This graduate research thesis describes how to use interactive whiteboards during physics classes in primary school. The thesis focuses on the method and way how to integrate this equipment into classes. Furthermore, there are evaluations of educational applications for this equipment on the Internet and examples of how teachers have incorporated this application into their classes. In addition, this work is supported by research undertaken at selected middle schools in the South Bohemia. The whole work includes videos of this technology being used during physic lectures and own digital learning materials.

Current design models, approaches and theories are highly fragmented, have seldom been compared with one another, and rarely attempted to be consolidated. Novelty is a measure of creativity of engineering products and positively influences product success. Using physical laws and effects for designing can improve the chances of creativity but they cannot be used directly owing to their inadequate current representations. It is important to address activities, outcomes, requirements and solutions in designing. Conceptual design is an early phase in engineering design and needs to be supported better. A systematic approach for designing often increases effectiveness and efficiency. Thus, the broad objective of this thesis is to develop and validate a comprehensive understanding of how designing occurs during the conceptual phase of engineering design, and to support variety and novelty of designs during this phase. The approach followed is: (a) formulate and validate an understanding of novelty and its relationships to the designing constructs, in current designing, and(b)develop and validate a support, founded on the current designing, to improve novelty. The understanding and the support are addressed, respectively, through an integrated model and a systematic framework for designing; the model and the framework comprise activities, outcomes(including laws and effects), requirements and solutions. An integrated model of designing, GEMS of SAPPhIRE as req-sol is developed by combining activities(Generate, Evaluate, Modify, Select– GEMS), outcomes (State change, Action, Parts, Phenomenon, Input, oRgans, Effect–SAPPhIRE), requirements (req) and solutions (sol), identified from a comprehensive survey of existing design models and approaches. Validation of SAPPhIRE model with existing systems indicates that the model can be used to describe analysis and synthesis, both of which together constitute designing. Validation of the integrated model using existing videos of design sessions, to check if all its constructs are naturally used in designing, reveals that:(a) all the constructs are naturally used;(b) not all the outcomes are explored with equal intensity;(c) while high numbers of action and parts are observed, only low numbers of phenomenon, effects and organs are found. Empirical study using another set of design sessions to study the relationships between novelty and the outcomes reveals that novelty of a concept space depends on the variety of the concept space, which in turn depends on the variety of the idea space explored. Novelty and variety of a concept space also depend on the number of outcomes explored at each abstraction level. Thus, phenomena and effects are also vital for variety and novelty. Based on the above, GEMS of SAPPhIRE as req-sol framework for designing is proposed. The framework is divided into: Requirements Exploration Stage(RES) and Solutions Exploration Stage(SES). In RES and SES, requirements and solutions respectively at all the abstraction levels including SAPPhIRE are generated, evaluated, modified and selected. The framework supports task clarification, conceptual and early embodiment phases of designing, and provides process knowledge. Comparison of the framework against existing design models, theories and approaches reveals that:(a) not all existing models, theories and approaches address activities, outcomes, requirements and solutions together;(b) those that address all these constructs together do not make a distinction between requirements and solutions; and(c) no model or approach explicitly addresses novelty. The usability of the framework and Idea-inspire is assessed by applying them in an industrial project for designing novel concepts of lunar vehicle mobility system. The use of this combined support enables identification of critical requirements, development of a large variety of ideas and concepts. One of these concepts is physically and virtually modelled, and tested, and is found to satisfy all the requirements. A catalogue of physical laws and effects is developed using SAPPhIRE model to provide assistance to designers, especially for phenomena, effects and organs. Observations found during this development are reported. A comparative validation of the framework and the catalogue for their support to design for variety and novelty is done using comparative observational studies. Results from the observational studies reveal that the variety and the novelty of concept space improve with the use of the framework, or with the frame work and the catalogue, as compared to variety and novelty with no support.

There are directives for how public procurement should be conducted, in terms of quality,price, non-discrimination, transparency, equal treatment, reasonable requirements and how environmental, social and labor law considerations should be taken into account. Public procurement must also solve societal problems with the aim of achieving the global goals, but despite these guidelines, environmental ethical problems still remain for how a purchaser should prioritize and evaluate between the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The purpose was to investigate whether environmental ethics could make a significant contribution in highlighting and understanding the environmental ethical challenges, conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces and provide answers to how public procurement should ethically value different tenders in order to be able to choose the supplier that makes the greatest social, ecological and economic benefit to society with the aim of achieving the global goals. The conclusion is that doctor Olle Torpman's environmental ethical sub-issues make the ethical challenges, as conflicts, gaps and considerations that public procurement faces visible and comprehensible. The application of the ethics of sustainable development, specified by professor Mikael Stenmark, solves the environmental ethics problems and shows that an environmental ethics theory makes a significant contribution when it comes to providing answers to how public procurement should ethically value the social, ecological and economic responsibility in public procurement. The procurement authority has been commissioned by the government to amend the law on public procurement so that it is in line with the new climate law. I hope that this thesis can provide an environmental ethical perspective on public procurement. Keywords: sustainable purchases, sustainable public procurement, environmental ethics, evaluate sustainability in purchasing, sustainable development goals, public procurement shall solve societal problems.

Syftet med denna översikt har varit att presentera aktuella metoder för den källkritiska undervisningen i högstadiet. Vår frågeställning genom arbetet har varit, “vilka metoder kan lärare undervisa om inom källkritik för att lära ut ett källkritiskt förhållningssätt?” Genom systematiska sökningar i olika databaser valde vi ut tio artiklar som kunde hjälpa oss att besvara vår frågeställning. Dessa artiklar ligger till grund för vårt arbete och vi har strävat efter att hitta svensk, Nordisk och även internationell forskning. Artiklarna vi valt har behandlat källkritik som ett eget område inom skolan och samhället, men även i relation till ämnet svenska.  För att analysera resultatet av valda artiklar har vi använt oss av en tematiskt analys. Genom analysmetoden har vi kunnat urskilja utmärkande drag i forskningen och därefter kunnat benämna det som olika tema. Med våra tema fastställda kunde vi presentera de metoder som var mest framträdande i forskningen, men även visa på att det finns vissa begränsningar inom området. I resultatet lyfter vi bland annat fram tre viktiga nyckelfrågor i en digital sökprocess och presenterar även en metod som vi benämner lateral läsning. Den laterala läsningen syftar till att bredda digitala sökningar och undersöka information på flera olika hemsidor. Vidare presenterar vi vad forskningen förespråkar om undervisning gällande källkritik där vi också drar slutsatsen att forskarna inte är överens om undervisningen ska ske explicit, eller implementeras som en del av den ordinarie undervisningen.

Les relations entre les Etats-Unis et l’Amérique latine entre 1988 et 2008 ont connu de nombreux bouleversements et chambardements. Les nombreuses raisons qui en sont les causes ont été abordées dans cette thèse. Après avoir étudié les enjeux théoriques de leurs relations nous nous sommes demandés si la politique étrangère était une politique publique comme les autres. Suite à une comparaison générale nous avons étudié les spécificités de l’aide publique au développement et le cas d’une théorie promue par George Bush Jr qui est la « diplomatie transformationnelle ». Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié les bouleversements diplomatiques apparus dans un certain nombre de pays de cette région du fait de l’arrivée de gouvernements de gauche. Les pages consacrées aux trois programmes élaborés par Washington dans les années 2000 (MCA, les deux plans Colombie et le Plan Merida) montrent leur originalité mais aussi leur application et leurs résultats mitigés tant du point de vue de l’efficacité, de l’efficience que de la consolidation des relations diplomatiques avec les pays de cette région. Enfin, nous avons décrit et analysé l’importance des enjeux énergétiques avec l’Amérique latine pour les Etats-Unis puis développé les raisons qui les poussent à vouloir constituer la ZLEA. Cela démontre l’imbrication des questions économiques, diplomatiques et sécuritaires pour les décideurs américains. / The relations between the United States and Latin America between 1988 and 2008 had known a lot of upheavals. The different reasons which were at the origin of that were approached in this dissertation. After having studied the theorical stakes concerning their relations we asked ourself if foreign policy was a classic public policy. Then, we studied development aid’s specificities and a theory promoted by George W. Bush which is the « transformational diplomacy ». In a second part, we studied diplomatical upheavals appeared in some countries of the region, consequence of the election of left wing governments. Pages dedicated to the three programs worked out by Washington during the 2000’s (MCA, both Colombian plans and Merida Initiative) showed the originality but also their application and their reserved results so much from the point of view of the efficiency and the consolidation of the diplomatical relations with the countries of this region. At last, we described and analyzed the importance the energy challenges with Latin America for the United States and developed reasons which urge them to want to constitute the FTAA. This show The interweaving of the economic, diplomatic and security questions for the American decision-makers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:32:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTONIO CARLOS SILVA MOURA.pdf: 541052 bytes, checksum: d1f869d689bf0cbb5911b727574b03a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-20 / This piece of work aims to show the results of a research on learning evaluation in graduation courses. It was carried out at the State University of Londrina, July 2006 through May 2007, and is chiefly linked up to a research type named as Studies on Education. Firstly, one presents both a historical approach on the city and on the State University of Londrina. Secondly, one salvages not only some important features about the history of learning evaluation, learning-based theories, background-related evaluation into university teaching, but also an analysis regarding Political/Pedagogical Projects and courses selected. Thirdly, one shows the results of questionnaires which were applied to the graduation-spanning faculty of the university and based upon the National Center for Researches. Through the institution s documents and the professors? research replies scrutinized, one could dwell upon hurdles over the research referred to as how close the university s and the faculty s points of view may be. One also aims to verify any possible changes between graduation background and professors? evaluation practice and what theories are the basis for such a practice. Thus, this research ends up being important due to its bethink-causing elements on learning evaluation into university teaching, ways to enrich the subject analyzed as well as other views that may arise in order to develop new researches on learning evaluation. / Este trabalho apresenta resultados de pesquisa sobre a avalia??o da aprendizagem em cursos de gradua??o, desenvolvida na Universidade Estadual de Londrina, entre julho de 2006 a maio de 2007 e inserida na linha de pesquisa denominada Estudos em Avalia??o. Apresentam-se, primeiramente, um hist?rico da cidade e da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Em seguida, resgatam-se alguns aspectos relevantes da hist?ria da avalia??o da aprendizagem, seguido de um resgate de teorias relacionadas com a aprendizagem e com a avalia??o formativa no ensino superior, juntamente com an?lise dos Projetos Pol?tico-Pedag?gicos Institucional e dos cursos investigados. Apresentam-se, em seguida, o resultado da an?lise de question?rios aplicados aos docentes de cursos de gradua??o da universidade, abrangendo as diferentes ?reas, segundo a classifica??o do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq). Os problemas de pesquisa referem-se ao grau de proximidade entre os discursos da Institui??o e os dos docentes, revelados, respectivamente, nos documentos investigados e nas respostas obtidas dos sujeitos de pesquisa. Procura-se verificar se houve ou n?o mudan?as entre a forma??o acad?mica dos sujeitos e suas pr?ticas avaliativas enquanto docentes na educa??o superior e que teorias pedag?gicas e epistemol?gicas embasam essas pr?ticas. A contribui??o desta pesquisa torna-se relevante por fornecer elementos para a reflex?o sobre a avalia??o da aprendizagem na educa??o superior, apontando caminhos para o crescimento dentro da tem?tica pesquisada e suscitar outras quest?es que possibilitem o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas e novos avan?os nas discuss?es sobre a avalia??o da aprendizagem.

The aim of this thesis was to develop a touchscreen-adapted version of the well established Keystroke-level model, which is a user performance model designed to be a quick and easy way to evaluate user interfaces prior to creating prototypes. A quantitative research method was chosen to measure general execution times for common touchscreen gestures on mobile devices. Over 1000 data points were collected from participants who partook in a observational experiment using a prototype specifically programmed for this study. The results of the thesis involves the analyzed measurements acquired from the experiment, as well as a four important aspect to consider when performing similar experiments, namely: (1) The individual speed of the participants; (2) The participants’ level of expertise; (3) The participants’ methods of performing the gestures; (4) Designing the experiment for medium difficulty. / Målet med denna uppsats var att utveckla en pekskärmsanpassad version av den välkända modellen Keystroke-level model, vilket är en modell som kan användas för att snabbt och enkelt utvärdera gränssnitt utan att behöva utveckla fungerande prototyper. En kvantitativ forskningsmetod användes för att mäta hur lång tid det tar för användare generellt att utföra de vanligaste fingergesterna på mobila pekskärmar. Över 1000 datapunkter samlades in från ett experiment där deltagarna fick använda en prototyp som automatiskt mätte den tid det tog för användarna att utföra de olika fingergesterna. Resultaten av studien består av de mätvärden som räknats ut samt fyra aspekter som är viktiga att ha i beaktning när liknande experiment ska utformas. Dessa är: (1) Varje deltagares individuella hastighet; (2) Deltagarnas pekskärmsvana; (3) Sättet de olika deltagarna utför fingergesterna; (4) Utforma experimentet för att representera en medium svårighetsgrad. / Le but de ce projet fut de créer une version du Keystroke-level model adaptée aux écrans tactiles. Ce modèle de performance utilisateur est une méthode d’évaluation simple et rapide d’interfaces utilisateur avant la création de prototypes. Une étude quantitative fut choisie pour mesurer le temps d’exécution général de mouvements spécifiques effectués sur des écrans tactiles de téléphones. Plus de 1000 points de données furent collectés auprès de participants ayant pris part à une étude observationnelle utilisant un prototype spécialement programmé pour l’occasion. Les résultats de ce projet incluent l’analyse des mesures acquises lors de cette étude ainsi que quatre aspects importants à considérer lors de la réalisation d’études similaires, à savoir: (1) La vitesse individuelle des participants; (2) Le niveau d’habitude d’utilisation d’écrans tactiles des participants; (3) Les méthodes utilisées par les participants lors de la réalisation des mouvements; (4) La conception d’étude pour des mouvements de difficulté dite moyenne.

Este trabalho analisa as políticas de EJA desenvolvidas pela União e pelo Estado de São Paulo, no período 2003-2009, sob a ótica do regime de colaboração em um Estado federativo. Elegemos como instâncias a serem objeto de nossa análise a Diretoria de Políticas de Educação de Jovens e Adultos da Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Diversidade e Alfabetização do Ministério da Educação DPEJA/SECAD/MEC, e a Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo SEESP. Através da descrição e análise de políticas e programas, e dos dados de demanda e oferta escolar por essas duas instâncias, buscamos avaliar como o regime de colaboração, entre as esferas federal e estadual de governo, tem se concretizado no Estado de São Paulo, no sentido e garantir a efetivação do direito à educação das pessoas jovens e adultas que não puderam iniciar ou concluir a escolarização básica na idade considerada regular. A pesquisa foi realizada mediante análise de documentos, realização de entrevistas com pessoas envolvidas com a temática e revisão da bibliografia sobre o tema. Conclui-se que a as responsabilidades estabelecidas pela legislação referente à obrigatoriedade da oferta de EJA não tem sido respeitada pela União e pelo Estado de São Paulo. Um dos principais fatores ligados a este descumprimento da legislação é o fato de que a colaboração entre estes dois entes federados em relação à EJA não se efetivou satisfatoriamente no período analisado. / educational policy; youth and adult education; federalism; São Paulo (State)

Este trabalho analisa as políticas de EJA desenvolvidas pela União e pelo Estado de São Paulo, no período 2003-2009, sob a ótica do regime de colaboração em um Estado federativo. Elegemos como instâncias a serem objeto de nossa análise a Diretoria de Políticas de Educação de Jovens e Adultos da Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Diversidade e Alfabetização do Ministério da Educação DPEJA/SECAD/MEC, e a Secretaria de Estado da Educação de São Paulo SEESP. Através da descrição e análise de políticas e programas, e dos dados de demanda e oferta escolar por essas duas instâncias, buscamos avaliar como o regime de colaboração, entre as esferas federal e estadual de governo, tem se concretizado no Estado de São Paulo, no sentido e garantir a efetivação do direito à educação das pessoas jovens e adultas que não puderam iniciar ou concluir a escolarização básica na idade considerada regular. A pesquisa foi realizada mediante análise de documentos, realização de entrevistas com pessoas envolvidas com a temática e revisão da bibliografia sobre o tema. Conclui-se que a as responsabilidades estabelecidas pela legislação referente à obrigatoriedade da oferta de EJA não tem sido respeitada pela União e pelo Estado de São Paulo. Um dos principais fatores ligados a este descumprimento da legislação é o fato de que a colaboração entre estes dois entes federados em relação à EJA não se efetivou satisfatoriamente no período analisado. / educational policy; youth and adult education; federalism; São Paulo (State)

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