Esta dissertação tem como tema a maternidade, no universo das tecnologias de procriação, elemento próprio do feminino contemporâneo. Apesar de ser um fenômeno recente, é frequente a procura por tecnologias da medicina reprodutiva. Este trabalho pretende compreender a experiência de mulheres na busca pela maternidade, através das biotecnologias e, com isto, propicia uma reflexão sobre a feminilidade e a forma de vida na contemporaneidade, tendo como destaque o lugar ocupado pelo discurso científico, contribuindo, também, para a clínica psicológica. Para tal, entrevistamos mulheres que já estiveram ou que estão em tratamento para engravidar, e analisamos qualitativamente as narrativas através da análise de conteúdo. Observamos que a experiência das mulheres com a reprodução assistida é um fenômeno de implicações múltiplas na subjetividade feminina e na dinâmica do casal e da família, que envolve afetos e questionamentos complexos para a mulher e afeta a parentalidade e filiação / The present thesis concems to matemity, within the universe of assisted reproduction techniques, that belongs to our contemporaneous feminine condition. In spite of being a recent event, it's very frequent the demand for reproductive medicine technologies. This research intends to comprehend women's expertences in search for matemity, through biotechnologies. It also provides a reflection about femininity and our contemporaneous way of living, which emphasizes scientific discourse, and contributes to psychological clinical attendance. In order to reach our aims, we interviewed women who have been, or still are, in medical treatment for pregnancy and we analyzed the narratives in a qualitative way, by using the method of contents analysis. We observed that women's experiences with assisted reproduction are events of multiple implications upon feminine subjectivity, couples relationship and families. It also involves complex affections and matters among women and affects parental and filial positions

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Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-01-10T12:50:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tayanemockdecerihan.pdf: 11617253 bytes, checksum: 199468c456187b3b2cdf5043f023c631 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-01-31T11:20:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tayanemockdecerihan.pdf: 11617253 bytes, checksum: 199468c456187b3b2cdf5043f023c631 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-31T11:20:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tayanemockdecerihan.pdf: 11617253 bytes, checksum: 199468c456187b3b2cdf5043f023c631 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-22 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Esta dissertação busca compreender como são veiculadas as notícias das mulheres futebolistas no ciberespaço, mais especificamente, no webjornalismo (Globoesporte.com). Visa também descrever as maneiras pelas quais o público leitor interpreta os discursos midiáticos e interage entre si e com as reportagens sobre as mulheres no futebol. Partimos de uma perspectiva teórica metodológica pós-estruturalista, presumimos que os discursos midiáticos são construídos de maneira atender interesses generificados na veiculação das notícias de homens e mulheres no futebol. Para atender a esses objetivos utilizamos a etnografia virtual. O período de coleta dos dados ficou compreendido entre Abril e Junho de 2015, na medida em que abarcou importantes campeonatos de mulheres com visibilidade nacional e internacional, como o Campeonato Paulista, os Jogos Pan-Americanos e a Copa do Mundo FIFA. As reportagens publicadas no site Globoesporte.com sobre as mulheres no futebol e selecionadas pelo estudo foram trinta e quatro e os comentários totalizaram seiscentos e doze. O material empírico foi analisado a partir de três temáticas, a saber: Feminilidades em jogo: imagens e discursos (midiáticos) no futebol de mulheres; Impedimentos de gênero: quando será a vez delas? e “Desenvolvimento do futebol feminino”: agendas para as mulheres. Essas temáticas foram atravessadas pela Interpelação. De maneira geral, verificamos que os discursos midiáticos e a maioria dos comentários são performativos, ou seja, são construídos e constituídos socialmente através de atos reiterados na cultura. Essa repetição estabelece normas cristalizadas sobre corpo, sexualidade, feminilidade e identidade de gênero para as jogadoras de futebol presentes nas reportagens, valorizando a beleza física das atletas quando essas atendem determinados traços corporais. Também reforçam a hierarquia de gênero, através da valorização de títulos conquistados por técnicos homens, e opiniões de “especialistas” que mantém o status quo no qual as mulheres ocupam lugares inferiores aos homens, tanto no que concerne às habilidades para o jogo quanto para a ocupação de cargos de gestão esportiva. Apesar de destacar em seu discurso as agendas e projetos a curto prazo que visam o desenvolvimento do futebol de mulheres no Brasil, percebemos que o próprio globoesporte.com traz as notícias delineadas de pré julgamentos e preconceitos e que muitas vezes não fazem jus às conquistas das atletas, invisibilizando e enviesando informações acerca do futebol praticado por mulheres. Também em alguns momentos o Globoesporte.com “erra o alvo”, deixando de corresponder às expectativas dos/as leitores/as, que cobram por mais informações acerca do futebol de mulheres. Concluímos que a desconstrução acerca das mulheres no futebol deve ser feita através das mídias paralelas, bem como através das redes sociais, que se constituem na atualidade importantes ferramentas de disseminação de informações e através das quais, usuários e usuárias possuem mais liberdade de comunicação e expressão. Além disso, pesquisadoras e pesquisadores devem se mobilizar para além do ambiente acadêmico, buscando debater suas pesquisas com a sociedade, sensibilizando um maior número de pessoas à sua volta. / This dissertation seeks to understand how news about women soccer players are transmitted in cyberspace, specifically, on web journalism (Website: Globoesporte.com). It also aims to describe how readership comprises the media discourse, interacting with one another and with reports about women in football. From a theoretical-methodological post-structuralist approach, we assumed that media speeches are built in such a way to fulfill gendered interests when news about men and women in football are broadcasted. In order to meet those purposes, we used virtual ethnography. The data collection period was between April/2015 and June/2015, in that some important national and international women championships took place, such as the tournament from the State of São Paulo, Pan American Games and FIFA's World Cup. Within the reports published on the website Globoesporte.com about women in soccer, we had selected thirty-four for the paper and the comments totaled six hundred and twelve. The empirical material was then analyzed as of three topics, namely: "Femininities in game: images and speeches (of media) on women's football"; "Gender impediments: when will be their turn?" and "Development of female football: schedule for women". Those themes have been crossed by interpellation. In general, we could verify that media discourse and most of the analyzed comments are performative, that is, they are socially built and constituted through reaffirmed acts in culture. This reoccurrence sets sound standards about body, sexuality, femininity and gender identity for the women soccer players appearing in the reports, and yet, values the athletes’ physical beauty when those fit into given body traits. That repetition also reinforces the gender hierarchy, through the value of awards won by male coaches, and opinions of “experts” that keep the status quo in which women occupy lower places than men, both as regards women soccer game’s skills as occupation of sports management. Despite highlighting on its speech the schedules and projects short term that aim to develop soccer for women in Brazil, we could realize the Globoesporte.com itself reflects the news outlined by prejudgments and prejudice and often not doing justice to the athletes' accomplishments, making invisible and biased information about soccer played by women. Also, we noticed, at time, Globoesporte.com “misses the mark”, not corresponding to the readers’ expectations, who claim for more information on female soccer. We concluded that the deconstruction near women in soccer should be made through parallel medias, as well as the social networks, which are in the present an important tool to disseminate information and through female and male users have more freedom of communication and expression. Furthermore, female and male researchers should mobilize themselves for beyond the academic environment, seeking to debate their researches with society, raising awareness in more people around them.

O presente trabalho busca realizar um estudo psicanalítico sobre os avatares da sexualidade feminina, tendo como ponto central de discussão averiguar os diferentes posicionamentos assumidos pela mulher na tentativa de responder ao mal-estar estrutural que norteia sua constituição, no que tange à falta de um significante capaz de nomeá-la. Assim, em consonância com a estrutura lógica dos três tempos do complexo de Édipo lacaniano, percorreremos o processo de constituição do sujeito feminino, situando-o primeiramente diante da influência do Outro materno, a seguir, em relação ao saber paterno, para finalmente considerá-lo em sua dimensão cultural, relacionado ao conceito de suplência, abarcando, deste modo, o campo dos saberes constituídos, a partir da escrita inominável que se faz apreender por meio da arte, da literatura e da análise. Além disso, apresentaremos como material de pesquisa uma leitura psicanalítica pautada no acompanhamento específico de três casos clínicos de mulheres, com idade entre 20 e 30 anos, cujo objetivo será verificar a existência de uma relação particular com o saber, como uma tentativa de assegurar o lugar ocupado anteriormente junto ao desejo materno. Entretanto, como veremos na conclusão do trabalho, os dados obtidos confirmam apenas em parte esta hipótese, uma vez que, na seqüência da pesquisa, a figura paterna se revelará como fundamental, não só no que se relaciona à questão sexual, mas principalmente, no que diz respeito ao posicionamento do sujeito feminino frente ao saber. / The current paper proposes to carry out an analytical study of avatars in the female sexuality, having for its core discussion point the checking of different positions assumed by women in an attempt to explain the structural distress that guides their constitution in respect to the lack of significance capable of being named by them. Hence, in consonance with the logical structure of the three-staged Lacanian Oedipus complex, we move through the process of the female subject’s constitution, placing it firstly before the influence of the maternal Other, then next related to paternal knowledge, to finally consider this process in his cultural dimension, bound by the supplying concept, tin this manner, embracing the field of constituted knowledge, by means of an unnamable script that provides apprehending through art, literature and analysis. Further to that, we will present as research material, a psychoanalytic reading, specifically propped on the assessment of three clinical cases with women aged from 20 to 30. The objective of this reading is to verify a specific relationship with knowledge, as an attempt to ensure a place previously occupied by maternal desire. However, as we shall see at the paper’s conclusion, the gleaned data only partially confirms this hypothesis, since the research sequence plays itself out showing that the father figure turns out to be fundamental, not only in that related to the sexual issue, but mainly in that which refers to the female positioning before knowledge.

This essay investigates the gender roles in Joyce Carol Oates' The Falls. The novel concentrates ona family who live by Niagara Falls in the US, but the novel's main focus is on a woman namedAriah. Ariah is considered as an outcast and different from her surrounding socialites and thereforeit is interesting to investigate how society and its norms affects her. This essay concentrates on themain character Ariah and how the society's norms affect her and contribute to her alienation. Theessay focus on the key norms in the novel and analyzes them with the help of Betty Friedan'stheories in The Feminine Mystique to investigate if there is any correlation between society's normsand the main character's alienation. The aim of this essay is to investigate the connections betweenthe main character's alienation and her refusal to succumb to society's expectations of her as awoman.

This essay deals with the protagonists‟ challenges of the conceptions of gender in the novel Across the Nightingale Floor, by Australian author Gillian Rubinstein who uses the pseudonym Lian Hearn (2002). The protagonists are analyzed from a feminist and gender theoretical point of view, pinpointing the actions and thoughts that challenge the conceptions of gender in their society. Main focus is on Otori Takeo and Shirakawa Kaede, who defy the conceptions of femininity and masculinity within their sex, and how the characters gender identities change from the beginning to the end of the novel, and what causes these changes.

Dans la lignée des « romans de l’actrice » de la fin du XIXe siècle, plusieurs romanciers français et américains prolongent la fortune littéraire de cette figure au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, dans un siècle marqué par l’essor du cinéma et plus largement de la culture populaire. Il s’agit d’analyser comment la littérature perçoit et raconte ces changements à travers la figure de l’actrice, que celle-ci soit inventée ou inspirée de personnes réelles. Les romans de l’actrice du second XXe siècle se caractérisent par une forte homogénéité des enjeux narratifs et empruntent à d’autres genres, tels que le roman de l’artiste et le conte de fées. La sémiologie du personnage central est marquée par un métier qui sème le trouble dans son identité, entre le moi, les rôles et la persona et par l’importance d’un corps portant les marques hyperboliques du genre et de la beauté. Les actrices romanesques illustrent la domination masculine et bien rares sont celles qui trouvent une capacité d’agir et se font « actrices » de leur devenir. L’écriture romanesque opère ainsi une « défiguration » de la figure qui expose la déchéance derrière les images splendides, ou exacerbe ces images pour faire de la merveille un monstre. L’enjeu de ces textes est également intermédial : il s’agit, pour le roman, de se mesurer au cinéma qui l’a remplacé dans son statut de récit populaire, en imitant ses procédés mais aussi en racontant ses modes de réception dans une vision parfois iconoclaste. S’opère ainsi une réflexion sur la littérature et la culture à travers la figure de l’actrice, artiste sans œuvre propre, parfois double de l’auteur dans des jeux entre référence et fiction. / Following in the footsteps of late-19th-century “actress novels”, a number of French and American novelists prolonged the literary fortunes of the actress-protagonist in the years immediately following the Second World War, in the broader context of a century heavily influenced by the rise of the cinema and, more largely, of popular culture. This dissertation analyzes how literature perceives and recounts these changes through the character of the actress, be she fictional or based on a real-life person. Actress novels of the second half of the 20th century are characterized by their predominantly homogenous narrative aims and borrow from other genres, such as the artist novel and the fairytale. The semiology of the main character is marked by a profession that confuses her identity between her own ego, her characters and her persona, and by the importance placed on her body that bears the hyperbolic markers of gender and beauty. Novelistic actresses illustrate male domination and few of them are capable of autonomous action, of becoming independent “actors” of their own destinies. Novelistic writing thereby causes a “disfiguration” of the very figure that exposes the degradation behind the splendid images, or exacerbates those images in order to transform the marvel into a monster. The goal of these texts is also intermedial: the novel is intended to be compared to cinema, which recently supplanted it in its status of popular tale, by imitating its techniques but also by recounting its modes of reception through a sometimes-iconoclastic lens. This leads to a reflection on literature and on culture via the figure of the actress, an artist without her own work, sometimes a clone of the author in a game between referentiality and fiction.

Abstract The research observes the profession of reporters in the decades when the field underwent several different changes. The development of editorial hierarchy and the transition to a five day working week increased the need for reporters. At the same time, the strenghtening of trade union politics changed the field towards a more professional direction. In terms of gender, the profession became more balanced when the number of female reporters increased. Female reporters entered the field when the demand for new reporters became higher. However, the change was also connected to the overall development in the Finnish society. It was first and foremost women’s opportunities for work that were negotiated in the role debate that was going on during the 1960s. When the debate turned into an official policy that was maintained through legislation, attention was paid to the gendered structures of working life. During the 1970s, women became a part of career world for good. Finnish working life remained segregated but the profession of reporters was one of the fields where both genders had the same duties. However, the profession was not equal in terms of gender. Female reporters were paid less than their male colleagues and they did not have the same opportunities for promotions. What is more, male reporters worked more often as special reporters whereas females remained as all round reporters. In addition, the vocational culture was still based upon masculine values. Within oral history, the gendered structures of the profession were overshadowed by the rhetorics of sameness. In other words, the profession was seen as equal in terms of gender. The explanation can be found in the Finnish gender culture that maintains the idea of gender neutrality of working life. However, the rhetorics also repeated the ideals of equality that prevailed during the 1960s and 1970s. Furthermore, other factors that divided the profession of reporters like age, political background and education also covered up the question of gender. The source material consists of oral history, archival sources and media texts. Sources form different periods of time are read against each other and the experiences of reporters are connected to the discourses of the 1960s and 1970s. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan toimittajan ammattia vuosikymmeninä, jolloin ala koki useita erilaisia muutoksia. Toimitushierarkian kehittyminen ja siirtyminen viisipäiväiseen työviikkoon lisäsivät toimittajien tarvetta ja samanaikaisesti ammatillisten etujen ajaminen muutti alaa professionaalimpaan suuntaan. Myös ammattikunnan sukupuolirakenne alkoi tasapainoistua, kun alalle tuli aiempaa enemmän naistoimittajia. Toimittajanaisten määrän kasvu vastasi lisääntyneen toimittajatarpeen aiheuttamaan kysyntään, mutta muutos liittyi myös suomalaisessa yhteiskunnassa tapahtuneeseen kehitykseen. 1960-luvun roolikeskustelussa neuvoteltiin ennen kaikkea naisten työssäkäynnin mahdollisuuksista, ja tasa-arvokeskustelun valtiollistuttua päähuomio kiinnittyi työelämän sukupuolittuneisuuteen. Naiset siirtyivätkin 1970-luvulla työelämään jäädäkseen. Suomalainen työelämä säilyi kuitenkin eriytyneenä, ja toimittajan ammatti oli yksi niistä harvoista aloista, joilla naiset ja miehet tekivät samaa työtä. Tämä ei tarkoittanut kuitenkaan sitä, että ala olisi ollut tasa-arvoinen. Toimittajanaisten asema oli miehiä heikompi niin palkkauksessa kuin urakehityksessäkin. Sukupuoli näkyi myös toimitustyössä, jossa erikoistoimittajan tehtävät menivät pääsääntöisesti miehille, kun taas naiset työskentelivät ennen kaikkea uutistoimittajina. Myös ammatillinen kulttuuri rakentui edelleen maskuliinisten piirteiden varaan. Toimittajien muistelupuheessa ammattikunnan epätasa-arvoa tuottaneet käytännöt peittyivät kuitenkin samanlaisuuspuheen alle ja ammatti näyttäytyi tasa-arvoisena. Yhtäältä tämä selittyy suomalaisella sukupuolikulttuurilla, joka ylläpitää ajatusta työelämän sukupuolineutraaliudesta. Toisaalta taustalla on nähtävissä 1960- ja 1970-luvulla vallinnut tasa-arvokäsitys, joka korosti sukupuolten samuutta. Sukupuolta peittivät tutkittavina vuosikymmeninä alleen myös muut toimittajakuntaa erottaneet tekijät, joita olivat ikä, poliittinen tausta ja koulutus. Tutkimuksen lähdeaineisto koostuu muistitiedosta, aikalaisteksteistä ja arkistoaineistoista. Eri aikoina syntyneitä lähteitä luetaan toisiaan vasten, ja toimittajien kokemukset kiinnitetään 1960- ja 1970-luvun ajattelumalleihin.

Using feminist poststructuralist and postcolonial lenses, I explore how young Lebanese-Canadian women construct health, obesity, and the body within the context of the dominant obesity discourse, which over-emphasizes supposed links between inactivity, nutrition, obesity, and health. Participant-centered conversations were held with 20 young Lebanese-Canadian women between the ages of 18 and 25. The conversational texts were analyzed according to two consecutive methods: a thematic analysis which allowed us to focus on what the participants had to say about health, obesity, and the body followed by a poststructuralist discourse analysis which helped us to decipher how the participants spoke about these topics. The findings of this study attest that the young women construct health, obesity, and the body as matters of individual responsibility. They speak about achieving health and avoiding overweight/obesity through disciplinary practices such as rigorous physical activity and proper dietary restrictions. The participants also construct health in close linkage with the physical appearance of the body; moreover, they conflate the “healthy” and “ideal” female body, which they represent as thin. As such, the young women reject “fat” and portray obesity as a disease, a matter of lack of will, and an “abnormal” physical appearance. Finally, the young Lebanese-Canadian women report their involvement in various practices such as restriction of the quality and quantity of their nutritional intake, rare and non-organized forms of physical activity, and problematic practices such as the use of detoxes, dieting pills, and compulsive exercise, all in the name of health. Throughout this study, I highlight the participants’ multiple and shifting subjectivities: While the young Lebanese-Canadian women most often construct themselves as free neoliberal subjects re-citing elements of dominant neoliberal discourses (of self-authorship, self-responsibility for health, traditional femininity, and obesity), they at times construct themselves as “poststructuralist” subjects showing awareness of, and “micro-resistance” to such discourses. The impacts of the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures on the participants’ constructions of health, obesity, and the body comprise an important part of this thesis. The participants accentuate the major importance of beauty and physical appearance—particularly not being fat—in the Lebanese and Lebanese-Canadian cultures. However, they also attempt to distance themselves from “Lebanese” ways of thinking about health, obesity, and the body, and in doing so they replicate homogeneous representations of Lebanese, Lebanese-Canadian, and Canadian women. I offer practical suggestions to inform health and obesity interventions that target Lebanese-Canadian women and women from ethnic minorities and I discuss future research possibilities that may stem from the present thesis.

The study's purpose is to use qualitative methods to analyze the image FRIDA conveys of reality through textual and visual communication. The study is interested in the ideals that are produced, how femininity, masculinity and sexuality are presented as well as how the content is mediated. The theories used in the study are mainly regarding representation, stereotypes and gender. This study involves the methods critical discours analysis based on Faircloughs threedimensional model and a semiotic analysis using expressions like denotation, connotation and myth. In summary, the study has shown that the magazine FRIDA hasn´t followed the objective that’s being conveyed as goals for its content. That to oppose normative values in society and to strengthen their readers. Instead, the mediated message is consistently lined with hegemonic thoughts and values regarding gender as well as sexuality.