Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor på neonatalavdelningar arbetar ofta i nära relation med föräldrar till för tidigt födda barn. Föräldrars delaktighet i omvårdnaden av sitt barn kan påverka förälderns psykiska hälsa, anknytning till barnet samt påverka barnets välmående och möjlighet till utveckling. Syfte: Beskriva barnsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att optimera föräldrars delaktighet i omvårdnaden av sitt för tidigt födda barn. Metod: Kvalitativ studie med induktiv ansats. Genom ett bekvämlighetsurval rekryterades åtta kvinnliga barnsjuksköterskor vid två jämförbara neonatalavdelningar i södra Sverige att delta vid semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna bearbetades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Studiens resultat presenteras utifrån två kategorier med nio underkategorier: 1) Svårigheter, innefattande fem underkategorier: Föräldrars olika medverkan i omvårndaden, Föräldrars reaktioner, Kommunikationssvårigheter, Relationen föräldrar-barnsjuksköterska samt Organisatoriska hinder 2) Framgångsfaktorer innefattande fyra underkategorier: Gynnad anknytning, Samspel mellan föräldrar och barn, Professionellt bemötande samt Utbildning till föräldrar och personal. Diskussion/Slutsats: Föräldrars insatser i omvårdnaden av sitt barn, barnsjuksköterskornas sätt att involvera dem och samspelet mellan båda parter leder till att föräldrars delaktighet kan optimeras eller missgynnas. Föräldrars rädslor är ett hinder för optimerad delaktighet som behöver uppmärksammas och ges utökade resurser för att hantera. Fortbildning till vårdpersonal på neonatalavdelningar skulle kunna förbättra barnsjuksköterskornas professionalitet i bemötande och omhändertagande av rädda och oförberedda föräldrar. / Background: Nurses working on neonatal wards often work closely to parents of premature born babies. Parents’ participation in the care of their baby can affect their mental health, their connection to the baby and influence the well-being and opportunities for development for the child. Aim: To describe pediatric nurses’ experiences of optimizing the participation of parents in the care of their premature born babies. Method: A qualitative study was conducted. Eight female pediatric nurses from two comparable neonatal wards in Southern Sweden were interviewed with semi-structured questions. A qualitative content analysis was conducted. Findings: The result of the study was represented by two categories and nine subcategories: 1) Challenges, containing five subcategories: Variation in parent participation, Parental reactions, Communication issues, Relationship between the parents and the pediatric nurse and Organizational obstacles 2) Factors for progress, containing four subcategories: Favored attachment, Interaction between parents and the child, Professional treatment, and Education of parents and staff. Conclusion: Parental contributions in the care of their newborn, the pediatric nurses’ ways of involving the parents and the interaction between the two can determine if the parental involvement becomes optimized or is disadvantaged. Parents fear represent one of many obstacles for optimized participation and could be given further attention and increased resources. Educating the pediatric staff could also improve the quality of care when working with parents reactions and fear in the unthought-of situation.

The aim of the study was to investigate the experiences from the Swedish labor marketamong some foreign-born women. To answer the purpose, the following questions wereformulated:- Has it been easy or difficult for the foreign-born women to find work in Sweden?- How have the foreign-born women been treated by employers and work colleagues in theworkplace?- How and for what reason do the foreign-born women feel that they have been discriminatedagainst in a working life context? What experiences do they have?Based on a qualitative research method, five interviews were conducted with foreign-bornwomen who have been, and are, active in Swedish working life. The study showed that all ofthe participating women have felt that they have been discriminated against in the Swedishlabor market. In various ways, they have perceived that they have been disadvantaged andthereby not given the same conditions as domestically born when they have applied for workor the same opportunities for permanent employment, despite education. The women havefelt that they have been discriminated against because of their foreign background and forcultural and religious reasons. They have also been treated badly by their work colleagueswho have not allowed them to become part of the working community, and have gotten thefeeling that their foreign background has been the reason for the exclusion. The womenexperience that reasons for discrimination have, for example, been their foreign name, thatthey wear a veil, that they do not speak perfect Swedish and they have been met withprejudice, ignorance and the feeling that they have been opted out and excluded from thelabor market, both by employers and colleagues. The women have felt bullied, violated andquestioned in their working life. / Nej

The study examines the occurrence of children born out of wedlock in four parishes belonging to the current Karlskrona municipality during the period 1875–1925. The parishes surveyed are Fridlevstad, Rödeby, Tving and Karlskrona city-parish. The period is divided into two parts where the first includes the years 1875–1890 and the second part includes the years 1910–1925. The proportion of children with unknown/known fathers, the mothers' occupations, the fathers' occupations, and the mothers' age are also used as survey variables. The proportion of known fathers increases significantly between the study periods, which could be explained by a reduced internal social control, while the study shows that the introduction of a child welfare officer in 1918 resulted in an increased proportion of known fathers. The mothers' occupational designations change between the periods, for example, the proportion of maids decreases while other occupations are added. In the city-parish, professions such as washerwoman and waitress are added during the second period. The proportion of women working in the industry also increases between the survey periods. The increased proportion of professions, especially in the city-parish, could be linked to the demographic transition. As more people settle in a city, new needs emerge and thus also new occupational categories. The age of the mothers decreases between the study periods. When it comes to class affiliation, it can be noted that most of the fathers and mothers belonged to the working class. However, the proportion of fathers belonging to the middle class was higher than the proportion of mothers belonging to the middle class.