A 'model-to-radiance' comparison of simulated brightness temperatures and radiances from the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model 2 (HadGEM2-A) with longwave measurements from the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder/4 (HIRS/4) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interfermeter (IASI) onboard the MetOp-A satellite is presented for all-sky and clear-sky global means. The fast Radiative Transfer model for TOVS 10 (RTTOV-10) is applied to HadGEM2 output to simulate observational-equivalent data. The results are compared with corresponding broadband analyses. A method is developed to extend hyperspectral IASI radiances to cover the whole outgoing terrestrial spectrum, in order to identify any compensating biases, and explore wavebands in the unobserved Far Infrared (FIR) region. For the all-sky HIRS analysis, the model overestimates brightness temperatures in the atmospheric window region with the greatest biases over areas associated with deep convective cloud. In contrast to many global climate models, much smaller clear-sky biases are found indicating that model clouds are the dominating source of error. Simulated values in upper atmospheric CO2 channels approximate observations better as a result of compensating cold biases at the poles and warm biases at lower latitudes, due to a poor representation of the Brewer Dobson circulation in the 38 level 'low-top' configuration of the model. Simulated all and clear-sky outgoing longwave radiation evaluated against the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) and HIRS OLR products reveal good agreement, in part due to cancellation of positive and negative biases. Through physical arguments relating to the spectral energy balance within a cloud, it is suggested that broadband agreement could be the result of a balance between positive window biases and unseen negative biases originating from the water vapour rotational band in the FIR (not sampled by HIRS). Simple sensitivity tests show that dramatically altering existing cloud properties has little effect on the prominent window biases, however raising clouds a maximum of 5 atmospheric levels minimises the error in cloud contaminated channels, due to the introduction of spatially compensating errors. Sensitivities to the way ice clouds are parameterised in RTTOV-10 display a range of up to 2.5 K in window channels but absolute biases still exceed 3 K for all choices. Because of the lack of satellite based FIR observations due to a technological gap in the spectral region, an algorithm is created to 'fill in' the available data. Correlations between selected IASI channels and simulated unobserved wavelengths in the far infrared are used to estimate radiances between 25.25 - 644.75 cm-1 at 0.5 cm-1 intervals. The same method is used in the 2760 - 3000 cm-1 region. The spectrum is validated by comparing the Integrated Nadir Longwave Radiance (INLR) product (spanning the whole 25.25 - 3000 cm-1 range) with the corresponding broadband measurements from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on the Terra and Aqua satellites at simultaneous nadir overpasses, revealing mean differences of 0.3 Wm-2sr-1 (0.5% relative difference) lower for IASI relative to CERES and significantly lower biases in nighttime only scenes. Averaged global data over a single month produces mean differences of about 1 Wm-2sr-1 in both the all and the clear-sky (1.2% relative difference). The new high resolution spectrum is presented for global mean clear and total skies where the far infrared is shown to contribute 44% and 47% to the total OLR respectively, which is consistent with previous estimates. In terms of spectral cloud radiative forcing, the FIR contributes 19% and in some subtropical instances appears to be negative, results that would go un-observed with a traditional broadband analysis. The equivalent complete IASI OLR model product is simulated from GCM data using RTTOV-10. The same process of applying predictors to the satellite measurements is applied to the model simulated radiances, with appropriate modifications, to produce a directly comparable model product. Annual mean all-sky radiances are still greatly overestimated at all wavenumbers with a total radiance bias of 4.52 Wm-2 across the whole range. Compensating negative biases outside of the HIRS coverage that were hypothesised are absent, with the far infrared contributing to the overall bias rather than cancelling it. Equivalent clear-sky biases are much lower overall at 0.39 Wm-2, in part due to spectral and spatial cancellation of errors. A flux-to-flux comparison is enabled by estimating the spatial distribution of anisotropic factors, using collated HIRS OLR fluxes and IASI OLR radiances, which yields global mean model fluxes in excess of 12 Wm-2 higher than observations in the all-sky. The difference between this and the fluxes calculated using the climate model's broadband radiation code (Edward-Slingo) are around 10 Wm-2 which is outside the range of uncertainty in the method used to estimate the flux. However, it is discussed that tuning of the climate model's broadband code to known flux values is a required practice to ensure global energy budgets balance but can produce inaccurate parameterised variables. An equivalent analysis adjusting the ice cloud parametrisation to reflect the radiances that have the biggest differences to the original configuration selected showed a bias reduction of 4.5 Wm-2, which is still not enough to completely explain its size, suggesting the existence of residual cloud problems. Finally, it is suggested that the way forward in separating and constraining cloud errors, in both radiative transfer codes, is a rigorous process of testing them with observation cloud properties and reanalysis data as inputs.

Barn är beroende av föräldrar eller andra vårdnadshavare för att må bra både psykiskt och fysiskt och att för att kunna utvecklas. De barn som inte får sina anknytningsbehov besvarade kan utveckla en otrygg anknytning. Vilket kan leda till stora svårigheter för barnen. Det är föräldrarnas ansvar att se till att barnets grundläggande behov uppfylls. Men alla barn har inte föräldrar som tillgodoser dessa behov. Hur plågsamt det än är så måste alla personer som arbetar med barn inse att en del barn är utsatta för misshandel, sexuella övergrepp, vanvård eller försummelse och ha den kompentensen att anmäla till socialtjänsten vid minsta misstanke om att ett barn far illa. Föreliggande studie undersökte N= 35 (N=45 med bort fall på N=10) förskolepedagoger via en enkätundersökning. Syftet med studien var att skapa kunskap om faktorer som kunde påverka genomförandet av anmälningsskyldigheten för barn som far illa. Vilka kunskaper och erfarenheter har förskolepedagogerna om anmälningsplikten? Faktorer som enligt förskolepedagogerna kan underlätta respektive försvåra genomförandet av anmälningsplikten? Undersökningen visade att 40 procent av deltagarna ansåg att de inte hade tillräckligt med kunskap om anmälningsskyldigheten. Och 63 % av deltagarna uppgav att de har misstänkt att ett barn fart illa, hela 18 procent av dessa anmälde inte detta vidare till socialtjänsten. Den främsta anledningen till detta var enligt deltagarna en rädsla i att fatta fel beslut. Deltagarna efterfrågade en lättillgänglig handlingsplan samt ett ökat samarbete med socialtjänsten. Förslag på att angripa bristerna i att anmälningsskyldigheten efterföljs kan vara att: 1. Mer information och utbildning till pedagogerna. 2. En tydlig handlingsplan med rutiner vid en anmälan. 3. En ökat samarbete med socialtjänsten.

Immigration and its impact on aggregate welfare state preferences and welfare state reform has been the subject of numerous academic and political debates. Despite prolonged attention to these issues, however, empirical research has yielded mixed results concerning what effect, if any, immigration has the structure and generosity of the welfare state. This issue is further exacerbated by the absence of concerted conceptual cross-germination between the various theoretical literatures that examine immigration's effect on various social, economic, and political outcomes, making it difficult to identify the mechanisms through which immigration may shape the welfare state. To address these issues, I draw on social psychological research, theories of the welfare state, research on radical right-wing parties, and case studies from the United States to argue that changes in both the volume and characteristics of immigrants entering Western Europe might: 1) undermine the cross-class alliances necessary for maintaining the welfare state, 2) reduce public support for welfare programs, and 3) provide politicians on the far-right with a symbolic resource that can be used to justify cutting/restructuring welfare state programs believed to benefit immigrants. Empirical examinations of these arguments using a wide range of data sources indicate that immigration may be directly and indirectly related to welfare state spending. With regard to the former, the data indicate that the influx of migrants from less-developed countries into social and Christian democratic countries has contributed to rising program demand and corresponding increases in expenditures on more reactive welfare state programs (i.e., unemployment benefits). With regard to the indirect impact of immigration on the welfare state, analyses of voting and public opinion data demonstrate that changes in immigration have contributed to the electoral success of predominantly neoliberal, far-right, nationalist parties and contributed to rising levels of anti-immigrant sentiment over time. These factors, in turn, resulted in: 1) declines in popular support for those social and Christian democratic parties that are dedicated to the maintenance and/or expansion of the welfare state, and 2) reductions in average levels of support for welfare state programs designed to address issues of unemployment, making the welfare state more vulnerable to future retrenchment.

Hälsa är ett centralt begrepp inom hälso- och sjukvården och är det centrala i sjuksköterskans arbete. Sjuksköterskans profession innebär att arbeta både hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande. Fysisk aktivitet används till stor grad i den hälsofrämjande och förebyggande vården. Sjuksköterskorna använder sig av fysisk aktivitet genom att förskriva fysisk aktivitet på recept (FaR). Brister i användandet av FaR har setts bland annat i uppföljningen. Uppföljning av FaR är viktig för patientens följsamhet och blir ett problem när den inte utförs. Studien fokuserar på sjuksköterskans erfarenheter vid uppföljningen av FaR, då brister vid användningen har upplevts. Syftet är att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter att arbeta med uppföljning av Fysisk aktivitet på Recept inom primärvården. Genomförandet av studien gjordes genom en kvalitativ ansats med intervjuer och en innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier med tillhörande underkategorier. De kategorier som framträdde är: Vårdrelationen mellan sjuksköterskan och patienten, sjuksköterskans flexibilitet och tillgänglighet och slutligen sjuksköterskans förutsättningar. I resultatet behandlas bland annat aspekter som tidsbrist, prioritering, patientens följsamhet, sjuksköterskans inställning och sjuksköterskans kunskap. I diskussionen fördjupas ytterligare områdena kring tidsbrist, prioritering och patientperspektiv och hur utebliven uppföljning av FaR påverkar folkhälsan. Genom fördjupningen kopplas dessa områden till tidigare forskning för att öka kunskapen om sjuksköterskan erfarenheter vid uppföljningen av FaR.

Thesis (PhD (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Carbon monoxide (CO) is a diatomic molecule of particular interest in astrophysics, due to its high abundance in interstellar space. The Fourth Positive System A1Π−X1Σ+ of CO is an important feature in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) region of the electromagnetic spectrum in astronomical observations, especially in high-resolution spectra recorded by satellite-based spectrographs. The interpretation of these astronomically detected spectra requires accurate laboratory wavelengths to serve as rest wavelengths and to resolve possible Doppler-shifts. Such rest wavelengths are known for the 12C16O, 13C16O and 12C18O isotopomers for all astronomically observed spectral lines of the Fourth Positive System. The only laboratory wavelengths currently available for the Fourth Positive System of the 12C17O isotopomer have been determined in a previous work carried out in our laboratory for the vibronic band A1Π(v0 = 3)−X1Σ+(v00 = 0). The present study continues this work for the other vibronic bands which have been detected astronomically, namely A1Π(v0 = 2 − 5)−X1Σ+(v00 = 0). The A1Π(v0 = 0− 1)−X1Σ+(v00 = 0) vibronic bands have also been investigated due to their probability for future astronomical detection. Rotationally-resolved spectra of these six vibronic bands were obtained by selective rovibronic laser excitation, and subsequent detection of the undispersed fluorescence, observed as a function of the excitation wavelength in the VUV. A tunable narrow-bandwidth VUV laser source is used for excitation, and the CO gas sample is introduced by supersonic expansion. Flow-cooling in the supersonic expansion to rotational temperatures roughly corresponding to temperatures in the interstellar medium simplifies and aids the spectral analysis of the spectral lines of interest. The cold conditions in the supersonic expansion facilitates a high sensitivity for detection of the low-J lines, and allows the detection of rare isotopomers of CO in natural abundance. The experimental setup has been improved in the present study by the addition of a vacuum monochromator, facilitating an improved characterisation of the VUV source. Furthermore, a number of experimental conditions have been optimised for the detection of rare CO isotopomers, significantly increasing the signals of these lines in the spectra. The combination of this increase in sensitivity and the addition of the vacuum monochromator to the experimental setup, allowed the simultaneous detection of absorption spectra with the fluorescence spectra as an additional source of information in spectral analysis. The increased sensitivity also contributed to the detection of a large number of spectral lines of interest, with some additional lines identified in the previously studied vibronic band. Spectral lines of 12C16O, 13C16O, 12C18O and 12C17O were detected in each vibronic band, allowing accurate calibration of the spectra. A total of 29 new lines of 12C17O were recorded in the six vibronic bands investigated. Additionally, 10 new singlet-triplet lines of 12C16O were recorded in the wavelength regions investigated. The new wavelengths of 12C17O have been applied to calculate consistent heliocentric velocities of a gas cloud toward the star X Persei, obtained from spectra of the different CO isotopomers taken by the Hubble space telescope.

This thesis proposes a metallic hole array of a rectangular converging-diverging channel (RCDC) shape with extraordinary transmission. We use a three-dimensional (3D) finite element method to analyze the transmission characteristics of two-dimensional metallic hole arrays (2D-MHA) with RCDC. For a straight channel MHA, when the aperture size is reduced, the transmission peaks have a blue-shift. The same result is observed for a smaller gap throat for the RCDC structure. For the rectangular holes with a high length-width ratio, a similar blue-shift in the transmission peaks as well as a narrower full width at half maximum (FWHM) are observed. The asymmetry from the rectangular shape gives this structure high selectivity for light with different polarizations. Furthermore, the RCDC shape gives extra degrees of geometrical variables to 2D-MHA for tuning the location of the transmission peak and FWHM. The tunable transmission property of this structure shows promise for applications in tunable filters, photonic circuits, and biosensors. / text

<p>Vår studie har sin grund i den komplexitet som råder kring uppmärksammandet och anmälan</p><p>av barn som far illa. Syftet med vår studie har varit att öka vår förståelse för den betydelse</p><p>samverkan mellan skola och socialtjänst kan ha för ett tidigt uppmärksammande av barn som</p><p>misstänks fara illa. Vi har genom att intervjua lärare/förskollärare och socialsekreterare som</p><p>deltagit i ett kommunalt samverkansprojekt ökat vår förståelse och tagit del av vad deltagarna</p><p>uppfattar att projektet har lett till för uppmärksammandet av barn som misstänks fara illa. I</p><p>vår analys har vi använt oss av Silvermans aktionsteori, för att kunna studera olika</p><p>organisatoriska faktorers påverkan på samverkan. Vår studie kan inte klarlägga om personalen</p><p>uppfattar att samverkan lett till att utsatta barn i högre utsträckning uppmärksammats via</p><p>anmälningar. Däremot har vi kunnat finna andra vinster med denna samverkan som på längre</p><p>sikt eventuellt kan ge positiva effekter för att i ett tidigare skede uppmärksamma barn som</p><p>misstänks fara illa.</p>

No description available.

The photosynthetic process has the unique ability to capture energy from sunlight and accumulate that energy in sugars and starch. This thesis deals with the light driven part of photosynthesis. The aim has been to investigate how the light-absorbing protein complexes Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II), react upon illumination of light with lower energy (far-red light; 700-850 nm) than the absorption peak at respective primary donor, P700 and P680.  The results were unexpected. At 295 K, we showed that both PS I and PS II were able to perform photochemistry with light up to 130 nm above its respective primary donor absorption maxima. As such, it was found that the primary donors’ action spectra extended approximately 80 nm further out into the red-region of the spectrum than previously reported.  The ability to perform photochemistry with far-red light was conserved at cryogenic temperatures (&lt; 77 K) in both photosystems. By performing EPR measurements on various photosystem preparations, under different illumination conditions the origin of the effect was localized to their respective reaction center. It is also likely that underlying mechanism is analogous for PS I and PS II, given the similarities in spatial coordination of the reaction center pigments. For PS II, the results obtained allowed us to suggest a model involving a previously unknown electron transfer pathway. This model is based upon the conclusion that the primary cation from primary charge separation induced by far-red light resides primarily on ChlD1 in P680. This is in contrast to the cation being located on PD1, as has been suggested as for visible light illumination. The property to drive photochemistry with far-red wavelengths implies a hither to unknown absorption band, probably originating from the pigments that compose P700 and P680. The results presented here might clarify how the pigments inside P680 are coupled and also how the complex charge separation processes within the first picoseconds that initiate photosynthetic reactions occur.

The 2016 election cycle has shown a dramatic radicalization of the right, featuring elements such as out-group demonization, law and order rhetoric, and populist strategies that have not been so prevalent in the US since the rise of Nixon’s Silent Majority in the 1970s. The UK has experienced a similar ideological shift, though its emergence has perhaps not been so notoriously outspoken. All the same, the fervent anti-statist and anti-elitist narrative employed by the Leave Campaign is starkly similar to language historically associated with the populist rhetoric of the Far Right. Drawing on analyses of economic, socio-cultural, and geopolitical trends that have changed the status quo of each of these countries in the post-crisis era, I attempt to elucidate potential factors that have made Far Right narratives of fear, paranoia, and insecurity particularly salient.