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Bakgrund: Enligt socialtjänstlagen (SFS 2001:453) har skolsköterskor en skyldighet att anmäla om de misstänker att ett barn far illa, anmäla till socialtjänst. Trots det sker underrapportering till socialtjänst från professionella i skolor. Skolsköterskor har en unik inblick i barns liv och kan ha en avgörande roll i huruvida en orosanmälan till socialtjänsten blir utfärdad. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka skolsköterskors erfarenheter av orosanmälningar och stöd vid ärenden med misstanke om att barn far illa. Metod: Studien hade en kvantitativ ansats med tvärsnittsdesign där data samlats in via en egenkonstruerad enkät. Resultat: Resultatet visade att skolsköterskorna inte anmälde alla elever som de misstänkte for illa till socialtjänsten. Skolsköterskorna hade erfarenhet av hot och våld vid orosanmälan, vilket medförde tveksamhet om anmälan till socialtjänst vid kommande tillfälle när de misstänkte att ett barn for illa. Skolsköterskorna efterfrågade ett förbättrat samarbete med socialtjänsten vid orosanmälan. De flesta skolsköterskorna upplevde att de hade såväl stöd av kollegor vid orosanmälan som ett gynnsamt arbetsklimat, vilket medförde att fler orosanmälningar utfärdades. Konklusion: För att motsvara kraven på anmälningsskyldigheten behöver skolsköterskor ett ökat stöd i att genomföra orosanmälningar, framför allt genom tätare samarbete med socialtjänst i fall där barn far illa. Dessutom har skolsköterskorna ett behov av utbildning inom området barn som far illa. / Background: According to the Social Services Act (SFS 2001:453), school nurses have an obligation to report to social services if they suspect that a child is being abused. Despite that, there´s still under-reporting from schools to social services. School nurses have a unique insight into children's lives and can have a decisive role in regard to whether a report of concern to social services is issued. Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate school nurses' experiences of handling reports of concern and support in situations with suspicions of children being abused. Method: The study had a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design where data was collected via a self-constructed questionnaire. Results: The results showed that the school nurses did not report all students whom they suspected of being abused to social services. The school nurses had experience of threats and violence when reporting concerns, which led to doubts about reporting to social services in the future when they suspected that a child was being abused. The school nurses requested improved cooperation with social services when reporting concerns. Most of the school nurses felt that they had support from colleagues when reporting concerns as well as a favorable working climate, which led to more reports of concerns being issued. Conclusion: In order to meet the requirements of the reporting obligation, school nurses need increased support in carrying out reports of concern, especially from social services. In addition, the school nurses have a need for education concerning abused children.

Varje år beräknas runt 100 000 barn fara illa i Sverige. Socialtjänsten har ett ansvar för att barn och unga ska växa upp under goda och trygga förhållanden. För att detta ska vara möjligt är anmälningsskyldigheten ett redskap som innebär att myndigheter som rör barn och unga har en skyldighet att till socialnämnden anmäla när de får misstanke eller kännedom om barn som far illa. Skolkuratorer träffar barn varje dag och har därför en gynnsam position när det gäller att uppmärksamma barn som far illa. Studiens syfte har därför varit att belysa vilka för- och nackdelar samt svårigheter anmälningsskyldigheten kan tänkas medföra gentemot barnet och skolkuratorn utifrån ett skolkuratorsperspektiv. De huvudsakliga frågeställningarna ifrågasätter vilka svårigheter det finns med anmälningsskyldigheten gällande barn som far illa samt hur barnet reagerar vid en anmälan. Studien har grundats på en kvalitativ forskningsansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer har utförts. Fyra skolkuratorer har intervjuats och det har ur empirin visat sig att skolkuratorerna främst ser anmälningsskyldigheten som något positivt. Det finns dock svårigheter och nackdelar som skolkuratorerna framfört. Ett ständigt uppkommande faktum har varit att barnet vid anmälan ofta backar och inte berättar sanningen för de inblandade myndigheterna vilket kan resultera i att utredningen läggs ner. Många forskningsavhandlingar belyser när professionella och yrkesverksamma med anmälningsskyldighet väljer att anmäla samt när det räknas som en misstanke. Denna studie kommer därför belysa vilka svårigheter det finns med anmälningsskyldigheten gällande barn som far illa. / Each year around 100 000 children are victims of child abuse in Sweden. In Sweden the social services (Child protection services) have a responsibility to work for children’s right to grow up in safe environment conditions. For this to be possible other authorities and agencies are obliged to report to the social services when they suspect or get award about child abuse. School counselors meet children every day at school and possess a position where they can discover child abuse. The purpose of the study has been to highlight which difficulties and disadvantages that mandatory reporting may arise from the perspective of school counselors. The main issues questioning what difficulties there are with the notification requirement regarding child abuse and how the child reacts to a notification/report. The study was based on a qualitative research approach where semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Four school counselors have been interviewed and the empirical data have found that school counselors primarily see notification/reporting as something positive. However, there are difficulties and disadvantages about reporting to the social services. An ever-emerging fact have been that the child at registration often runs and not telling the truth to the authorities involved, which may result in the investigation is closed.Many research theses highlights the fact that many professionals don’t child abuse and also what they count as a suspicion of child abuse. This study will therefore examine the difficulties, advantages and disadvantages that mandatory reporting may arise from the perspective of school counselors.

This is a case study of the political situation in Sweden where a present and growing far-right has generated an outcome of political fragmentation. The process between this probable cause and outcome will be investigated to find the best possible explanation for how an isolated party could generate the outcome of political fragmentation despite their denied political participation with the other parties. The process will be analyzed through mainstream parties’ political discourse about the far-right and how they give expression for their strategies to deal with their presence. This will be done through an abductive discourse-pathway analysis, wherein mainstream parties’ dynamics towards the far-right and how it has changed over time will be analyzed. The result from the analysis showed that there are three possible outcomes when dealing with the far-right: political fragmentation, political unity and political polarization. The conclusion is that political fragmentation occurs when mainstream parties are pulled in different directions regarding what strategies to use when they ought to deal with a growing far-right presence.

Physical implementations of cryptographic algorithmscan leak sensitive information through different kindsof side-channels. This information can potentially be used forrecovering the secret key used in the algorithms. Recently, sidechannelattacks on CPU implementations of Advanced EncryptionStandard (AES) has been presented. Some of these attacksuse far-field electromagnetic radiation.In this thesis, we investigate if cross correlation can be used tolocate the part of the signal corresponding to the execution of theAES-encryption. We gather side-channel signal data containingencryption activity to create and test multiple templates forcorrelation. By evaluating the performance of the templates indifferent scenarios, we conclude that the method is useful andrelatively easy to implement compared to previous methods.Furthermore, our extraction method has a low execution timewhich gives it potential to be used in real-time attacks. / Fysiska implementationer av krypteringsalgoritmerkan läcka känslig information genom olika typer avsidokanaler. Informationen kan potentiellt användas för att återskapa algoritmernas hemliga krypteringsnycklar. Senastetiden har sidokanalsattacker mot CPU-implementationer av AdvancedEncryption Standard (AES) presenterats. Vissa av dessaattacker nyttjar utstrålande elektromagnetiska fjärrfält. I denna rapport undersöker vi om korskorrelation kananvändas för att hitta tidpunkten i signalen då AES-krypteringengenomfördes. Vi samlar in signaldata från sidokanalen sominnehåller krypteringsaktivitet, detta för att skapa och testa olikakorrelationsmallar. Genom att utvärdera mallarnas prestanda iolika scenarion kan vi sluta oss till att denna metod är användbarsamt lätt att implementera jämfört med tidigare metoder. Därtillvisar vår metods korta körtid att den har potential att användasi en realtidsattack. / Kandidatexjobb i elektroteknik 2021, KTH, Stockholm

As more and more modern systems and products use built-in microcontrollers, hardware security becomes more important to protect against cyber-attacks. Internet of things devices, like Bluetooth devices, usually use an encryption algorithm to keep data safe from hackers. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a commonly used encryption algorithm. AES itself is hard to break. However, it is possible to utilize the information leaking from a system during the execution of encryption, called side-channel, to recover the key or part of the key used by the encryption algorithm. This kind of attack is called a side-channel attack (SCA). In this study, two deep learning (DL) models are trained to attack the Bluetooth microcontroller unit Nordic nRF52 development kit equipped with an nRF52832 chip. The DL models are trained using the far-field electromagnetic emissions that the microcontroller unintentionally generates and transmits through the antenna while encrypting data. All encryptions are executed with a fixed key and random plaintext. The attack is conducted in two stages: the profiling and attack stages. In the profiling stage, where the attacker is assumed to have full system control, 100 000 traces holding encryption information are sampled and used to train the DL models to classify a sub-byte of the fixed key given a trace. In the attack stage, traces are captured in two different environments. The first is an entirely isolated environment, while the second adds a specific Wi-Fi access point and client connection that execute HTTP requests and responses in this isolated environment referred to as the system environment. Given traces obtained from one of the two attack environments, the performance of the trained models at classifying the correct sub-key is evaluated.  To summarize the results of this study, twelve SCAs are performed on six datasets captured in two different environments using two different DL models for each dataset. The correct key byte can be retrieved in three of these SCAs. All three successful attacks are made in an isolated environment without any interfering noise. The best performance is achieved with the multi-layer perceptron DL architecture, processing traces each composed of 10 averaged traces of the identical encryption, and the correct key-byte is recovered after 8198 traces.

This thesis examines through the means of a comparative perspective, factors which have allowed the British National Party to enjoy recent electoral success at the local level under the leadership of party chairman Nick Griffin. Such electoral successes have arisen despite the seemingly relative obscurity of the party at the turn of the century. A number of different aspects are examined in order to achieve this aim. The history of the far right in the UK is examined to establish whether the BNP have changed their stance in comparison to previous far right movements. The BNP are also investigated comparatively with other West European parties who have enjoyed national success, as a means of discovering whether the party are similar to their far right neighbours and why they have not enjoyed similar national success. The press coverage of the BNP is examined at a local and national level, using content analysis and the LexisNexis database. The thesis looks at the role played by the BNP in local elections and the decline of participation in political activity, to establish if there is a link between these two factors. Finally a case study is taken of Calderdale in West Yorkshire, to establish directly if any of the above factors can be directly applied to BNP electoral success in this district. The research discovers that there are opportunities for the BNP to establish a connection with the electorate in local politics which are not necessarily available at times of general election.

Background: Poor health costs the Swedish society billions a year and affects every individual who lives with poor health. By a close collaboration between medical doctors, nurses and other health professions there are good opportunities to work with health promotion and for the individual patient’s health.  One way to work with health promotion in health care is to work with Physical activity on referral, FaR®.  Physical activity on referral was created to improve the health among the Swedish population and has been effective against diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Research has been done on which professional groups that makes the most prescriptions of Physical activity on referral and why patients don’t follow them. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of and the attitude toward prescribing Physical activity on referral, among medical doctors and medical students and to investigate if there were any differences between genders. Method: A web survey was designed and sent to 45 medical doctors at Akademiska Sjukhuset in Uppsala and to 286 medical students in semester 7-9 at Uppsala University. Results: The majority of the participants thought that physical activity had an important role in health promotion and knew about Physical activity on referral. Even though few of the participants had made a prescription of Physical activity on referral, the majority thought that it was an important part in the work with health promotion. The participants thought that more education in Physical activity on referral was needed. The participants prioritized to prescribe Physical activity on referral to patients at risk to get cardiovascular diseases, while patients who were less physical active than the recommendations of Livsmedelsverket got the lowest priority. Conclusion: Physical activity on referral was created to increase physical activity among the Swedish population and to reduce the risk to get diseases that can be related to low physical activity. It is therefore alarming that the participants were less prioritizing patients who were less physical active than the recommendations of Livsmedelsverket when it comes to prescribing Physical activity on referral, than other patients. By medical doctors and nurses working as a team, preventive actions can be taken early and therefore the risk for the individuals to develop secondary diseases can be reduced.

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