L'application de la ventilation naturelle peut contribuer sensiblement à la réduction des besoins de climatisation et à l'amélioration du confort d'été dans les immeubles de bureaux. Dans cette thèse, une configuration simple de ventilation naturelle, c'est-à-dire la ventilation mono-façade, est étudiée expérimentalement et par simulation. Après avoir examiné les phénomènes qui contribuent au renouvellement de l'air, on évalue la validité et l'applicabilité des modèles existants afin de calculer le débit de ventilation, en comparant leurs résultats avec ceux d'une campagne de mesures effectuée dans une pièce expérimentale. Ensuite, on valide l'utilisation de la CFD, avec trois modèles différents de turbulence, pour la simulation de la ventilation naturelle mono-façade, par comparaison avec les essais. Les résultats d'un des modèles de turbulence (RANS RSM) sont utilisés pour l'établissement d'une nouvelle corrélation pour le calcul du débit de ventilation. Celle-ci apporte des améliorations par rapport aux corrélations existantes, en particulier lorsque l'ouverture est située sous le vent. Cette nouvelle corrélation est couplée à un modèle thermique dynamique afin d'évaluer le potentiel de rafraîchissement de la ventilation naturelle mono-façade dans des immeubles de bureaux neufs. En particulier, on étudie la réduction des besoins de climatisation dans des immeubles climatisés et le nombre d'heures d'inconfort en l'absence de climatisation. L'influence de plusieurs paramètres est considérée : climat, orientation, inertie, taux de surface vitrée, apports internes et stratégie de ventilation (diurne, nocturne et diurne + nocturne). Les simulations montrent des réductions importantes des besoins de refroidissement, entre 30 et 90%. Il est possible de se passer de climatisation, sans générer d'inconfort, à condition de privilégier une inertie lourde et de maitriser les apports internes et solaires.

The purpose of this study is to attain an understanding of my work for the viewer as well as myself. These works on paper are visual documents illustrating my ideas and opinions about media and its desire for control. Through research, critical thinking, experience, and exposure to media (both wanted and unwanted) I have created imagery that I feel is exemplary of our forced relationship with advertising. In order to accomplish this I studied my influences, and the origin of my current work. Reading upon realization of those influences further informed the work. Every conceivable influence was studied and analyzed, and those studies are contained in this thesis. Questions of audience, scale, medium, and history were also taken into account as a measure to make this thesis cohesive. As an audience for advertisers we must constantly be aware of how our sensitivities are being played upon.

Conhecidos de Vista é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que propõe um olhar sobre uma situação cada vez mais recorrente no contexto urbano contemporâneo: prédios com janelas próximas demais. Vizinhos que não se conhecem formalmente mas que acompanham de perto a vida do outro, mesmo involuntariamente. Através do contato com moradores de quarenta apartamentos em Porto Alegre, foram captadas fotografias e gravações de áudio que direcionaram a elaboração desta proposta. Em uma análise que parte do processo de criação para entender os caminhos que levam à concepção de um projeto em artes visuais, são evocados trabalhos anteriores, nos quais a janela aparece de alguma forma, a fim de encontrar continuidades e procedimentos operatórios na minha produção. A paisagem urbana, o conceito de vista e as relações entre o que é público e o que é privado são questões abordadas nesta pesquisa. / Known from View is a research in visual poetics that examines an increasingly frequent situation in the contemporary urban context: apartment buildings with opposite windows too close. Neighbors who don’t formally know each other, but inadvertently, follow the one another’s lives. Through the contact with dwellers from forty apartments in Porto Alegre - Brazil, photographs and audio recordings were taken in order to guide the development of this project. In an analysis that takes the creative process as a base point to understand the pathways that lead to the conception of a project in visual arts, earlier projects, where the window appears somehow, are evoked in order to find continuities and operative procedures in my production. The urban landscape, the concept of view, and relationships between public and private spaces are explored in this research.

Conhecidos de Vista é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que propõe um olhar sobre uma situação cada vez mais recorrente no contexto urbano contemporâneo: prédios com janelas próximas demais. Vizinhos que não se conhecem formalmente mas que acompanham de perto a vida do outro, mesmo involuntariamente. Através do contato com moradores de quarenta apartamentos em Porto Alegre, foram captadas fotografias e gravações de áudio que direcionaram a elaboração desta proposta. Em uma análise que parte do processo de criação para entender os caminhos que levam à concepção de um projeto em artes visuais, são evocados trabalhos anteriores, nos quais a janela aparece de alguma forma, a fim de encontrar continuidades e procedimentos operatórios na minha produção. A paisagem urbana, o conceito de vista e as relações entre o que é público e o que é privado são questões abordadas nesta pesquisa. / Known from View is a research in visual poetics that examines an increasingly frequent situation in the contemporary urban context: apartment buildings with opposite windows too close. Neighbors who don’t formally know each other, but inadvertently, follow the one another’s lives. Through the contact with dwellers from forty apartments in Porto Alegre - Brazil, photographs and audio recordings were taken in order to guide the development of this project. In an analysis that takes the creative process as a base point to understand the pathways that lead to the conception of a project in visual arts, earlier projects, where the window appears somehow, are evoked in order to find continuities and operative procedures in my production. The urban landscape, the concept of view, and relationships between public and private spaces are explored in this research.

No Brasil, a quase totalidade dos edifícios habitacionais empregam revestimentos de argamassa em suas fachadas. Este revestimento vem passando por alterações significativas ao longo do tempo, dentre as quais se destaca a substituição do lançamento manual de argamassas pela projeção, por meio de equipamentos mecânicos, em especial a aplicação mecanizada contínua, com bombas helicoidais. Acredita-se que este sistema, por possibilitar o fluxo contínuo na etapa de aplicação e promover a diminuição da interferência das habilidades dos operários durante a execução, permite alcançar maior produtividade e melhorar a qualidade dos revestimentos, mas as diferentes técnicas de execução empregadas para a produção dos revestimentos de argamassa aplicados com projeção mecânica contínua ainda não foram avaliadas sistemicamente quanto à sua interferência no comportamento destes revestimentos. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a influência de algumas variáveis empregadas na execução dos revestimentos de fachada de argamassa aplicados com projeção mecânica contínua, no seu comportamento, mais especificamente na adesão inicial, fissuração e aderência. Estas variáveis foram selecionadas através de um levantamento bibliográfico e aplicadas a um estudo experimental, no qual foram executados vinte e sete painéis de revestimento, para verificação da influência das variáveis no comportamento destes revestimentos. Ao final, foram apresentados e avaliados os resultados obtidos, por meio de análises qualitativas (adesão inicial e fissuração) e quantitativas (no caso de resistência de aderência). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que, apesar de haver um acréscimo significativo da resistência de aderência à tração com a projeção mecânica contínua da argamassa, em comparação à aplicação manual, o teor de água das argamassas, associado à condição de umidade do substrato e ao tempo entre demãos, e as técnicas de acabamento da superfície do revestimento podem influenciar significativamente o comportamento dos revestimentos, aumentando ou diminuindo a resistência de aderência. / In Brazil, almost all residential buildings make use of exterior cement-based rendering. This rendering has been going through significant changes over time, among which the substitution of hand application of the mortar by mechanical methods of application, in particular the wet spraying method using rotor type machines. It is believed that this system, by allowing the continuous flow in the application step and reducing user skill interference, promotes greater productivity and helps to increase the quality of the rendering, but the different execution techniques employed in its production still havent been systematically evaluated regarding their interference in the renderings behavior. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of some variables related to the execution techniques of exterior cement-based rendering applied with the wet spraying method using rotor type machines on their behavior, more specifically on initial bonding, cracking and adhesion. These variables were selected through bibliographic data gathering, and then applied to an experimental study on which twenty seven rendering panels were executed for the verification of the influence of the variables on their behavior. The results were presented and evaluated by qualitative (in the case of initial bond and cracking) and quantitative analyses (in the case of adhesion). The results obtained allowed to conclude that, despite a significant increase in adhesion with the mechanical projection of the mortar compared to manual application, the water content of the mortar, associated with substrate moisture condition and time between coatings, as well as the techniques of surface finishing of the coating may affect the rendering quality by increasing or decreasing the adhesion strengths.

Conhecidos de Vista é uma pesquisa em poéticas visuais que propõe um olhar sobre uma situação cada vez mais recorrente no contexto urbano contemporâneo: prédios com janelas próximas demais. Vizinhos que não se conhecem formalmente mas que acompanham de perto a vida do outro, mesmo involuntariamente. Através do contato com moradores de quarenta apartamentos em Porto Alegre, foram captadas fotografias e gravações de áudio que direcionaram a elaboração desta proposta. Em uma análise que parte do processo de criação para entender os caminhos que levam à concepção de um projeto em artes visuais, são evocados trabalhos anteriores, nos quais a janela aparece de alguma forma, a fim de encontrar continuidades e procedimentos operatórios na minha produção. A paisagem urbana, o conceito de vista e as relações entre o que é público e o que é privado são questões abordadas nesta pesquisa. / Known from View is a research in visual poetics that examines an increasingly frequent situation in the contemporary urban context: apartment buildings with opposite windows too close. Neighbors who don’t formally know each other, but inadvertently, follow the one another’s lives. Through the contact with dwellers from forty apartments in Porto Alegre - Brazil, photographs and audio recordings were taken in order to guide the development of this project. In an analysis that takes the creative process as a base point to understand the pathways that lead to the conception of a project in visual arts, earlier projects, where the window appears somehow, are evoked in order to find continuities and operative procedures in my production. The urban landscape, the concept of view, and relationships between public and private spaces are explored in this research.

In Sweden, there are around 300 000 multi-family buildings with high energy consumption state a high renovation potential in the building sector. This study aims to analyze different renovation measures for a typical theoretical multi-family building to determine their effects on energy consumption, financial profitability, and impacts on obtaining an energy label in the rating system. The reference building was created based on the given energy consumption for the Nils Holgersson building (NH), where the information data accumulated and assessed utilizing dynamic energy simulation software IDA ICE.The selected renovation measures include modifications to the building envelope and ventilation. The reference building was equipped with an exhaust ventilationsystem with no heat recovery. The study showed that heat losses through ventilation contributed to the largest share. The losses through windows and walls are significant; hence selecting ventilated façade and adding insulation were relevant efficiency measures. The study analysis a vacuum insulation panel (VIP) applied for external walls due to its highly efficient thermal properties compared to conventional insulation. The results of life cycle cost analyses (LCCA) for 40 years demonstrated that VIP and ventilated façade have an economic benefit because of the energy cost saving during the operation phase of the building, despite the high initial cost. The cumulative LCC for each measure showed that VIP approaching the conventional insulation within theservice life the ventilated façade is cost-efficient at the end of the 6thyear compared to changing glazing. The selected rating system is Miljöbyggnad (MB). After renovation, the NH building could achieve the bronze level on the energy indicators.The study found that the energy consumption in the base model was 144.7 kWh/m2and the implemented renovation package leads to a reduction of 47 % annual heating demand. As a rule of thumb, the annual energy demand will be 90 kWh/m2, and the cost for the renovation package including installation would be 1150 SEK/m2causing a total energy-saving 2900 SEK/m2at the end of 40 years.

En god akustisk inomhusmiljö är idag en nödvändighet för att motverka negativ påverkan på människors hälsa. Framför allt belyser tidigare studier problematik kring störd eller uteslutensömn till följd av buller och övriga miljöförsämrande ljud. Förutom de direkta konsekvenserna av utesluten eller störd sömn som trötthet och minskad koncentrationsförmåga, kan denna avsaknad av vila även leda till hjärt-kärlsjukdomar, stress och depression. Fler bostäder på begränsad yta leder till lösningar som förutsätter ett välplanerat bostadsbyggande för att tillgodose samhällets behov. Loftgångshusen blev vanligt förekommande i Sverige under 1960-talet då de hade ekonomiska fördelar och de kunde sammankoppla fler lägenheter till ett och samma hisschakt. Bostadstypen förekommer än idag och är därav aktuell vid undersökning avljudförhållanden intill boendeytor. Vanlig planlösning för dessa lägenheter är att placerasovrummet i direkt anslutning till loftgången. Då Boverket ställer krav på ljudisoleringen frånloftgång in till utrymme för vila eller sömn, är det aktuellt att undersöka hur den rådandeplanlösning bäst skall utformas för att nå upp till de krav som ställs. Studien syftar till att undersöka eventuella avvikelser för DnTw-värden vid varierande planlösning för beräknade och uppmätta värden i fältmätning. Dntw-värdet är ett mått på ljudisolering hos ett element där hänsyn tas till efterklangstiden. Vidare kommer studien att undersöka hur dessa potentiella avvikelser vid fältmätning korrelerar med de beräkningar som idag sker vid projektering. Målet är att identifiera de skillnader som finns mellan beräknade och uppmätta ljudisoleringsvärden vid projektering av fasadelementens ljudisoleringsvärde då planlösningen för mottagarrummet varierar. De planlösningar som undersöks kommer i arbetet att relateras till som ”öppen” respektive ”stängd”. Resultatet som åstadkommits grundas i utförda fältmätningar av luftljudsisolering på tre aktiva byggprojekt, modellering i programvaran Insul 9 samt teoretiskt beräknade värden förskiljeytans DnTw-värde. Samtliga mätningar och beräkningar har genomförts enligt svensk standard. Den modellering som gjorts avser skiljeytans olika element där resultatet har agerat kontroll mot de värden som tillhandahållits från aktuella bygghandlingar. Skiljekonstruktionens prestation mot de varierande planlösningarna jämförs mot varandra för att studera de skillnader som uppstår. Resultatet visade att en obetydlig skillnad uppstod för DnTw-värdet när mottagarrummets volym varierade vid fältmätning. Denna avvikelse skiljde sig från den teoretiskt beräknade skillnaden mellan öppen och stängd planlösning. Alltså, det teoretiska värdet är striktvolymberoende. Detta volymberoende kan dock inte ses vid mätning i fält. Alltså är det teoretiskt beräknade DnTw -värdet för skiljeytan högre än ytans faktiska prestation i fält. / A good acoustic indoor environment is today a necessity to prevent effects on people’s health. Current research provides clear indications of how prolonged exposure to unwanted noise can lead to various conditions such as stress, depression, and cardiovascular diseases. Studies highlight the problems related to disturbed or excluded sleep due to bothersome unwanted noise. This demand for a quiet and sound indoor environment does not align with the constant urbanization taking place in society. One prevalent type of housing is a residence with an exterior corridor connecting the apartments. The common layout for these apartments is to place the bedroom directly adjacent to the corridor. Since the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning (Boverket) imposes requirements for sound insulation between the corridor and the bedroom, it´s of relevance to investigate the impact of the floorplan to meet these required standards. This thesis aims to investigate any deviations in DnTw values with varying apartment layouts for calculated and field-measured values. The DnTw-value refers to sound insulation in an element, based on the reverberation in the receiving room. Further investigation is made to answer whether these potential deviations in field measurements correlate with the calculations made during the engineering process. The goal is to identify the differences between calculated and measured values for sound insulation and the effect of a varying floor plan. The results showed an insignificant difference in the measured DnTw value with varying volume. However, this deviation was different from the theoretically calculated difference between open and closed apartment layouts. Thus, the DnTw value is more prominently value dependent in theory compared to the values measured in the field. This leaves a higher DnTw value for the separating surface than the actual performance in the field.

Ce travail est une réflexion prospective sur la densification verticale de la ville par la tour d'habitation. Trois échelles sont considérées : le bâtiment seul (objet), la composition de sa façade et son insertion urbaine (bâtiment situé). Le parti pris est de n'examiner que le seul critère énergétique. Sont réalisées trois séries d'études " morpho-énergétiques " : 1 - une étude sur l'influence énergétique de la morphologie d'un bâtiment " objet " : l'objectif est de développer un outil d'évaluation simplifiée de la performance énergétique totale des bâtiments résidentiels. 2 - une extension du précédent modèle en insérant le bâtiment dans un morceau de ville : l'objectif est d'identifier l'influence des configurations urbaines sur leur performances énergétiques, à l'aide d'un outil d'optimisation par algorithmes génétiques. 3 - l'étude d'une nouvelle démarche de conception et de rénovation des bâtiments à travers le concept Core-Skin-Shell : l'objectif est d'évaluer l'intérêt énergétique d'une décomposition fonctionnelle du bâtiment.

Les propriétés thermomécaniques étonnantes des alliages à mémoire de forme (AMF) sont mises à profit dans de nombreux domaines. Ce matériau est capable de mettre en mouvement une structure suite à un changement de température. Or les façades de bâtiments contemporains, pour s’adapter à des conditions climatiques variables, doivent réguler le passage de la lumière et de l’énergie thermique, par exemple au moyen de systèmes motorisés. Le potentiel de fils AMF pour l’actionnement de protections solaires en façade est exploré ici. La modélisation du couplage mécanique induit par l’introduction de tels matériaux dans une structure a été peu étudiée : l’AMF agit sur la structure qui en retour modifie le comportement de l’AMF. La première étape de ce travail a consisté en une contribution à la modélisation du comportement thermomécanique de ce matériau reposant sur le choix d’une énergie libre, d’un potentiel de dissipation et de plusieurs variables internes. Deux modèles unidimensionnels ont été proposés : un premier modèle monocristallin reproduit de façon simplifiée le comportement du matériau, et un second modèle polycristallin propose une description plus fidèle. En parallèle un dispositif d’essai original à température contrôlée a été développé, il a permis une caractérisation fiable de fils Nickel-Titane et l’identification des paramètres des modèles. Dans un second temps ces modèles ont permis de résoudre des cas de couplage élémentaires (fil AMF + ressort, lame élastique + fil AMF noyé) pour des chargements thermomécaniques simples, et des solutions analytiques ont été établies. Les modèles ont été implémentés numériquement via un script matériau utilisateur (UMAT) pour le logiciel éléments finis ABAQUS et au moyen d’un algorithme d’optimisation sous contraintes. Ceci permet de simuler la réponse couplée de systèmes structuraux a priori quelconques intégrant des AMF, connectés à ou noyés dans, une structure. Dans un troisième temps, divers actionneurs ont été conçus, réalisés et testés dans le cadre de l’occultation solaire des façades. Le principe est d’utiliser un cycle de température permettant à l’AMF de déformer la structure, puis à l’énergie élastique de déformation de la structure d’assurer le retour à la forme originale. Le comportement réel de ces actionneurs a été comparé aux calculs analytiques et éléments finis. Des tests cycliques ont également été réalisés / The surprising thermomechanical properties of shape memory alloys (SMA) are harnessed in many engineering fields. This material is able to set a structure in motion upon a temperature change. Today, contemporary building facades must adapt to variable climate conditions as well as to evolving building use and occupancy. In particular, they must regulate light and thermal energy passing through the facade, with motorized systems, for example. We explore the potential of SMA wires for putting in motion solar shading devices in facades. The modelling of the mechanical coupling induced by the introduction of such materials in a structure has received little attention as of now. The SMA acts on the structure which in return modifies the SMA behavior. The first step of this work is a contribution to modelling the thermomechanical behavior of this material through the choice of a free energy, a dissipation potential and internal variables. We propose two one-dimensional models: a first monocrystalline model reproduces the material behavior in a simplified way, and a second polycrystalline model offers a more accurate description of it. An original temperature-controlled testing apparatus was developed in parallel. This led to a reliable characterization of Nickel-Titanium wires and the identification of the model parameters. In a second stage, these models allowed to solve elementary coupling cases (SMA wire + Spring, Elastic plate + Embedded SMA wire) for simple thermomechanical loadings and we established analytical solutions. The models were then numerically implemented via a user-material script (UMAT) for the finite elements software ABAQUS, by using a constrained optimization algorithm. This enables the simulation of the coupled response of, in principle, any structural system including SMA wires, connected or embedded in the structure. Finally, we designed, fabricated and tested different actuators in the context of sunlight control in facades. The working principle lies in using a temperature cycle which allows the SMA to deform the structure, and then allows the elastic strain energy in the structure to ensure the return to the original shape. The real behavior of these actuators have been compared to analytical and finite element calculations. We also performed cyclic tests