Notre recherche porte sur les pratiques de GRH transférées par les maisons mères vers leurs filiales étrangères. Pour cela, nous étudions les impacts de trois niveaux de facteurs (pays, organisation et individus) affectant le processus de transfert des pratiques de GRH dans les multinationales. Nous vérifions l’effet des différences cultuelles, des interactions institutionnelles, du mode d’entrée et les rôles des expatriés sur ce transfert. Notre recherche repose sur l’étude de cas de huit filiales multinationales françaises implantées en Chine. Nos résultats montrent que les filiales françaises ont tendance à adopter massivement les pratiques des maisons mères. Plus que les différences culturelles, les interactions institutionnelles et les modes d’entrée déterminent le transfert des pratiques de GRH à l’international. En même temps, nous vérifierons les rôles des expatriés dans la procédure de transfert. / Our research investigates the transfer of HRM practices from parent companies to their overseas subsidiaries. We seek to figure out how three levels of factors (country, organization and individual) from host country affect the international transfer process. We identify the effects of cultures, institutional interactions, entry modes and expatriates on this transfer. Based on detailed case studies of the eight French MNCs in China, we explain how transfer of HRM practices is realized. Our empirical findings indicate that French subsidiaries tend to adopt home-country HRM practices to a considerable extent. More than cultural differences, institutional interactions and entry modes are the main restraints for the transfer of HRM practices. Meanwhile, we identify the role of expatriates in the transfer process.

Chachage Seithy L. Chachage aliyezaliwa mwaka 1955 wilayani Njombe ni mmojawapo wa waandishi wakongwe wa riwaya ya Kiswahili. Hadi hii leo amechapisha riwaya nne. Katika mahojiano haya yaliyofanyika tarehe 30 Machi, mwaka 2004, huko Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam tulitia mkazo zaidi kwenye riwaya yake mpya Makuadi wa Soko Huria (2002). Hivi sasa mwandishi ni Profesa na Mkuu wa Idara ya Sosholojia ya Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam.

The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experiences of Jamaican Expatriate Female C-suite executives in the diaspora of working in Multi-national Companies (MNCs). A further question to be answered was the meaning they derived from their experiences. With little research emerging from the Caribbean about this elite class of professionals, the research intended to expose the challenges faced as an outsider in unfamiliar spaces. Research on other groups have exposed limiting factors to women’s progress in MNCs. Critical Race Theory with a brief mention of Critical Human Geography and Intersectionality are lens applied to critique the experiences of the eight participants. This research mined the extant literature that looked at navigating barriers, disrupting stereotypes and gender diversity in international careers. The method of inquiry applied to this research was existential phenomenology and its utility in getting to the essence of the women’s lived experiences highlighted the glass-border phenomenon. In reflecting on the outcome, this research opens the door for scholars and practitioners alike, to critically assess the expatriate literature and to probe further the complex relationship between international business, the movement of black talent across geographic and culturally diverse boundaries and the challenges encountered. The results of this study illuminated several themes from the participants textural descriptions: (1) Moving from Invisible to Visible – Disrupting Bias; (2) Who am I? – Identity, Gender and Heritage; (3) Renegotiating the Rules of Engagement paired with Re-branding the Role and Authority of Women in Business; (4) Male Sponsorship Leads to Acceptance; (5) Improving Skill and Competency Capital for New Roles; (6) Building and Maintaining Bridges – Network Management.

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A common practice of multinational companies is to temporarily transfer employees to international locations in order to exchange technology, launch new ventures, and facilitate communication within the company. To do this, multinational companies must make a number of decisions regarding their expatriate programs. Even though international companies would rather stay focused on the professional performance of their employees without having to "meddle" in personal and family affairs, recent research has shown that the adaptation of the accompanying spouse is one of the most critical factors in expatriate assignment success or failure. By studying the available literature on expatriate spouse adaptation, coupled with conducting my own exploratory research with American expatriate spouses currently living in France, I was led to the conclusion that adequate, pre-departure preparation is indispensable to an expatriate spouse's successful cross-cultural adaptation. To improve the efficacy of pre-departure training, I propose providing expatriate spouses with personal trainers who will teach them to adopt a new mindset for the purpose of conducting cultural analysis. This mindset involves assuming the role of anthropologist—just as an actor would assume a role in a play. The benefits of this approach are twofold: firstly, imagining oneself as an anthropologist provides excellent motivation to get out and explore a new culture rather than avoiding it and hiding out in the safe haven of one's own home; secondly, having a new, temporary identity will help create the emotional distance necessary to minimize reactionary, negative feelings and allow for progressive, cross-cultural understanding. While being sensitive to prospective expatriate spouses' personal goals, personal trainers should provide concrete methods to help mitigate culture shock's related stresses, as well as helping expatriate spouses develop appropriate coping skills to assist them in dealing with the unsettling experience of living in another culture. By implementing improvements in relocation programs, such as the solution I propose, multinational companies can maintain an acceptable return on investment for their relocation programs while affording expatriate employees and their respective families an enriching and life-changing intercultural experience.

No description available.

An evaluation of the spiritual experience of South African expatriates living in or migrating to other African countries, as a process of practical theology, established that expatriates do not isolate themselves from their churches in South Africa (SA). SA churches only make provision for traditional missionary outreaches and do not make provision for the SA expatriates, black or white, living in these African metropolitan areas. The subjects studied included SA expatriates, the relationships between SA churches, local African churches and expatriates, the act of migration, repatriation and its challenges together with the spiritual and social impact on individuals, marriages and families. A topical view implicates a direct relationship between fieldworkers, missionaries and chaplains deployment into African countries from SA. Furthermore, from research it is implied that the church in SA remains the spiritual home and resource centre of the migrant. The practical theological call for a realignment of mission praxis is vital and is linked to Christ’s parable of the ninety nine sheep, whilst one is lost (Matthew 18:12-14; Luke 15:4-7). This analogy produces the direct requirement of the Church to reconstruct missions to encompass combined support for their congregants in SA, the ninety nine, and those expatriates living in other African countries, the one. The missions to Africa should no longer be missions that only seek to convert African tribes to Christianity, but rather to serve Africans and others immigrating to countries on the continent. Church resources for SA expatriates would be made available when a visionary change occurs at the planning stages of strategies for African missions. Proposed mission strategies should include cell church, care group and discipleship models geared for missions and the African expatriate terrain. A realistic strategy that harmonises resources within the church to serve those abroad shall ensure positive impact on the spirituality, family and marriage of the expatriate. Finally two challenges are laid before the SA church, one, to continue with missions in Africa according to the Great Commission of Jesus Christ, Matthew 28:19-20, with the second, to combine the expatriate discipleship models into its mission strategies. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Practical Theology)

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the cross-cultural adjustment of the expatriate spouse and their level of subjective well-being. Demographic factors were considered to identify life domains that may affect cross-cultural adjustment and subjective well-being respectively. The Spousal Adjustment Scale, Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, Satisfaction with life scale, and Flourishing scale were used in the study. A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was used, and a purposive sample which consisted of expatriate spouses currently residing in Germany was approached (N=156). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied. The results yielded a statistically significant correlation between cross-cultural adjustment and subjective well-being of expatriate spouses and indicated statistically significant differences between demographic groups including language proficiency, dependents, time spent in host country, nationality, career sacrifice, and support network. It was concluded that there is a positive relationship between the cross-cultural adjustment of the expatriate spouse and their well-being and that various demographic factors can influence both constructs. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M.Comm. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

知識移轉隨著知識經濟時代的來臨，成為多國企業管理知識優勢的重要議題。本研究首要目的是針對派外人員是知識移轉重要媒介的前題，探討台灣企業不同派外人員特徵與子公司特性，如何有效提昇子公司知識移轉績效的部分；其次，本研究採用資源基礎理論的觀點，探討不同的網絡關係，以及知識特性與知識移轉績效之關係。 在研究方法方面，本研究係以個案研究為輔，大樣本問卷調查為主。其中，個案研究採用4家台灣多國企業為研究對象，針對人力資源部門與高階主管進行半結構化的訪談。同時，收集多重次級資料來源，包括研究報告、報章雜誌、公司網站等，以進行個案研究的分析。問卷調查方式所收集的有效樣本為105家廠商（包含人力資源主管與高階主管），資料經由量化分析以驗證研究假設。 研究結果顯示，第一部份主效果方面，（1）當母公司移轉知識給子公司時，子公司吸納能力與動機愈高以及價值活動愈完整，對子公司的知識移轉績效正向影響愈大。（2）本研究發現派外人員服務年資愈資深，對子公司的知識移轉績效正向影響愈大。 第二部份干擾效果方面，（1）在網絡關係為強連結的情況下，子公司「吸納能力與動機」愈高，與「價值活動」愈完整，以及派外人員「服務年資」愈資深，對子公司的知識移轉績效正向影響愈大。（2）在知識特性為外顯知識的情況下，子公司「吸納能力與動機」愈高，與「價值活動」愈完整，以及派外人員「服務年資」愈資深，對子公司的知識移轉績效正向影響愈大。（3）在知識特性為特定知識的情況下，子公司「吸納能力與動機」愈高以及「價值活動」愈完整，對子公司的知識移轉績效正向影響愈大。 上述實證研究所建構的研究模型，證實派外人員在知識移轉過程中扮演重要媒介角色，對多國企業推動母子公司間知識移轉具有指引價值。未來可供後續研究進行大樣本實證，而模型中各項構念與研究變項之因果關係，有待後續研究更進一步的驗證，以發展更具解釋的跨國知識移轉相關理論。 / With the coming of knowledge transfer in knowledge the economic age, it has becomes a significant issue in MNC’s management of knowledge advantage. The first aim of this study is to focus on the assumption of the crucial vehicle of expatriates in knowledge transfer. It discusses the characteristics of expatriates Taiwanese enterprises and subsidiaries, and how effectively they improve the subsidiary’s knowledge transfer performance. Secondly, this study adopts the perspective of a resource-based view, exploring the relationships between different networks, knowledge attributes and knowledge transfer performance. In terms of the research methods, this study gives priority to large samples questionnaire surveys, while case studies are given second place. Among them, case studies of four Taiwanese multinational corporations are used as research objects, focusing on semi-structured interviews of Human Resource Department executives along with top managers. Additionally, various sources of secondary data have been collected, including research reports, newspapers, magazines and corporate websites, in order to process the analysis of the case studies. The valid samples from the collection surveys are 105 firms (including human resource executives and top managers). The data is verified in relation to the research hypothesis using quantitative analysis. The results of this study firstly reveal two main effects: (1) When transferring knowledge from company headquarters to subsidiaries, the higher and more complete the value activities of absorptive capacity and motivation of the subsidiaries, the stronger the positive effects will be on the subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer performance. (2) This study also indicates that the longer an expatriate’s tenure is, the more powerful the positive effect on the subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer performance will be. The second finding is two moderating effects: (1) in terms of the strength of ties of the “networks”, the higher the “absorptive capacity and motivation” of subsidiaries, the more complete the “value activities”, and the longer the “expatriates’ tenure” are, the stronger the positive effects will be on the subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer performance. (2) When knowledge attribute is considered as “explicit knowledge”, the higher the “absorptive capacity and motivation” of subsidiaries, the more complete the “value activities”, and the longer the “expatriates’ tenure ” are, the stronger the positive effects will be on the subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer performance. (3) When knowledge attribute is considered as “specific knowledge”, the higher the “absorptive capacity and motivation” of subsidiaries and the more complete the “value activities” are, the stronger the positive effects will be on the subsidiaries’ knowledge transfer performance. According to the above research model based on empirical research, it testifies that expatriates play a significant role in the process of knowledge transfer, and thus qualify as a valuable indicator for MNC’s performing knowledge transfer between parent and subsidiary companies. In the future, this study offers further large samples for empirical research. However, the causal relationship between every construct and research variable requires time for further examination in order to develop a more persuasive correlational theory of cross-border knowledge transfer.

ABSTRACT This thesis is concerned with the question of how America’s citizen soldiers are remembered and how their services can be interpreted through monuments and memorials. The paper discusses the concept of memory and the functions of memorialization. It explores whether and how monuments and memorials portray the difficulties, hardships, horror, costs, and consequences of armed combat. The political motivations behind the design, formation and establishment of the edifices are also probed. The paper considers the Vietnam War monuments and memorials erected by Americans and Vietnam expatriates in New Orleans, Louisiana, and examines their illustrative and educational usefulness. Results reflect that although political benefits accrued from the realization of the memorial structures in question, far more important, palliative and meaningful motives brought about their construction. They also demonstrate that, when understood, monuments and memorials can be historically useful.