Uncertainty is inherent in the process of entrepreneurial activities and has caused a high failure rate of startups. In fact, 46% of new ventures run out of business within 4 years of operation, according to Statistic Brain Research Institute. On the other hand, a type of uncertainty that entrepreneurs need to prioritize varies depending on the industry. In high technology industries, severe problems are frequently caused especially by market uncertainty due to continuous technological developments and industries’ volatile characteristic. In entrepreneurship research, Sarasvathy introduced the concept of effectuation in 2001. Since then, the theory of effectuation has been studied by a number of researchers, as successful entrepreneurs have incorporated this theory. However, empirical evidence of effectual processes covering the applicability in high technology industries has not been testified yet. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to fill this gap and find an answer to our research question, how do entrepreneurs effectuate in decision-making to respond to market uncertainty in high technology industries? We implemented a quantitative investigation by conducting an online survey of entrepreneurs in high-technology industries. The main findings and conclusions are that entrepreneurs in high-technology industries apply both causation and effectuation. However, causation is slightly more implemented than effectuation. Additionally, we found that experimentation-driven approach helps entrepreneurs in high-technology industries deal with market uncertainty as supplementation of effectuation.

Research report submitted in accordance with the requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Medicine( Bioethics and Health Law. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand Steve Biko Centre for Bioethics, 2014 / It is every normal parent’s wish to have a happy child free of ailments and suffering. However, not all children are born free of diseases and suffering. Some are born with severe disabilities and others are born with congenital genetic problems that have less chances of cure or no cure at all. These unfortunate circumstances make parents of such children with severe medical conditions desperate and devastated to the extent that they try anything possible in attempting to improve quality of life of their sick children. No parent wants to see his or her child suffering. However, a more pressing situation is when parents decide to have a second child whose purpose is to save the life of the sick first child by donating stem cells from cord blood or bone marrow. This second child is sometimes referred to as the “Saviour sibling” and is born for the purpose of saving the life of the sick older child of the family. ‘Saviour sibling is the media name for a child who is conceived, gestated, and delivered in order to provide umbilical cord blood, or, even more contentious, bone marrow desperately needed by the parents’ older child’ (Mills 2005:2).Because there is no matching donor for the ill older child, a donor is created in the form of a second sibling, whose match is genetically guaranteed by IVF, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and tissue typing (Boyle and Savulescu 2001). Given that children are already being created in other Countries such as the United States of America, France and Britain for the above-mentioned purpose, this research report will attempt to engage in the debate surrounding saviour siblings, the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in creating these children, and the possibility of this technology being abused and misused for gender selection. Taking this into consideration, this research report will attempt to highlight what the South African laws and policies say about saviour siblings. Should parents with pressing issues as mentioned-above demand to have a “saviour child” of their own for the purpose of using him or her to save the life of another of their children in South Africa, on which grounds would it be rejected or accepted?

S’inscrivant dans le cadre d’une littérature qui proclame le renouveau, l’écriture de Chevillard procède à l’expérimentation et aux jeux entre la norme et la distorsion, entre le retour et le détour, avec et contre le roman. Le discontinu s’avère un pont primordial sur lequel se tracent ces enjeux littéraires. À travers le décryptage de la mise en scène esthétique de la discontinuité, le présent travail vise la sollicitation et l’interprétation des différentes manifestations de la rupture et de la dislocation, génératrices de l’éclatement de la narration, de l’écriture digressive et métaleptique, et de la complexité de la lecture. Renforcés par la portée ludique et comique, ainsi que par l’abolition des frontières entre le fictif et le réel, avec ses clichés et ses stéréotypes, de tels procédés se révèlent au service de la vision ironique et critique qui contre-attaque ce que Chevillard appelle le « bon vieux roman ». De ce fait, la lecture du roman chevillardien ne devrait plus se stagner au niveau de la déconstruction et du discontinu, mais elle présuppose le déchiffrage d’une unité profonde que camouflent l’incohérence et la rupture, signes de provocation et de dérangement d’un lecteur complice de l’acte diégétique et esthétique de l’œuvre. Ce lecteur ne serait pas une instance naïve manipulée, mais une instance critique « compétente » qui, emportée par l’émotionnel, entre en communication avec le texte. De ce fait, les idées et la réflexion de ce lecteur dynamique seraient confrontées à celles de l’écrivain, et son raisonnement aboutirait à une reconstruction de la déconstruction, par la production du sens et la participation performative à la fictionnalisation du récit. La « jouissance du texte » naît d’une telle créativité coopérative et intelligente, qui admet le dérangement, déjoue la complexité et dégage l’essence poétique du roman. / Being part of a literary movement that proclaims renewal, Chevillard's writings proceed in experimentation and games between norm and distortion, the return and the detour, with and against the novel. Discontinuity proves to be a primordial bridge which such literary matters draw on. Through the decoding of the aesthetic staging of discontinuity, the present work aims at the solicitation and interpretation of the different manifestations of rupture and dislocation, generated by the bursting of narration, digressive and metaleptic writing as well as reading complexity. Reinforced by the playful and comical range in addition to the abolition of the borders between the fictitious and the real, its clichés and stereotypes, such processes turn out to be in the service of the ironic and critical vision that counter-attacks what Chevillard calls the "Good old novel." As a result, the reading of the Chevillardian novel should no longer stagnate at the level of deconstruction and discontinuity, but on the contrary it presupposes the deciphering of a deep unity that camouflages incoherence and rupture, the signs of provocation and disturbance of an accomplice reader of the diegetic and aesthetic act of the work. This reader would not be naïve and manipulated, but a critical and "competent" entity, which, carried away by the emotional, enters into communication with the text so that its ideas and reflection are confronted with those of the writer, and his reasoning results in a reconstruction of deconstruction through the production of meaning and the performative participation in the fictionalization of the narrative. The enjoyment of the text is born of such a cooperative and intelligent creativity that plays with the disturbance, thwarts the complexity and releases the poetic essence of the novel.

Cette étude est consacrée à la compréhension des phénomènes mis en jeu dans les écoulements fluidisés denses verticaux ascendant et descendant, ainsi que dans leur couplage avec un écoulement fluidisé dense horizontal dans une enceinte à pression contrôlée. Tout d'abord une étude hydrodynamique, réalisée dans une colonne de fluidisation classique sans circulation de solide, a permis de déterminer les différentes grandeurs caractéristiques de la suspension lors de sa fluidisation et de sa désaération, indispensables à la compréhension et à la modélisation des écoulements : Vitesses minimales de fluidisation et de bullage. Porosités au minimum de fluidisation et de bullage. Porosité de la phase dense. Vitesse de désaération et de sédimentation. Puis, l'influence des paramètres tant géométriques (diamètre de la colonne d'expédition, longueur de la partie horizontale, …) qu'opératoires (vitesses de fluidisation de la partie horizontale et d'aération de la colonne d'expédition, politique de dégazage, …) sur le comportement global de deux unités pilotes a mis en évidence les paramètres clés du procédé : Vitesse de fluidisation de la partie horizontale. Politique de dégazage. Aération de la colonne d'expédition. Les transferts de gaz entre les différentes zones du procédé ont également été mis en évidence grâce à l'utilisation d'un traceur gazeux. Enfin, une modélisation de type monodirectionnelle est entreprise dans le but de simuler le comportement des suspensions fluidisées denses en écoulement verticaux ascendant et descendant. Les résultats obtenus concordent de manière très satisfaisante avec les mesures expérimentales. Ils permettent de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de transport ascendant de solide. De plus, le logiciel de calcul ainsi créé permet d'optimiser les dimensions d'une conduite verticale accueillant une suspension fluidisée dense en écoulement descendant afin d'en garantir le bon fonctionnement. / This study is dedicated to the understanding of the phenomena involved in dense fluidized upward and downward flows, and their coupling with a dense fluidized horizontal flow in a pressure controlled chamber. First of all, a hydrodynamic study, conducted in a solid particles flow-free cylindrical fluidization column, is initiated to determine the fluidization and de-aeration characteristics parameters, required to the flows understanding and modeling: Minimum fluidization and minimum bubbling rates. Minimum fluidization and minimum bubbling voidages. Dense phase voidage. De-aeration and sedimentation rates. Then, the geometric (upward-flow zone diameter, horizontal chamber length, …) and operating (horizontal chamber fluidization rate, degassing policy, …) parameters influences on two pilot-scaled unities behavior highlights the process key parameters: Horizontal chamber fluidization rate. Degassing policy. Upward-flow additional aeration. The use of helium tracking also highlights the gas transfer phenomena between horizontal, vertical upward, and vertical downward flow zones. Finally, a monodirectional model is created in order to simulate dense gas/solid suspensions behavior in vertical upward and downward flows. The computed results are concordant with the experimental data and highlight the upward solid conveyance mechanisms. The computation software can also optimize the downward pipe dimensions with the aim of maintaining a good flow.

O vírus da hepatite E (HEV) é um patógeno emergente de distribuição global, causador de hepatite aguda e crônica em humanos e infecções assintomáticas em animais. No Brasil a prevalência de infecção por HEV em humanos e animais ainda é pouco compreendida, assim como as características de virulência, patogenicidade e de infecção inter-espécies de isolados do genótipo 3, zoonótico, circulantes no país também são desconhecidas. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas, com os objetivos de 1) contribuir no diagnóstico laboratorial molecular do HEV a partir do desenvolvimento de um protocolo de RT-PCR em tempo real (RT-qPCR) para pesquisa do HEV em amostras biológicas, e 2) contribuir com a compreensão das características moleculares, sorológicas, clínico-laboratoriais, ultrassonográficas e histopatológicas associadas à infecção experimental em macacos-da-noite (Aotus azarai infulatus) por um isolado do genótipo 3 suíno do HEV previamente detectado na Amazônia oriental brasileira. O protocolo de RT-qPCR foi desenvolvido com a caracterização da curva de detecção e aplicado em concomitância com testes sorológicos para avaliação diagnóstica restrospectiva de 318 (n = 318) amostras de soros humanos suspeitos de hepatite E. O HEV-RNA não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras humanas testadas, mas foi determinada soroprevalência de 3,4% e 5,9% de anti-HEV IgM e IgG, respectivamente, o que indicou baixa prevalência de infecção por HEV, mesmo entre pacientes com suspeita clínica e/ou laboratorial de hepatite E na Amazônia brasileira. O estudo experimental em macacos-da-noite foi desenvolvido durante 12 semanas e os animais infectados, por via intravenosa (n=3) e oral (n=3) (e dois controles), foram avaliados semanalmente para determinação dos parâmetros clínicos, bioquímicos, hematológicos, sorológicos (pesquisa de anti-HEV IgM e IgG por enzimaimunoensaio) e moleculares (HEV-RNA soro e fezes por RT-qPCR). Adicionalmente, os animais também foram submetidos a avaliação hepática mensal por ultrassonografia, histopatologia e pesquisa hepática de antígenos do HEV por imunohistoquímica. Os seis macacos-da-noite infectados apresentaram o HEV-RNA em amostras de soro e/ou fezes, e alguns apresentaram evidências de soroconversão, detecção hepática do antígeno viral por imunohistoquímica associada a alterações clínicas e laboratoriais de hepatite aguda oligossintomática. Assim, o protocolo RT-qPCR demonstrou ser aplicável na pesquisa molecular do HEV em amostras de humanos e animais, representando uma importante ferramenta de diagnóstico laboratorial. O estudo experimental permitiu a primeira validação de um primata neotropical como modelo experimental para estudos de infecção com o genótipo 3 do HEV. / Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging pathogen with global distribution that causes acute and chronic hepatitis in humans and asymptomatic infections in animals. In Brazil, the prevalence of HEV infection in humans and animals is still poorly understood, and the characteristics of virulence, pathogenicity and inter-species infection of the genotype 3 isolates circulating in the country are unknown. The study was divided in two stages that aimed to 1) contribute to the molecular diagnosis of HEV infection by the development of a real-time RT-PCR protocol (RT-qPCR) for HEV-RNA research in biological samples, and 2) to contribute to understanding of molecular, serological, clinical-laboratory, ultrasonographic and histopathological features of HEV genotype 3 in owl monkeys (Aotus azari infulatus) experimental infected with isolate of swine HEV genotype 3 previously detected in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon. The RT-qPCR protocol was developed with characterization of a quantification standard curve and later applied concurrently with serological tests in the retrospective evaluation of 318 (n = 318) human serum samples of hepatitis E suspected cases. HEV-RNA was not detected in any of human tested samples, but seroprevalence of 3.4% and 5.9% was determined for anti-HEV IgM and IgG, respectively, that indicated a low prevalence of HEV infection, even among patients with clinical and/or laboratory suspicion of hepatitis E in the Brazilian Amazon. The experimental study in owl monkeys was developed during12 weeks and the animals were infected by intravenous (n = 3) and oral (n = 3) routes (and two negative controls) were evaluated for determination of clinical, biochemical, hematological, serological (anti-HEV IgM and IgG by enzyme immunoassay) and molecular (HEV-RNA serum and stool by RT-qPCR) parameters weekly. Additionally, the animals were also evaluated by hepatic ultrasonography, histopathology and immunohistochemistry research of HEV antigens in liver monthly. The six infected owl monkeys presentend HEV-RNA in serum and/or stool, and some monkeys presented with evidence of seroconversion, liver detection of HEV antigens by immunohistochemistry associated with clinical and/or laboratory findings of oligosymptomatic acute hepatitis. Thus, the RT-qPCR protocol demonstrated to be applicable in the molecular investigation of HEV infection in human and animal samples, and it also represented an important laboratory diagnostic tool. The experimental study allowed the validation of the first neotropical primate model for HEV genotype 3 infection studies.

A amizade é concebida neste estudo como tendo um sentido político pois uma condição necessária do exercício político é aquela de considerar a opinião do outro.Em seu sentido político, a amizade favorece o questionamento de pontos de vista fixos e a irrupção de ações inovadoras. A experimentação política da amizade constitui uma relação agonística, de abertura ao outro na qual os corpos estão dispostos a afetar e serem afetados, implicados em contribuir com o aumento da capacidade de reflexão e ação do amigo. A experiência intersubjetiva encontra-se no centro da compreensão contemporânea dos processos de constituição de subjetividade, configurando uma ética da imprescindibilidade do outro para a produção do si mesmo. Este trabalho busca investigar as semânticas da amizade intrínsecas à atual mediação das relações pela internet, e busca discutir se os vínculos de amizade mediados pela internet possibilitam ou não a experimentação da qualidade política da amizade. A experimentação política da amizade na internet é lida à luz da teoria dos afetos de Baruch Espinosa. A concepção do corpo em Espinosa, sustentada pela unidade corpo-alma e capacidade de afeto constitui um elemento precioso para a compreensão da presença e das intensidades afetivas em jogo nas relações de amizades na internet, as quais excluem contato físico. A experimentação política da amizade é também compreendida a partir de um outro elemento da Filosofia de Espinosa: o corpo é essencialmente relacional e é na relação com seus outros, na maneira como afeta e é afetado por eles que se dá a condição de possibilidade da resistência à tristeza e afirmação da alegria - compreendida como aumento da potência de pensar e agir. Adultos foram entrevistados sobre suas histórias de amizades mediadas pela internet. Os afetos nas relações mediadas pela internet presentes nas narrativas revelam uma nova maneira de estar junto. Nela, os amigos não só estimulam o aumento da capacidade de reflexão uns dos outros como também incentivam o engajamento em novas atividades e a mobilização para realização de ações práticas no cotidiano para além do contexto das conversas online. As narrativas mostram que os vínculos de amizades travados na internet configuram relações de enriquecedoras trocas de opiniões e aprendizagens - inclusive de caráter transcultural, que propiciam a reflexão e relativização do pensamento. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram que os vínculos de amizades mediados pela internet podem compor encontros alegres na medida em que se expressam como relações solidárias onde os amigos favorecem o aumento da potência de refletir e de ação dos corpos. Os vínculos entre amigos na internet não só se expressaram como viabilizadores da experimentação da qualidade política da amizade naquilo que concerne à possibilidade de deslocamento e relativização do pensamento, mas também porque engendraram gestos com o vigor da solidariedade que mobilizam os corpos a agir em defesa da afirmação de sua potência. / Friendship is conceived in this study as having a political meaning, since a necessary condition of political engagement is to consider the views of others. In its political meaning, friendship can change fixed points of view and can foster the emergence of innovative actions. The political experimentation of friendship is an agonistic relationship, an opened relationship to others where bodies are prepared to affect and to be affected, and where each one is engaged in contributing to the increased capacity for reflection and action of his friend. The intersubjective experience is at the center of the contemporary understanding of the processes of formation of subjectivity, setting up an ethics of the other as indispensable for the production of oneself. This study investigates the friendship´s semantic within the current mediation of the Internet, and looks forward to discussing if the bonds of friendship mediated by the Internet enable or not the experimentation of political quality of friendship. The political experimentation of friendship by the Internet is read in the light of Baruch Spinoza´s theory of affects. His conception of body states a mind-body unity and a capacity for affection which is a precious tool in the understanding of the modality of presence and the affective intensities at stake in the relations of friendship on the Internet, which preclude the physical contact. The political experimentation of friendship is also understood with another element of Spinoza´s Philosophy: the body is essentially relational and it is in its relationship to others and in how it affects and is affected by them that it gives the condition of possibility of resistance against sorrow and affirmation of joy - which are respectively understood as a decreasing and an increasing power to think and act. We interviewed adults over their stories of friendships Internet-mediated.The affects present in Internet-mediated relationships unveiled by the narratives reveal a new way of being together. Friends not only show an increased ability to reflect each other but also encourage engagement in new activities and mobilization for implementation of practical actions in everyday life far beyond the context of online conversations. The accounts show that the bonds of friendship caught on the internet relationships shape an enriching exchange of views and learning - including cross-cultural characters, which provide matter for reflection and foster relativistic thinking. The survey results show that the bonds of friendship mediated by the Internet can make up joyful meetings as it is expressed in supportive relationships where friends help to increase the power of thinking and the action of the bodies. The bonds between friends by the Internet not only reveal themselves as ways of experimentation of a political quality of friendship, understood as the possibility of a shifting and a relativistic thinking, but also engendered gestures with the strength of solidarity which mobilize the bodies to act in defense of affirmation of its power.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal identificar, catalogar, descrever, analisar e avaliar as principais características e tendências da pesquisa acadêmica brasileira divulgada em Dissertações e Teses que abordam a experimentação para o Ensino de Química no período de 2000 a 2012. Para construção do objeto de estudo desta pesquisa, foram realizadas buscas junto aos arquivos de documentos das seguintes fontes: Catálogo de Teses do Centro de Documentação em Ensino de Ciências (CEDOC/Unicamp); Banco de Teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); Cadernos de Indicadores (CAPES); Catálogos das Bibliotecas das Instituições de Ensino Superior; Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações - BDTD. Os trabalhos catalogados foram analisados em função dos seguintes critérios de classificação: ano de defesa, região brasileira, instituição, programa de pós-graduação, nível escolar abrangido, foco temático e conteúdo abordado. Os resultados sugerem um crescimento gradual da produção entre o período determinado. Geograficamente esta produção se concentra no eixo Sul-Sudeste (70%), dado este que se contrasta com os 13% produzido pelo eixo Norte-Nordeste, o Centro-Oeste brasileiro concentra 17% da produção nacional. Quanto ao grau de titulação acadêmica objetivada, a produção se concentra na modalidade de Mestrado Acadêmico, com 69%, seguido do Mestrado Profissional com 22% e Doutorado com 9%. Mais da metade dos trabalhos tem como foco de nível escolar o Ensino Médio, com 60%, seguido do Ensino Superior com aproximadamente 22% do total nacional. A distribuição das teses e dissertações segundo a sua dependência administrativa concentra-se na Instituição de Ensino Superior Federal (57%), seguido da Estadual (26%) e Privadas (17%). O foco temático concentra-se no conteúdo-método e recursos didáticos de forma equivalente. Os temas de estudo abordados tem como foco a Química Geral, seguido da Físico-Química e Química Inorgânica. As pesquisas catalogadas neste trabalho indicam os programas de pós-graduação em Educação, em Ensino de Ciências e em Química como os principais programas que desenvolvem pesquisa nesta área. / This study has the main goal identify, catalog, describe, analyze and assess the main features and trends of academic Brazilian research published as dissertations and thesis approaching experimentation on Teach of Chemistry between 2000 and 2012. To build the object of study of this research, were researched documents from archives sources from: Catalogue of Thesis from Center of Documentation Teach in Science (CEDOC/Unicamp); Bank of thesis from Coordination of People from Higher Education (CAPES); Indicators Books (CAPES); Catalougue of Libraries from Higher Education; Brazilian Library Digital of Thesis and Dissertations - BDTD. The works cataloged were analyzed according to the following evaluation criteria: defense year, Brazilian area, institution, postgraduate program, scholar level, thematic focus, and content approached. Our results suggest that there is a gradual increase of production between the period determined. Geographically this production is concentred in the South-Southeast (70%) axis, it contrasts with 13% produced in the North-Northeast axis, moreover mid-west Brazilian concentrated 17% of national production. About the level of academic degree objectified, the production concentrated in the Master Academic 69%, following by Master Professional 22% and Doctoral degree (Ph.D.) 9%. More than half works have the focus on high school level 60%, following higher education with approximately 22% from the national total. The distribution from thesis and dissertations as your dependence administrative were concentrated at Federal Institution Higher Studies (57%), following State Institutions (26%) and Private (17%). The thematic focus concentrated as content-method and resources didactic equivalently. The subjects from studies have focused on general Chemistry, following the Physics-Chemistry and Chemistry Inorganic. The research cataloged in this work indicates that the postgraduate programs in Education, in Teach Sciences and Chemistry as the main programs that develop research in this area

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Nunes Vieira.pdf: 6511015 bytes, checksum: 8d27d153960c7a0b53840411813015c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-16 / This paper aims to discuss the experience of writing as a literary form to reveal the erotic in the extreme situations, both with regard to the bodies and in relation to language. The procedure adopted takes the very thesis of this process as a living experiment. We tried to work and give expression to four scenes: the Supplicant, The Delicacy, The Book-body and a final scene that focuses previous experiences, The Delicacy and Calligraphy Bodies Subscribers / Este trabalho tem por objetivo problematizar a experiência da escrita como forma literária de desvendar o erotismo nas situações-limite, tanto no que diz respeito aos corpos quanto em relação à linguagem. O procedimento adotado toma a própria dissertação como experimentação viva desse processo. Buscou-se trabalhar e dar expressividade a quatro cenas: O Suplicante, A Delicadeza, O Livro-Corpo e uma cena final que concentra as vivências anteriores, Caligrafias da Delicadeza e Corpos Inscritos

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar as atividades experimentais como recurso de ensino-aprendizagem, com base na Teoria da atividade. As atividades experimentais têm sido apontadas por muitos professores e pesquisadores como responsável por diminuir as dificuldades e proporcionar uma aprendizagem mais prazerosa. Porém, pesquisas ainda não mostraram de maneira clara qual a relação entre a realização de atividades deste tipo e a aprendizagem. Diante da diversidade de sentidos atribuídos à atividade experimental buscamos entender como este tipo de atividade tem sido concebida. Este panorama geral nos permite entender o grande número de abordagens que se pode conseguir com este recurso. Com isso, evidenciamos problemas que têm sido associados a realização de atividades experimentais, os quais exploramos, sob a perspectiva cultural-histórica, suas origens. Nesta perspectiva, entendemos que a Física é uma manifestação da atividade do homem no mundo, isto é, não pode ser compreendida de maneira descontextualizada, fora das práticas humanas. Dessa forma, a educação deve proporcionar aos sujeitos a imersão nas práticas culturais já estabelecidas e fornecer a ele instrumentos de mediação, inclusive os da ciência, para que atue no mundo de maneira consciente. A atividade experimental, como parte dessa produção cultural, só adquire sentidos quando mergulhada em uma práxis, onde sujeitos compreendem seu papel na atividade, quando compartilham certos instrumentos mediadores comuns que os farão ter acesso ao mesmo objeto, ou seja, participar de uma mesma atividade. Como fruto desta atividade, após um processo de significação e ressignificação, de reconhecimento dos contextos de validade dos instrumentos mediadores, os sujeitos, de posse destes instrumentos, tem chance de atuar em outros contextos dando novos significados a sua vivência. / The main objective of this work is to analyze the experimental activities as tools for teaching and learning based on Activity Theory. The experimental activities have been pointed out by many teachers and researchers as responsible for reducing the difficulties and provide a more enjoyable learning. However, researches do not show clearly what is the relationship between perform such activities and learning. Facing the diversity of meanings attributed to the experimental activity we initially review the literature about the ways this type of activity has been designed. This overview allows us to understand the numerous approaches that can be achieved with this resource. Then, we highlight problems that have been associated with the use of experiments and we explore them from the cultural-historical perspective. From this point of view, we understand that physics is a manifestation of human activity in the world, i.e. cannot be understood decontextualized from the human practices. Thus, education should provide subjects\' immersion in the cultural practices already established and providing mediation tools, including science, to act consciously in the world. The experimental activity, as part of cultural production, only acquires meaning when imbibed into a practice where subjects understand their role in the activity, they share common mediating tools that will provide access to the same object, or part of the same activity. As a result of this activity, after a process of meaning and reinterpretation, the recognition of the contexts of validity of the mediators\' instruments, the subjects in possession of these instruments have a chance to perform in other contexts, giving new meaning to their living situation.

A crescente aplicação da estatística às mais diversas áreas de pesquisa, tem definido delineamentos complexos, dificultando assim seu planejamento e análise. O diagrama de Hasse é uma ferramenta gráfica, que tem como objetivo facilitar a compreensão da estrutura presente entre os fatores experimentais. Além de uma melhor visualização do experimento o mesmo fornece, através de regras propostas na literatura, os números de graus de liberdade de cada fator. Sob a condição de ortogonalidade do delineamento, podem-se obter também as matrizes núcleo das formas quadráticas para as somas de quadrados e as esperanças dos quadrados médios, propiciando a razão adequada para a aplicação do teste F. O presente trabalho trata-se de uma revisão, fundamentada na álgebra linear, dos conceitos presentes na estrutura do diagrama. Com base nos mesmos, demonstrou-se o desdobramento do espaço vetorial do experimento em subespaços gerados por seus respectivos fatores, de tal modo que fossem ortogonais entre si. E, a fim de exemplificar as regras e o emprego desta ferramenta, utilizaram-se dois conjuntos de dados, o primeiro de um experimento realizados com cabras Saanen e segundo com capim Marandu, detalhando-se a estrutura experimental, demonstrando-se a ortogonalidade entre os fatores e indicando-se o esquema da análise da vari^ancia. Cabe salientar que o diagrama não substitui o uso de softwares, mas tem grande importância quando o interesse está em se comparar resultados e principalmente verificar o quociente adequado para o teste F. / The increase of statistics applications on the most diverse research areas has defined complex statistics designs turn its planning and analysis really hard. The Hasse diagram is a graphic tool that has as objective turn the comprehension of the present structure among the experimental factors easiest. More than a better experiment overview, by the rules proposed on the literature, this diagram gives the degrees of freedom for each factor. By the condition of design orthogonality, the nucleus matrix of quadratic form for the sum of squares and the expected values for the mean squares can also be obtained, given the proper ratio for F test application. The present work is a review, with its foundations on linear algebra, of the present\'s concepts on the diagram structure. With this basis were demonstrated the development of the vectorial space of the experiment in subspaces generated by its own factors, in a way that it was orthogonal within themselves. And, to give examples about the rules and the application of this tool, experimental data of Saanen goats and other set of data of Marandu grazing were used, with a detailed experiment structure, showing the orthogonality within the factors and with an indication of the analysis of variance model. Has to be emphasized that the diagram do not substitute the usage of software but has a great meaning when the interest is about results comparisons and most of all to check the proper quotient for the F test.