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Bakgrund: Torra ögon drabbar hundratals miljoner människor över hela världen och är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till att patienter kontaktar ögonsjukvården. Torra ögon uppkommer till följd av ofullständig tårvolym eller tårfunktion som leder till att tårfilmen blir instabil och sjukdomar på ögats yta uppstår. Behandlingen av torra ögon är komplicerad på grund av dess multifaktoriella orsaker. Ögonsjuksköterskan ska ha kompetens att ansvara för omvårdnad och behandling av patienter med ögonsjukdomar och kan genom ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt ha förmåga att med lyhördhet och empati erbjuda stöd och samtal som ger trygghet till patienter och närstående. Ögonsjuksköterskan ska även ha förmåga att identifiera patientens resurser och förmåga till egenvård samt uppmuntra och underlätta för individen. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters erfarenheter av att ha torra ögon. Metod: Studien utfördes som en systematisk litteraturstudie. Sökningarna genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL och PubMed vilket resulterade i tolv originalartiklar som analyserades utifrån Whittemore och Knafls (2005) metod. Resultat: Dataanalysen har mynnat ut i fem kategorier relaterade till patienters erfarenheter av torra ögon; fysiska symtom, förändrad livskvalitet, psykisk ohälsa och sömnbesvär, erfarenheter av egenvård och behandling samt förhållningssätt till sin sjukdom. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens resultat visar att erfarenheter av att ha torra ögon är mångfaldiga och påverkar livet på flera olika sätt, såsom minskad arbetsförmåga, oro, depression och förändrad livskvalitet. I dagsläget finns det sparsamt med kvalitativa studier ur patienters perspektiv av att ha torra ögon. Ett behov av mer forskning finns för att lyfta fram patienternas egna tankar och åsikter om sin situation. / Background: Dry eyes affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and is one of the most common reasons why patients contact eye care. Dry eyes occur due to insufficient tear volume or dysfunctional tear function, leading to instability of the tear film and the development of diseases on the surface of the eye. The treatment of dry eyes is complicated due to its multifactorial causes. Ophthalmic nurses should have the competence to be responsible for the care and treatment of patients with eye diseases and, through a person-centered approach, be able to offer support and conversations with sensitivity and empathy, providing reassurance to patients and relatives. Ophthalmic nurses should also have the ability to identify the patient's resources and capacity for self-care and encourage and facilitate individual efforts. Aim: The aim was to describe patients’ experiences of having dry eyes. Method: The study was conducted as a systematic literature review. The searches were carried out in the databases CINAHL and PubMed, which resulted in twelve original articles that were analysed based on Whittemore and Knafls (2005) method.  Result: The data analysis resulted in five categories related to patients' experiences of dry eyes; physical symptoms, changed quality of life, mental illness and sleep problems, experiences of self-care and treatment and approach to their illness. Conclusion: The results of the literature review show that experiences of having dry eyes are diverse and affect life in several different ways, such as reduced ability to work, anxiety, depression and altered quality of life. Currently, there are few qualitative studies from the patient’s perspective of having dry eyes. There is a need for more research to highlight the patients´ own thoughts and opinions about their situation.

Research suggests that, similar to individuals with an Autism Spectrum Disorder, people with Anorexia Nervosa demonstrate an inability to utilize Theory of Mind concepts. Theory of Mind allows healthy control populations to attribute mental states to others by accurately predicting and understanding the behavior of others. This study's intent was to further explore the relationship between eating disorders and Theory of Mind. Using an online survey management system (Qualtrics), 210 female students from a large metropolitan southeastern university completed the Drive for Thinness subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes task. It was predicted that higher Drive for Thinness would be associated with a diminished capacity for Theory of Mind concepts. Using a bivariate correlation, the findings were not found to be statistically significant in support of the hypothesis, but provide strong implications for future research.

This essay analyzes the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God written by Zora Neale Hurston, 1937. The main focus is how the protagonist Janie uses her voice to subvert patriarchal oppression. In this essay my hypothesis is that she has a voice all along. However, it evolves due to her ability to engage in activities that are subversive to patriarchy. Her journey throughout the novel is a journey where the oppression from her relationships only makes her grow stronger as a woman. During her journey towards self-revelation as an empowered woman, she gradually gains her freedom and her own authentic voice by asserting control over her body and thoughts. The main theoretical terms of this essay are used in direct link to the struggles and achievements of formulating the self in a male dominated society. What I aim to achieve with this essay is to show how Janie emerges as a subject with a voice of her own in Hurston’s novel.

Numerous eye diseases are linked to biomechanical dysfunction of the retina. However, the underlying forces are almost impossible to quantify experimentally. Here, we show how biomechanical properties of adult neuronal tissues such as porcine retinae can be investigated under tension in a home-built tissue stretcher composed of nanostructured TiO2 scaffolds coupled to a self-designed force sensor. The employed TiO2 nanotube scaffolds allow for organotypic long-term preservation of adult tissues ex vivo and support strong tissue adhesion without the application of glues, a prerequisite for tissue investigations under tension. In combination with finite element calculations we found that the deformation behavior is highly dependent on the displacement rate which results in Young’s moduli of (760–1270) Pa. Image analysis revealed that the elastic regime is characterized by a reversible shear deformation of retinal layers. For larger deformations, tissue destruction and sliding of retinal layers occurred with an equilibration between slip and stick at the interface of ruptured layers, resulting in a constant force during stretching. Since our study demonstrates how porcine eyes collected from slaughterhouses can be employed for ex vivo experiments, our study also offers new perspectives to investigate tissue biomechanics without excessive animal experiments.

Several studies have seemingly demonstrated that artificial surveillance cues, such as images of watching eyes, increase prosocial behaviour. One of these studies investigated the effect of observation cues on moral judgment (Bourrat et al., 2011). Participants rated the moral acceptability of two misdeeds: falsifying information on a resume and keeping the cash found in a lost wallet. The moral acceptability ratings were lower for participants who were presented with an image of watching eyes than they were for participants exposed to a control image of flowers. The authors suggested that false cues of being watched triggered evolved cognitive mechanisms for recognizing when one is being observed. These mechanisms may have driven the cued participants to behave in a way that would have protected their reputations if they really had been watched; that is, by expressing disapproval of immoral behaviour. Inspired by Bourrat et al., I conducted an experiment investigating the effect of surveillance cues on self-rated positive traits, religiosity, and moral judgment. I found no evidence for an effect on any of these variables, including moral judgment. I conducted 3 more experiments, each increasingly similar in design to Bourrat et al., to determine the reason for the discrepancy in our results. None of my experiments replicated the surveillance cue effect. I suggest the most likely explanation is that Bourrat et al. obtained a false positive. My experimental results call into question the effect of surveillance cues on moral judgment; thus, it is appropriate to be skeptical of surveillance cues generally. I conducted a meta-analysis of studies investigating the effect of surveillance cues on generosity. The resulting funnel plot is consistent with publication bias in favour of significant results; it may also indicate that the surveillance cue effect on generosity, though perhaps a real phenomenon, is smaller than the literature implies. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal. / Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

This dissertation thesis deals with the automatic system for basic emotional facial expressions recognition from static images. Generally the system is divided into the three independent parts, which are linked together in some way. The first part deals with automatic face detection from color images. In this part they were proposed the face detector based on skin color and the methods for eyes and lips position localization from detected faces using color maps. A part of this is modified Viola-Jones face detector, which was even experimentally used for eyes detection. The both face detectors were tested on the Georgia Tech Face Database. Another part of the automatic system is features extraction process, which consists of two statistical methods and of one method based on image filtering using set of Gabor’s filters. For purposes of this thesis they were experimentally used some combinations of features extracted using these methods. The last part of the automatic system is mathematical classifier, which is represented by feed-forward neural network. The automatic system is utilized by adding an accurate particular facial features localization using active shape model. The whole automatic system was benchmarked on recognizing of basic emotional facial expressions using the Japanese Female Facial Expression database.

Estudos recentes têm indicado o aumento da incidência de opacidade do cristalino para baixas doses de radiação. Considerando os dados epidemiológicos, a Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP) emitiu um comunicado que mudou o limite de dose absorvida para o cristalino. A publicação também recomenda a redução dos limites de dose equivalente para os indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos, agora considerado de 20 mSv em um ano, em média, ao longo de cinco anos. Como consequência, algumas exposições planejadas requerem o uso de dosímetro adicional para estimar a dose no cristalino em profissionais. Este é o caso dos profissionais de radiologia intervencionista. Atualmente, as normas nacionais e internacionais, carecem de uma metodologia específica para a dosimetria em Hp(3). A recomendação ICRP provocou o debate sobre a adequação da grandeza equivalente de dose e sobre os métodos para as suas medições. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estudar a metodologia para a calibração de dosímetros pessoais em Hp(3) e monitorar profissionais durante os procedimentos de radiologia intervencionista. Diretrizes internacionais e recomendações da literatura recente foram adotadas para os procedimentos de calibração e testes. Para calibração, o sistema de dosimetria, que consiste em um suporte e um detector termoluminescente LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H), foi exposto a radiações de referência em um fantoma cilíndrico preenchido com água, que se simulou a cabeça. Os fatores de calibração foram determinados para o potencial de tubo 20-150 kV da série 4037 estreito espectro de ISO. A monitoração individual foi realizada durante procedimentos vasculares de angioplastia e angiografia. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios comparados à literatura. / Recent studies have indicated the increase of the incidence of lens opacities for low radiation doses. Considering epidemiological data, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement that changed the absorbed dose threshold for the eye lens. The statement also recommends a reduction in the dose limits to the eye lens for occupationally exposed persons; now it is considered to be 20 mSv in a year averaged over five years. As consequence, some planned exposures require the use of additional dosemeter for estimating eye lens dose in professionals; it is the case of the staff in interventional radiology. Nowadays, in the national and international standards there is a lack of specific methodology for eye lens dosimetry. The ICRP recommendation raised the debate on the adequacy of dose equivalent quantities of radiological protection and on the methods for their measurements. The objectives of this research were to study the methodology for calibrating personal dosemeters in Hp (3) and monitor professionals during interventional radiology procedures. International guidelines and recent literature were adopted for the calibration procedures and tests. For calibration, the dosimetric system, consisting of a holder and thermoluminescent detector LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H), was exposed to standard radiation fields on a cylindrical water phantom that simulated the head. The calibration coefficients of the dosimetric system were determined for tube potential from 20 to150 kV of the ISO 4037 narrow spectrum series. The individual monitoring was performed during vascular procedures - angiography and angioplasty. The results were satisfactory were compared to the literature

<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test is a widely used test for measuring aspects of social cognition. The aim of the present study was to provide results from a group of typically developing Swedish children (age 9-12) and to compare these results with children and adults in other Swedish and English studies, as well as results from a group of children with Asperger syndrome. <strong>Method: </strong>A Swedish version of the child version of the test was completed by 83 controls and by six children with Asperger syndrome. Results were compared between the two groups and with data from other studies. <strong>Results: </strong>The children in the current study did not differ on scores compared to children in the same age group in other studies. The children in the current study scored significantly lower than adults in an earlier study. The results from the children with Asperger syndrome did not differ significantly to the results from the controls.</p>