tocam, atualmente, o Biodireito e a Bioética na perspectiva da crescente necessidade humana de “melhoramento da raça”

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-10-24T19:19:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Isaias Holowate.pdf: 2498475 bytes, checksum: 76d7d2d1024cfefd96d18270baee0438 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-24T19:19:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Isaias Holowate.pdf: 2498475 bytes, checksum: 76d7d2d1024cfefd96d18270baee0438 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação investiga a construção e as complexidades das representações sobre a eugenia na sociedade ponta-grossense entre os anos de 1908 e 1916. A eugenia foi um movimento científico e social desenvolvido na segunda metade do século XIX e primeira metade do século XX, a partir das obras do antropólogo inglês Francis Galton. Inicialmente, o discurso eugenista tinha por objetivo defender a possibilidade do aprimoramento da espécie humana. Porém, ao ser apropriado por entusiastas das mais diversas regiões do mundo, a eugenia foi representada de forma a atender às necessidades dos grupos que se utilizavam dela, dando origem a uma diversidade de correntes de representações sobre o tema. Assim, as representações sobre a eugenia construídas em ambientes próprios, embora produzidas em relação ao discurso galtoniano, também apresentavam particularidades e peculiaridades. No Brasil, e especificamente, em Ponta Grossa, os discursos eugênicos foram apropriados e representados de forma a atender as necessidades de explicação de grupos locais e nacionais, especialmente de uma classe média e alta formada por entusiastas e intelectuais médicos, juristas, professores, escritores e comerciantes. Ponta Grossa, no início do século XX, estava passando por um período de intensas transformações sociais e culturais com o desenvolvimento de uma sociedade urbana local. Nessa cidade, assim como a instalação das ferrovias, energia elétrica e urbanização, a fundação do jornal Diário dos Campos era vista como sinal do avanço em direção ao progresso. Nas páginas do impresso, os signos e significados do discurso eugenista foram amalgamados a conceitos presentes na identidade da população e utilizado de forma a responder às necessidades locais próprias. Tais processos de reconstruções discursivas deram origem a construções de sentidos próprias para o discurso eugênico, de forma com que entre as representações sobre a eugenia no meio local, nacional e internacional haviam divergências, convergências e peculiaridades. A pesquisa é conduzida através de um estudo embasado nos princípios da História das Representações e utilizando como fonte as publicações do jornal ponta-grossense Diário dos Campos entre os anos de 1908 e 1916, realizando o levantamento, análise e reflexão das representações sobre a eugenia presentes nos artigos do jornal Diário dos Campos e na busca por sinais, vestígios e indícios nos interstícios dos textos e fontes complementares que auxiliam na compreensão dos debates e construções representativas sobre a eugenia no jornal local. Assim, a partir disso, se tornou possível compreender e apontar os processos que envolveram a produção representativa e os sentidos adquiridos pela eugenia no impresso local ponta-grossense. / The present dissertation investigates the construction and complexities of the eugenics representations in the ponta-grossense society between the years 1908 and 1916. Eugenics was a scientific and social movement developed in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the from the works of the english anthropologist Francis Galton. Initially, the eugenics discourse had as objective to defend the possibility of the improvement of the human species. However, when eugenics was appropriated by enthusiasts from the most diverse regions of the world, it was received new meanings in order to meet the needs of the groups that used it, giving rise to a diversity of current of representations on the theme. Thus, the representations about eugenics built in their own local culture, although produced in relation to the galtonian discourse, also presented peculiarities. In Brazil, specifically in Ponta Grossa, eugenic discourses were appropriated and represented in order to fit the explanatory needs of local and national groups, especially of a middle and upper class made up of enthusiasts and medical intellectuals, jurists, teachers, writers and merchants. Ponta Grossa, at the beginning of the 20th century, was undergoing a period of intense social and cultural transformation with the development of a local urban society. In this city, as well as the installation of railroads, electric power and urbanization, the foundation of the Diário dos Campos newspaper was seen as a sign of progress toward progress. In the published pages, the signs and meanings of the eugenist discourse were amalgamated with concepts present in the identity of the population and used to respond to their own local needs. These processes gave rise to constructions of meanings for the eugenic discourse, so that among the representations on eugenics in the local, national and international concepts there were divergences, convergences and peculiarities. The research is conducted through a study based on the principles of the History of Representations and using as a source the publications of the newspaper Diário dos Campos between 1908 and 1916, carrying out the survey, analysis and reflection on the representations on eugenics present in the Diário dos Campos newspaper articles and in the search for signs, traces and clues in the interstices of the texts and complementary sources that help in the understanding of the debates and representative constructions on eugenics in the local newspaper. Thus, from this, it became possible to understand and point out the processes that involved the representative production and the senses acquired by eugenics in the ponta-grossense journal.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-30T11:43:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Andrade da Cruz.pdf: 2363690 bytes, checksum: 6e3f1554dbccc52ab3eb3c9c79ef1b3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T11:43:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Andrade da Cruz.pdf: 2363690 bytes, checksum: 6e3f1554dbccc52ab3eb3c9c79ef1b3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the beginning of the 20th century, England was the stage for an intense debate on the mechanisms of inheritance and their relationship with evolution. To the biologists known as gradualists it was impossible to reconcile Mendelian genetics with Darwinian thought. In turn, advocates of saltationism admitted Mendelian inheritance, but put the foundations of evolution theory into question. This opposition defines the context for the work of Ronald Fisher, who through the use of statistics was able to bridge the gap between the contending positions and thus contributed to the formulation of so-called evolutionary synthesis or Neodarwinism. However, the literature often passes over the fact that the background for the debate and formulation of evolutionary synthesis was provided by eugenics, namely, the science that sought to improve humankind through the control of reproduction. To be sure, eugenics called the attention of Fisher since his youth, and in time he became one of its main developers and advocates. A large part of the theoretical-conceptual grounds of contemporary statistics and population genetics was formulated as a function of Fisher’s concerns with the phenomenon he called differential fertility. According to him, the higher reproduction rates of ‘inadequate’ people by comparison to the ‘best stocks’ was the main cause of the problems humankind had to deal with all along history and also in his time / No início do século XX ocorreram na Inglaterra intensos debates sobre os mecanismos de hereditariedade e suas vinculações com o darwinismo. Uma corrente de biólogos, denominada gradualista, hesitava em aceitar os preceitos mendelianos. Segundo esses não havia composição entre a genética mendeliana e o darwinismo. Por sua vez, a corrente denominada saltacionista, aceitava a genética mendeliana, porém questionava os fundamentos darwinistas de evolução. É nesse contexto que o trabalho de Ronald Fisher se destaca. Ele é considerado um dos principais responsáveis pela formulação da síntese neodarwiniana, ao utilizar a estatística como conciliadora de ambas as correntes. Como pano de fundo das formulações de Fisher e de vários outros naturalistas do período, entretanto, estava a eugenia: a ciência do melhoramento da espécie humana a partir do controle da reprodução. Desde muito jovem as ideias eugênicas chamaram a atenção de Fisher – que se tornou um de seus grandes formuladores e defensores. Grande parte da formulação teórico-conceitual da estatística e da genética de populações foi elaborada sob a preocupação com o fenômeno que Fisher denominou de fertilidade diferencial. Para ele, as maiores taxas de reprodução dos “inadequados” em comparação às ‘melhores linhagens’ humanas era a maior causa dos problemas que a humanidade enfrenta e enfrentou ao longo de toda a história