Este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a forma de planos de fachada vinculados à incidência solar, potencializando a aplicação de sistemas fotovoltaicos. A identificação e parametrização de formas segundo os princípios geométricos de captação fotovoltaica, sugerem a aplicação de uma metodologia de projeto para superfícies de fachadas fotovoltaicas, de modo a otimizar a incidência direta da radiação solar, incorporada a volumetria da edificação. O modelo de otimização de fachadas fotovoltaicas consiste em quatro etapas. Inicialmente define-se a tecnologia fotovoltaica e a localização geográfica (1). Posteriormente, é realizada a modelagem elementar tridimensional (2) através do editor de algoritmos gráficos Grasshopper – integrado à ferramenta de modelagem Rhinoceros3D – estabelecendo assim, as restrições e variáveis da forma. Na terceira etapa, correlacionamse transformações geométricas tridimensionais (twist, taper e shear) e incidência solar (3) por meio dos softwares Ecotect Analysis e Grasshopper. Com isso, os parâmetros dimensionais atribuídos às variáveis – transformações geométricas – são vinculados aos parâmetros de radiação solar, visando à geração de formas. Após a seleção das formas com maior potencial fotovoltaico, identificam-se as zonas com maior incidência de radiação solar e realiza-se a manipulação dos pontos de controle das superfícies NURBS (4). Através das transformações geométricas taper, shear e twist foi possível gerar um conjunto de soluções otimizadas, correlacionando dados energéticos e geométricos, integrando métodos de geração de formas e avaliação performática da radiação solar. O estudo identificou que as possibilidades de articulação entre os planos fotovoltaicos e a eficiência energética têm implicações positivas, correlacionando variabilidade formal e geração de energia elétrica. / This work aims explore the shape of façade planes linked to the solar incidence, in order to optimize the use of photovoltaic systems. The identification and parameterization of forms according to geometric principles of photovoltaic capture suggest the application of a design methodology for optimizing the photovoltaic surface façade in order to optimize direct solar radiation, incorporating the volume of the building. The optimization model of photovoltaic façade consists of four steps. Initially decide on the photovoltaic technology and geographic location (1). Subsequently, three-dimensional elementary modeling is performed (2) through the graphic-algorithm editor, Grasshopper, – integrated with the modeling tool, Rhinoceros 3D, – thus establishing, restrictions and variables in shape. In the third stage, threedimensional geometric transformations are correlated (twist, taper and shear) and solar incidence (3) through the computer interfaces of Ecotect Analysis and Grasshopper software. With this, the dimensional parameters assigned to the variables – geometric transformations – are linked to parameters of solar radiation, in order to generate shapes. After the selection of potential photovoltaic shapes, zones with the greatest incident solar radiation are identified and the control points of NURBS surface are manipulated (4). Using the geometric transformations taper, shear and twist, it was possible to generate a set of optimal solutions, correlating geometric and energetic data, integrating shape generating methods and performatic evaluation of solar exposure. The work identified that possibilities of articulation between photovoltaic planes and energetic efficiency have positive results, correlating shape variability and electricity generation.

Aumento da produtividade, melhorias na qualidade dos produtos, redução de custos e de impactos ambientais são essenciais para a capacidade competitiva das empresas. A execução da fachada faz parte do caminho crítico da obra, por ser um subsistema que associa as funções de fechamento, acabamento, iluminação e ventilação e ainda por incorporar sistemas prediais; apresenta, por isso também, um alto custo direto em relação aos outros subsistemas do edifício. A tecnologia construtiva de fachadas em chapas delgadas com estrutura em Light Steel Framing (LSF) é uma alternativa viável para aumentar a produtividade e reduzir os prazos de obra, com qualidade e desempenho, e pode trazer benefícios em relação a atividades intensas em mão de obra como é o caso da alvenaria de vedação e de seus revestimentos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo sistematizar e analisar o conhecimento relativo a essa tecnologia construtiva de fachada. O método adotado compreende revisão bibliográfica. Como contribuição, o trabalho reúne um conjunto organizado de informações sobre os principais sistemas disponíveis no mercado contemplando: a caracterização do sistema de fachada, de suas camadas e dos perfis leves de aço e a sistematização das principais avaliações técnicas de sistemas existentes em outros países, reunindo normas técnicas de produtos e de execução. Acredita-se que a reunião e organização das informações, antes dispersas em diversas referências, têm potencial para subsidiar o meio técnico para tomada de decisão quanto ao uso adequado da nova tecnologia. / Increase productivity, improve product quality and reducing costs and environmental impact are essential for a competitive business. One of the critical paths of construction projects is the execution of the façade, a subsystem that associates multiple functions as sealing, finishing, lighting and ventilation feature and may incorporate other building systems. As another characteristic of these properties, a façade possess an important direct cost in relation to other subsystems. The building technology of light steel external wall system is a viable alternative, as it holds a potential to increase productivity, reduce construction deadline and bring benefits in regards to the labor heavy nature of masonry and mortar cladding. This research aims to organize the knowledge on the building technology of light steel external wall facade. The research method comprises a technical literature review. As a result, this study combines an organized ensemble of information about characterization of the light steel external wall system, its layers and steel profile. The work also performs an analysis of technical evaluations of existing systems in other countries, gathering technical standards of products and assembling techniques. The information here presented may serve as reference to the technical community by compiling and organizing information available in various and dispersed references.

Es wird untersucht, wie der Stadtraum alternder Immobilienbestände revitalisiert werden kann. Dazu werden drei Fragen gestellt: (i) Wie homogen sollen Immobilienensembles sein, (ii) wie sollen Fassaden gestaltet sein und (iii) wie kommen schlicht gestaltete Immobilien im sogenannten „Bauhausstil“ an, die sich derzeit schnell verbreiten. Ergebnisse von vier Befragungen in den Regionen Hamburg, Rhein-Main-Gebiet, München, Berlin und Sachsen mit insgesamt 600 Personen werden vorgestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Homogenität von Gebäudeensembles einen hohen Stellenwert hat. Es gibt eine positive Zahlungsbereitschaft und die Einzugsbereitschaft ist höher. Fassaden von Immobilien sollen abwechslungsreich gestaltet sein. Zu schlichte, zu karge Fassaden entsprechen nicht den Wünschen der Menschen. Der Bauhausstil wird überwiegend kritisch gesehen. Häuser im Bauhausstil, die derzeit in jede Baulücke gebaut werden und traditionelle Gebäudeensemble auseinanderreißen, sind eine große Gefahr für die Homogenität von Siedlungen. Eine signifikante Mehrheit präferiert es, wenn Baulücken mit angepassten Häusern gefüllt werden, welche die Homogenität des Gesamtensembles nicht angreifen. Etwas mehr als 10 % abweichende Häuser zerstören den Eindruck von Homogenität. Insgesamt verdeutlichen die Befunde den sozialen Aspekt des Bauens: Wer ein unpassendes Gebäude in einer gewachsenen Struktur errichtet, welches die Homogenität dieser Struktur verringert, der schädigt die Menschen, die in dieser Struktur leben und damit indirekt auch die anderen Immobilienbesitzer. Die Angst der Kommunen vor nachteiligen Entwicklungen von Siedlungen, die ein hohes Alter erreicht haben, kann nachvollzogen und bestätigt werden. Der Verzicht der Kommunen auf den Erlass von Gestaltsatzungen ist deshalb kontraproduktiv. Bauträger und Redeveloper sollten sich mehr disziplinieren und angepasster bauen als das oft der Fall ist. / The analysis looks at ageing property portfolios that need to be redeveloped. Three questions are asked: (i) Is homogeneity a necessary quality? (ii) Are there general rules for facade constructions? (iii) Is the so called Bauhaus-style with its stark and plain facades, which spreads rapidly through Germany, a recommendable solution? The results of four surveys with 600 test persons are being reported: Homogeneity of building ensembles has proven to be very important. Tenants have a positive willingness to pay to avoid an inhomogeneous situation. Facades should be differentiated – they must not be too plain, stark and shapeless. Facades in the so called Bauhaus-style are seen predominantly critically. They do not receive consent. A vast majority rejects this style. If undeveloped or redesigned areas are filled with houses in the Bauhaus-style while the majority of nearby houses is built in a different style the homogeneity is endangered. 10 % deviating houses from a prevailing style are enough to destroy the impression of homogeneity und lower the value of the whole estate. This underlines the social aspect of construction: those who erect constructions that destroy homogeneity trigger harmful effects on many other tenants and property owners. Therefore local authorities should use the instrument of “Gestaltsatzungen” (formal aesthetic requirements for buildings) to prevent disadvantages.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer une méthodologie d'aide à la prise de décisions pour la conception énergétique de bâtiments durables. La méthodologie proposée est composée de : (1) une base de seize indicateurs caractérisant la performance énergétique du bâtiment, couvrant les trois dimensions du concept de la durabilité (aspects environnementaux, économiques et de confort des occupants) et suivant une approche de type cycle de vie ; (2) une méthode d'évaluation de ces indicateurs adaptée au niveau de précision de la connaissance du bâtiment dans les premières phases de projet ; (3) une logique de progression des décisions de conception donnée comme un modèle de répartition séquentielle des choix à effectuer à chaque phase de projet ; et (4) une base de connaissances d'éléments du bâtiment comprenant les données techniques, environnementales et économiques nécessaires pour la méthode d'évaluation. Cette méthodologie est destinée à être utilisée par la maîtrise d'œuvre d'un projet de construction, y compris architectes et bureaux d'études concernés par la performance énergétique, pour la conception de bâtiments de bureaux dans un contexte français. Un outil numérique d'évaluation a été mis en place comme une première application de la méthodologie proposée afin d'étudier ce qu'elle peut apporter au concepteur comme éléments d'aide à la prise de décisions. L'intérêt de la mise en œuvre de la méthodologie a été validé par divers cas d'étude à chaque stade du processus de conception : de la phase d'Esquisse à la phase d'Avant-Projet Détaillé. En particulier, l'intégration d'une façade double peau vitrée, dont l'impact sur la performance du bâtiment est encore peu maîtrisé, a été évaluée. / The aim of this thesis work is the development of a decision-support methodology for the energy design of sustainable buildings. The proposed methodology consists of: (1) a set of sixteen indicators of energy performance, covering the three dimensions of the concept of sustainability (environmental, economic and user comfort aspects) and based on a whole life-cycle approach; (2) a framework for the calculation of these indicators, adapted to the level of knowledge and detail of buildings in the early design phases; (3) a decision making roadmap, proposed as a sequential model for structuring decision making throughout the design process; and (4) a knowledge base of building elements, compiling the necessary technical, environmental and economic data for evaluating energy performance. This methodology is aimed to assist architects and engineers who participate in the energy design of office buildings within a French context. An assessment tool has been developed as a first application of the proposed methodology in order to determine its contribution to the process of decision making. The methodology has been validated through various case studies at each stage of the design process: from the schematic design phase to the detailed design phase. In particular, the integration of a double skin facade, whose impact on building performance is still not fully understood, was assessed.

Along with the technical and technological evolution of today’s modern society, comes a new range of threats on critical infrastructure such as the malicious use of explosives, fire arms, ramming with vehicles, arson, electromagnetic threats, chemical and biological weapons, and espionage. To maintain social security, a need of enforcing critical infrastructure to withstand the damage on withheld values caused by antagonist strikes is developed. The need of establishing enforcing measures is utterly important regarding the critical infrastructures pursuing democratic activities such as government agencies, embassies and residences of the head of states, amongst others. Establishing an adequate protection to the intended critical infrastructure brings up an issue with managing to enforce the existing façade and its framework, cornices, doors, windows and vents to make them resistant to the current threats. This master degree project aims to compile existing knowledge and suggest enforcing solutions based on building technology that take the current design in consideration and provides a structural protection to withstand stated threats. The aim of the work is fulfilled through a literature study, several interviews, the compilation of a risk index analysis and three representative types of artificial buildings with democratic purposes. The work results in several enforcing façade solutions that confirm existing researches discussing fortification and structural protection, and which creates an adequate protection against antagonist strikes ability to cause damage on withheld values in the building. In general, a façade construction is to be enforced with major thickness, density, elastic strength and air tightness. The work also leads to the discovery of several, never before officially compiled and scientifically researched enforcing façade solutions. When establishing enforcing measures to the façade of critical, democratic infrastructure it’s essential to create a structural protection that withstands the current threats while also being reasonable on possible actions, the effects on the building activity and financial maintainability. The structural protection created needs to work as a unity of façade, joists and attachments to ensure the building doesn’t collapse due to local damage. Regardless of the enforcing measures taken, there’s always going to be a risk on new kinds of threats evolving or antagonist strikes summoning up major resources than expected when designing the protection. With public buildings in urban areas it’s not practically or financially reasonable to establish a structural protection to resist every possible threat since the building also needs to be appealing, retain conservational values and ensure accessibility.

Es wird untersucht, wie der Stadtraum alternder Immobilienbestände revitalisiert werden kann. Dazu werden drei Fragen gestellt: (i) Wie homogen sollen Immobilienensembles sein, (ii) wie sollen Fassaden gestaltet sein und (iii) wie kommen schlicht gestaltete Immobilien im sogenannten „Bauhausstil“ an, die sich derzeit schnell verbreiten. Ergebnisse von vier Befragungen in den Regionen Hamburg, Rhein-Main-Gebiet, München, Berlin und Sachsen mit insgesamt 600 Personen werden vorgestellt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Homogenität von Gebäudeensembles einen hohen Stellenwert hat. Es gibt eine positive Zahlungsbereitschaft und die Einzugsbereitschaft ist höher. Fassaden von Immobilien sollen abwechslungsreich gestaltet sein. Zu schlichte, zu karge Fassaden entsprechen nicht den Wünschen der Menschen. Der Bauhausstil wird überwiegend kritisch gesehen. Häuser im Bauhausstil, die derzeit in jede Baulücke gebaut werden und traditionelle Gebäudeensemble auseinanderreißen, sind eine große Gefahr für die Homogenität von Siedlungen. Eine signifikante Mehrheit präferiert es, wenn Baulücken mit angepassten Häusern gefüllt werden, welche die Homogenität des Gesamtensembles nicht angreifen. Etwas mehr als 10 % abweichende Häuser zerstören den Eindruck von Homogenität. Insgesamt verdeutlichen die Befunde den sozialen Aspekt des Bauens: Wer ein unpassendes Gebäude in einer gewachsenen Struktur errichtet, welches die Homogenität dieser Struktur verringert, der schädigt die Menschen, die in dieser Struktur leben und damit indirekt auch die anderen Immobilienbesitzer. Die Angst der Kommunen vor nachteiligen Entwicklungen von Siedlungen, die ein hohes Alter erreicht haben, kann nachvollzogen und bestätigt werden. Der Verzicht der Kommunen auf den Erlass von Gestaltsatzungen ist deshalb kontraproduktiv. Bauträger und Redeveloper sollten sich mehr disziplinieren und angepasster bauen als das oft der Fall ist. / The analysis looks at ageing property portfolios that need to be redeveloped. Three questions are asked: (i) Is homogeneity a necessary quality? (ii) Are there general rules for facade constructions? (iii) Is the so called Bauhaus-style with its stark and plain facades, which spreads rapidly through Germany, a recommendable solution? The results of four surveys with 600 test persons are being reported: Homogeneity of building ensembles has proven to be very important. Tenants have a positive willingness to pay to avoid an inhomogeneous situation. Facades should be differentiated – they must not be too plain, stark and shapeless. Facades in the so called Bauhaus-style are seen predominantly critically. They do not receive consent. A vast majority rejects this style. If undeveloped or redesigned areas are filled with houses in the Bauhaus-style while the majority of nearby houses is built in a different style the homogeneity is endangered. 10 % deviating houses from a prevailing style are enough to destroy the impression of homogeneity und lower the value of the whole estate. This underlines the social aspect of construction: those who erect constructions that destroy homogeneity trigger harmful effects on many other tenants and property owners. Therefore local authorities should use the instrument of “Gestaltsatzungen” (formal aesthetic requirements for buildings) to prevent disadvantages.

Introduction: There is a housing shortage in Sweden and the green space factor must be taken into account when building. The green space factor includes living façades that have a positive effect on people and society. The company Butong, in which the work has been done in collaboration, has patented solutions within living façades. The company currently mounts the façade solutions on a prefabricated concrete sandwich wall, but lacks a solution for mounting on a half sandwich wall. The purpose of a solution with a half sandwich wall was to avoid unnecessary material consumption, reduce environmental impact, and reduce the thickness of the wall. The work examined a half sandwich wall with three insulation materials: cellular plastic, PIR and Kooltherm. Method: The chosen method for the study was design research methodology, which contains a total of seven steps. The first two steps were used in this study. The first step consisted of a literature study. The second step was supplemented with empirical data in form of interviews and further literature studies. Calculations for carbon dioxide equivalents were performed by calculating the footprint of each material. The calculations were based on the material thickness of 1 m2 wall area. Data were obtained from environmental product declarations for construction products (EPDs) based on factors A1-A3.   Results and Analysis: For all half sandwich walls, a roofboard in stone wool was chosen as the utmost layer. This was based on conditions for fire safety for the materials cellular plastic and PIR, and based on attachment for the material Kooltherm. The use of a polypropylene plastic mat to obtain an air gap was decided for all materials based on moisture safety. Furthermore, the results showed three possible fastening methods for mounting Butong's façade solution on a half-sandwich walls: cast plastic profiles (SFS-profiles), vertically cast L-profiles and horizontally cast L-profiles. The result also reported that replacing a full sandwich wall with a half sandwich wall reduces material consumption, and reduces emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents by up to 31%. This is based on the EPD factors A1-A3 where a comparison of the half sandwich wall was made with a full sandwich wall.  Discussion: The thickness of the walls could be reduced by 60-80 mm when a full sandwich wall was replaced with a half sandwich wall. The variation depended on insulation material. The insulation material Kooltherm resulted in the thinnest wall. The material PIR varied in fire classification. The reason was discussed to be the difference in supply of products in different countries. The choice of attachment method was reported to be dependent on the situation. Cellulose showed the lowest emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents. Both with regard to the production phase, and with regard to the percentage reduction when comparing full sandwich walls and half sandwich walls. In conclusion, the choice of insulation material depends on individual preferences. Cellular plastic should be used when prioritizing at least emissions of carbon dioxide equivalents. Kooltherm is suitable when prioritizing the degree of utilization, considering that the wall is thinnest. / Introduktion och syfte: Det är bostadsbrist i Sverige och det måste tas hänsyn till grönytefaktorn vid bebyggelse. I grönytefaktorn ingår levande fasader som påverkar människor samt samhälle positivt. Företaget Butong, som arbetet har skett i samarbete med, har patenterade lösningar för levande fasader. Företaget monterar idag fasadlösningarna på ett helsandwichelement, men saknar lösning för att montera på ett halvsandwichelement. Syftet med halvsandwichelement var att undvika onödig materialåtgång, minska miljöpåverkan, samt erhålla en tunnare tjocklek på elementet. Arbetet undersökte ett halvsandwichelement utifrån tre ingående isoleringsmaterial: cellplast, PIR och Kooltherm. Metod: Vald metod för arbetet var design research methodology som totalt innehåller sju steg. De två första stegen användes i studien. Första steget bestod av en litteraturstudie. Det andra steget kompletterades med hjälp av empiri i form av intervjuer och fortsatta litteraturstudier. Beräkningar för koldioxidekvivalenter utfördes genom att beräkna respektive materials avtryck. Beräkningarna utgick från materialets tjocklek på 1 m2 väggyta. Data hämtades från miljövarudeklarationer för byggprodukter (EPD:er) utifrån faktorerna A1-A3. Resultat och Analys: För samtliga halvsandwichelement valdes en takboard av stenull som yttersta skikt. Detta utifrån brandsäkerhet för materialen cellplast och PIR respektive utifrån infästning för materialet Kooltherm. Användning av platonmatta för att erhålla en luftspalt bestämdes för samtliga material utifrån fuktsäkerhet. Vidare visade resultatet tre möjliga infästningsmetoder för att montera Butongs fasadlösning på ett halvsandwichelement: ingjutna plastprofiler (SFS-fästen), vertikalt ingjutna L-profiler samt horisontellt ingjutna L-profiler. Resultatet redovisade även att ersätta helsandwichelement med halvsandwichelementet minskar materialåtgång, samt minskar utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter med upp till 31%. Detta utifrån EPD-faktorerna A1-A3 där en jämförelse av halvsandwichelementet gjordes med ett helsandwichelement utifrån samma funktionsvärde.  Diskussion: Tjockleken på elementen kunde minskas med 60-80 mm med den nya lösningen. Variationen var beroende av isoleringsmaterial. Isoleringsmaterialet Kooltherm resulterade i tunnast element. Materialet PIR varierade i brandklassning. Anledningen diskuterades vara skillnaden i utbud av produkter i olika länder. Val av infästningsmetod redovisades vara beroende av situation. Cellplast visade lägst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Både avseende produktionsfasen, samt med hänsyn till procentuell minskning vid jämförelse av helsandwichelement och halvsandwichelement. Avslutningsvis kunde slutsatsen konstateras att val av isoleringsmaterial beror på individuella preferenser. Cellplast bör användas vid prioritering inom minst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Respektive Kooltherm är lämpligt vid prioritering av utnyttjandegrad, då elementet är tunnast.

The aim of this Diploma Thesis was the design of multipurpose town house located on Křížová Street, Brno with the significant housing part, but also with areas for administration offices and commercial use. The project focuses on new attempt and concept of inner part of the block, as well as on connection into the existing historical urban structure. A new multi-storey monolithic house with seven floors and glass façade was designed. Commercial area is located in the parterre of the house, second floor is used for offices and the roof (7th floor) gives attractive place for a café. The rest of the house (3rd to 6th floor) has a dwelling purpose. Diploma Thesis copes with the function of yard and underground parking place, as well.

Die flexible Anpassungsfähigkeit an Umgebungsbedingungen und äußere Einwirkungen ist der Schlüssel zur weiteren energetischen Optimierung der Gebäudehülle. Bisherige Glasfassaden mit statischem Eigenschaftsprofil können auf tages- und jahreszeitliche Änderungen von solarer Einstrahlung oder Temperaturverläufen nur unzureichend reagieren. Dynamische Verglasungen gewinnen daher im Fassadenbau immer stärker an Bedeutung. Neben bereits etablierten Systemen wie elektrochromen Gläsern werden in aktuellen Forschungs- und Entwicklungsvorhaben diverse Konzepte für adaptive, multifunktionale Gebäudehüllen untersucht. Einen innovativen Ansatz bildet der Einsatz von Flüssigkeiten im Scheibenzwischenraum von Mehrscheiben-Isolierverglasungen. Diese können thermisch reguliert, mit speziellen Partikeln versetzt oder sogar zur Algenkultivierung verwendet werden und ebnen so den Weg für den Bau von Niedrigstenergiegebäuden. Neben Problemstellungen zur Bauphysik und Gebäudeautomation ergibt sich insbesondere bei der Verbindungstechnik für die einzelnen Glasscheiben aufgrund der direkten Flüssigkeitsexposition ein erheblicher Forschungsbedarf. In ersten, bereits realisierten Pilotprojekten wird der aus der Flüssigkeit resultierende hohe hydrostatische Druck, der auf die Verglasung und damit auch auf den Randverbund wirkt, durch aufgesetzte Klemmleisten abgetragen. Die mechanische Klemmung stellt sicher, dass die Randabdichtung in der Lage ist, ihre Funktion dauerhaft zu erfüllen. Diese aufgesetzte Haltekonstruktion durchbricht jedoch die ebenen Oberflächen, die den Reiz schlanker Glasfassaden ausmachen. Der hohe gestalterische Anspruch, der bei großen Bauprojekten von Architekten und Bauherren nachgefragt wird, kann nur mit einem strukturell geklebten Randverbundsystem erfüllt werden, das für den Einsatz im flüssigen Medium geeignet ist. Bisher sind keine geeigneten Klebverbindungen bekannt, die eine dauerhafte Dichtigkeit und ständigen Abtrag hoher mechanischer Lasten gleichzeitig gewährleisten können. Ein wesentlicher Grund dafür ist, dass aus der eindiffundierenden Feuchtigkeit ein wesentlicher Schädigungsmechanismus für die geklebte Verbindung resultiert. Die Klebstoffsteifigkeit nimmt dadurch in der Regel ab; auch ein Haftverlust kann die Folge sein. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt sich der beschriebenen Herausforderung einer strukturellen Klebverbindung unter Einfluss einer dauerhaften Flüssigkeitsexposition. Durch ein zweistufig geklebtes Randverbundsystem sollen die wesentlichen Funktionen Dichten und Lastabtragen spezifisch auf separat wirksame Klebstoffe aufgeteilt werden und dadurch ein wesentlicher Vorteil gegenüber bisherigen Klebverbindungen geschaffen werden. Ausgehend von diesem Lösungsansatz werden für die Klebstoffauswahl und Materialcharakterisierung ein umfangreiches, maßgeschneidertes Versuchsprogramm sowie Bewertungskonzept entwickelt. Standardisierte Substanz- und Verbundprüfungen umfassen Zug- und Haft-Zugversuche sowie Versuche zur Materialverträglichkeit. In Anbetracht der speziellen Anforderungen der geplanten Anwendung lassen bis dato existierende Bewertungsgrundlagen und Nachweisverfahren jedoch keine hinreichend zuverlässige Aussage zu. Deshalb werden in dieser Arbeit speziell auf diese Anwendung abgestimmte Versuchsverfahren entwickelt, mit denen die Klebstoffdichtigkeit und Flüssigkeitsaufnahme sowie das Verhalten unter Dauerbeanspruchung analysiert werden. Basierend auf den gewonnenen Ergebnissen werden zwei geeignete Klebstoffsysteme ausgewählt, jeweils eines für die dichtende und eines für die lastabtragende Klebstufe. Weitere experimentelle Versuche fokussieren sich auf die Überprüfung der Funktionalität des neuartigen Randverbundsystems unter Realbedingungen. Mit diesem Ziel wird ein Bauteilprüfstand entwickelt, der die realitätsnahe Prüfung des komplexen Beanspruchungszustands im Randverbundsystem erlaubt. Die Versuche im Bauteilmaßstab 1:2 liefern die notwendige Datengrundlage zur Validierung eines numerischen Berechnungsmodells. Mithilfe des Modells werden der Glasaufbau und das neuartige Randverbundsystem dimensioniert und nachgewiesen. Die gewählte Abstraktionstiefe des Modells ermöglicht dabei sowohl eine wissenschaftlich präzise Beurteilung des Tragverhaltens als auch eine praxistaugliche Bemessung. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich, dass die Kombination der ausgewählten Klebstoffe eine ausreichende Dichtigkeit und Tragfähigkeit aufweist. Experimentell ermittelte, zeitabhängige Verformungen erlauben eine positive Prognose der zu erwartenden Standzeit. In den Bauteilversuchen bleibt der entwickelte Randverbund selbst im teilzerstörten Zustand der Verglasungen und daraus resultierenden, sehr großen Verformungen intakt. Die Klebfuge wird auch unter gemeinhin kritischen Dauerlasten auf hohem Lastniveau rechnerisch nachgewiesen werden, wenngleich dann die Elementabmessungen gegenüber der ursprünglich angestrebten Elementgröße reduziert werden müssen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass die Umsetzung eines zweistufig geklebten Randverbundsystems für den Einsatz in flüssigkeitsgefüllten Isolierverglasungen möglich ist. Die entwickelten Prüfverfahren mit definierten Beurteilungsmethoden sowie das ausgearbeitete Versuchsprogramm können für ähnlich gelagerte Fragestellungen herangezogen werden.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 3 Beispielkonstruktion und Beanspruchungsanalyse 4 Klebstoffauswahl und Charakterisierung 5 Anwendungsspezifische Klebstoffuntersuchungen 6 Untersuchungen im Bauteilmaßstab 7 Berechnung und Dimensionierung 8 Handlungsempfehlungenn 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Literatur / Flexible adaptability to environmental conditions and external influences is a key to further energy optimisation of the building envelope. Current glass façades with a fixed characteristics cannot respond adequately to changes in solar radiation or temperature during the day and over the seasons. Dynamic glazing is therefore becoming increasingly important in façade construction. In addition to established solutions such as electrochromic glazing, research and development activities are currently investigating various concepts for adaptive, multifunctional building envelopes. One innovative approach is the use of fluids in the cavity between the panes of insulating glass units. The fluid can be thermally regulated, mixed with functional particles or even used to cultivate algae. This paves the way for the design of ultra-low energy buildings. In parallel with the building physics and automation issues, there is a particular need for research into the connection techniques for the individual panes due to the direct contact with a fluid. In the first completed pilot projects, the high hydrostatic pressure acting on the glazing and therefore also on the edge seal, is dissipated by means of attached clamping bars. These external mechanical clamps ensure that the edge seal is able to fulfil its function permanently. However, external mechanical clamps disrupt the smooth surfaces that define the visual appearance of slim glass façades. This high design requirement, often demanded by architects and clients on high value projects, can only be met by a structurally bonded edge seal system designed for use in a fluid medium. To date, there are no suitable adhesive bonds that can provide both a permanent seal and the ability to withstand high mechanical loads. One of the main reasons for this is the diffusion of moisture, which causes significant damage to the bond. Moisture generally reduces the stiffness of the adhesive and can also cause a loss of adhesion. The present work addresses the challenge of a structural adhesive connection that is permanently exposed to a fluid. By using a two-stage bonded edge seal system, the main functions of sealing and structural load transfer are specifically allocated to the separate adhesives. This results in a significant improvement over conventional bonded joints. Based on this approach, a comprehensive test programme and evaluation scheme is developed to select and characterise the adhesives. Standardised material and adhesive bonding tests include tensile, adhesion and material compatibility tests. Given the specific requirements of the proposed application, conventional evaluation principles and design methods do not provide sufficient assurance. Therefore, this thesis deals with the development of customised test procedures to analyse the adhesive permeability and fluid absorption as well as the structural behaviour under permanent load. Based on the results obtained, two suitable adhesives are selected, one for sealing and one for structural load transfer. Further experimental investigations are focusing on testing the functionality of the novel bonded edge seal system under realistic operating conditions. This includes the development of a component test rig that allows the structural behaviour to be realistically investigated under complex loading conditions. Tests on a 1:2 component scale provide a comprehensive data base for the validation of a numerical model. Numerical simulations are used to dimension and verify the glass composition and the adhesive joint. The high level of detail in the numerical modelling allows a scientifically accurate assessment of the load-bearing behaviour as well as a practical design. The results show that the combination of the selected adhesives provides permanent seal and excellent load carrying capacity. The experimentally determined time-dependent deformations allow for a positive prediction of the service life. Even when the glazing is partially destroyed and the resulting deformations are very large, the developed edge seal remains fully intact during the component tests. The adhesive joint is verified by calculations under generally critical permanent loads at a high stress level, even though the unit dimensions have to be reduced from the original target size. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilising a two-stage bonded edge seal system in fluid-filled insulating glass units. The customised test methods consisting of specified assessment procedures and an elaborated test programme can be applied to address and overcome forthcoming challenges.:1 Einleitung 2 Grundlagen 3 Beispielkonstruktion und Beanspruchungsanalyse 4 Klebstoffauswahl und Charakterisierung 5 Anwendungsspezifische Klebstoffuntersuchungen 6 Untersuchungen im Bauteilmaßstab 7 Berechnung und Dimensionierung 8 Handlungsempfehlungenn 9 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 10 Literatur

Contribution of daylight to employees in terms of health, productivity, and overall wellness in the office spaces are undeniable. Apart from the psychological and biological benefits of employees, embracing daylight in office spaces increases the energy-efficiency of the building which leads to the sustainable development of a city. However, a considerable number of employees in Sweden lack daylight in their workspaces according to a report by the Swedish Work Environment Authority [Arbetsmiljöverket (Swedish)] (Lowden, 2019). Professionals like Architects, Lighting Designers, and students of architecture and lighting design across Sweden were asked their opinions pertaining to lack of daylight in a considerable number of office spaces in Sweden based on their experience through online questionnaires/ interviews to get to know the overview of this subject. Out of all the possible reasons, window design and economy were the two macro factors according to them that influenced daylight in an office building in Sweden but often, obstruction angle in a building due to urban densification is overlooked when it comes to daylight in an office building. This thesis discusses the influence of obstruction angles with an illustrated office building in Stockholm. Diva for Rhino was the software used for the modelling and daylight simulation.