Thesis (MA (History))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This thesis investigates the production of different forms of Afrikaner ‘femininity’ at the Huguenot Seminary and College in Wellington, between 1873 and 1910. Founded by Andrew Murray, the moderator of the Dutch Reformed Church (DRC), specifically to train Dutch-Afrikaner girls as teachers and missionaries, the school was based on a model of women’s education developed at the Mount Holyoke Seminary in Connecticut and the majority of the teachers who worked at Huguenot until the 1920s were thus American-born and trained. The Huguenot Seminary proved to be an enormous success: it was constantly in need of extra room to house its overflow of pupils, the girls came near the top of the Colony’s teaching examinations from 1875 onwards, and its associated College – founded in 1898 – was one of the first institutions in South Africa where young women could study for university degrees. It had a profound impact on the lives of a considerable proportion of white, bourgeois Dutch-Afrikaner – and English-speaking – women during this period of rapid and wide-ranging transformation in South African society and politics. This thesis evaluates the extent to and manner in which Huguenot created particular Afrikaner ‘femininities’. The discussion begins with an exploration of the relationship between the Seminary, the Mount Holyoke system of girls’ education, and the DRC’s evangelicalism during the religious ‘revivals’ sweeping the Cape Colony in 1874-1875 and 1884-1885, paying particular attention to the teachers’ attempts to foster a quasi-religious community at the Seminary, and to the pupils’ responses to the school’s intense religiosity. It moves on to a discussion of the discourses surrounding the ideal of the educated woman that arose in the Seminary and College’s annuals between 1895 and 1910, identifying three key forms of ‘femininity’ promoted in magazines’ articles, short stories, and poetry. Finally, the thesis examines the impact of the growth of an Afrikaner ethnicity (specifically in the form of the First Afrikaans Language Movement), the South African War (1899-1902), and Alfred Milner’s South Africanism, on the ‘femininity’ espoused by the Seminary and College between 1874 and 1910.

L’étude des rapports entre père et fille dans la post modernité dans une société patriarcale comme celle de la Syrie représente l’aspect fondamental de cette thèse,et a comme objectif de connaître de quelle manière ses rapports s’établissent, quelles sont leurs caractéristiques et leurs conséquences sur l’adolescent en générale, et plus spécifiquement sur les adolescentes. Quels sont les effets des transformations du monde actuel sur la construction subjective et sur l’expression de la souffrance inhérente à la condition humaine dans le nouvel ordre symbolique qu’imposent aux relations interhumaines le libéralisme galopant de l’économie mondialisée et la technologisation des échanges entre parlêtres (Lesourd, 2007a, p. 11-12). Ce qui me pousse à aller plus loin dans mon investigation sur l’influence de la modernité sur le rapport père-fille est ce que j’ai observé pour ma part : le nombre de tentatives de suicide est remarquablement élevé ces dernières années dans le monde arabe, dans la population féminine comme un mode de réponse aux difficultés vécues par les jeunes filles et les femmes. Ces tentatives de suicide sont d'après moi une conséquence de la disparition des pères et de l’autorité qui est selon Serge LESOURD abusivement opposée aux parents, tenus responsables de la violence de leurs enfants. Selon lui « les pères n’ont pas démissionné, en revanche, le système de référence qui leur donnait du poids a été modifié en Occident » (Lesourd, 2003, p.36). Je pense que c'est également le cas en Orient. Cette thèse est divisée en deux parties, composées, d'une part, de réflexions théoriques et, d'autre part, d’exemples cliniques de la construction de l'identité sexuelle chez les adolescentes syriennes. Cette étude de clinique projective a été effectuée dans le cadre de la recherche CoPsyEnfant menée par l’URP/SCLS de Strasbourg. / This thesis seeks to study the relationship between fathers and daughters in a postmodern patriarchal society. Choosing the Syrian society as its main case study, the paper aims to crystallize a better understanding of how such relationships are established as well as exploring their characteristics, consequences, and effects on adolescence in general, and on teenagers in particular. It also focuses on the transformation effects from the current world, depending on subjective construction, expressions of suffering inherent to human conditions in the new symbolic order that imposes liberalism on interpersonal relations, galloping globalized economy ; and the technologization of exchange among the speaking-beings/parlêtres (Lesourd, 2007a, p. 11-12).The aforementioned factors this paper analyzes encourage further investigation into the influence of modernity on father-daughter bonds. Such investigation is particularly important in light of the remarkable and increasing number of suicide attempts among young girls and women in the Arab region, likely in response to difficulties they face.These suicide attempts, we argue, are a result of fathers’ absence, and the authority which could be abusively opposed to parents as per Serge LESOURD, holding them responsible for violence by their children. Lesourd argues that “fathers did not quit, on the contrary, the reference system which had given them weight, has been modified in the occident” (Lesourd, 2003, p.36). We believe that the case in the Arab world is similar to the one described by Lesourd.The paper is divided into two parts : the first contains theoretical reflections while the second contains clinical examples about the construction of Syrian female teenagers’ sexual identity. This clinical projective study was carried out as part of CoPsyEnfant research, conducted by l’URP/SCLS in Strasbourg.

A infertilidade é para muitas mulheres geradora de sofrimento psíquico, visto que a reprodução humana condiz com a perpetuação do ser. Tendo como método de estudo a psicanálise, podemos pensar o desejo de filho como sintoma do laço conjugal e, ainda na cultura contemporânea, inscrição de feminilidade para algumas mulheres. Casais inférteis, atualmente, têm a chance de recorrer às Novas Tecnologias de Reprodução Assistida, ao invés de buscar a adoção ou de permanecer sem filhos. Esta pesquisa faz uma discussão acerca das chamadas Novas Tecnologias Reprodutivas e estuda os efeitos que a infertilidade tem no psiquismo e na condição subjetiva dos sujeitos de desejo. Busca dissociar a demanda consciente de ter um filho do desejo inconsciente que opera na produção subjetiva, fazendo sintoma. Também, faz questão quanto à diferenciação do desejo de ter um filho ao desejo de maternidade e suas implicações na articulação das pulsões. / To most women, infertility is a generator of psychic suffering, considering that human reproduction aims the perpetuation of the living being. Having Psychoanalysis as a study method, we may see the will of having a child as a conjugal symptom and, still in contemporaneity, femininity enrollment to some females. Nowadays, infertile couples have the chance to appeal to New Assisted Reproduction Technologies instead of adoption or even remaining without descendents. This research discusses the so-called new reproductive technologies and studies the impacts that infertility has in the psychism and in the subjective condition. It pursuits to dissociate the conscious demand of having a child from unawareness, which may operate in the subjective production causing symptoms. Also, it questions the difference of wishing a child, the motherhood will and their implication on the articulation of the drives.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om maskuliniteten som norm kan understödja kvinnors sexuella utsatthet och tänja på gränserna mellan sexuella praktiker och sexualbrott. Studien utgick från en kvalitativ design där tre stycken parintervjuer ägde rum med totalt sex unga kvinnor mellan 18-21 år, bosatta i Stockholms län. Det insamlade materialet analyserades utifrån ett genusteoretiskt maktperspektiv, där maskuliniteten bedömdes vara högst i genushierarkin och därmed norm. Materialet transkriberades och analyserades sedan via meningskoncentrering som redovisades med hjälp av teman. Resultatet visade att maskuliniteten framstod som överordnad samt att maktasymmetrin sannolikt kan påverka unga kvinnors sexuella praktiker på skilda sätt. Vidare framkom att maskuliniteten tycks fungera som normsättare, hos vilken femininiteten söker godkännande. Föreställningarna kring den underordnade femininiteten visade att kvinnor tenderar att ställa upp på vissa sexuella praktiker för att framstå som den ideala kvinnan. Även att maskuliniteten som norm understödjer mannens rätt att tjata sig till sex samt legitimt övertala kvinnor till specifika sexuella akter. Maskuliniteten som norm bedöms således kunna påtvinga kvinnan en paradoxal roll, då femininiteten både tycks sträva efter sexuell frigörelse samt en acceptans av samhället och den överordnade hierarkin.

Using a phenomenological approach, this thesis examines the experience of a Syrian refugee in Sweden from a gender perspective. The thesis examines how being a refugee as well as being labelled as one influences everyday lives of Syrian refugees in Sweden. It further describes how gender influences this experience and if the experience is different for male and female refugees. The research is based on qualitative methods of research and is supported with semi-structured interviews with three Syrian women and four Syrian men living in Sweden. Through the research participants’ narratives, I analyse the changes that appeared in their lives. This is done in order to allow deeper understanding of the phenomenon of a refugee experience of a Syrian refugee relocated to Sweden.

Suzanne Collin’s trilogy The Hunger Games has become an international bestseller, and tells the story about Katniss Everdeen, a young citizen of District 12 in Panem. The object of this essay is to demonstrate that nurturing, being a warrior and pursuing beauty are the most idealized behaviors in The Hunger Games trilogy. By analyzing these behaviors from a gender perspective, based on the standpoint of Western society, I demonstrate how nurturing and pursuing beauty are feminine behaviors, and being a warrior is a masculine behavior. Furthermore, I outline how the characters’ behavior reflects their upbringings or the circumstances they are in. I conclude by considering what the popularity of Collins’s series indicates about contemporary perceptions of these behaviors, that are traditionally deemed as feminine or masculine in Western society. The result of the analysis indicates that the characters are being rewarded for both feminine and masculine behaviors. However, the characters showing a combination of both feminine and masculine traits gain more than the characters that possess either feminine or masculine qualities only. The contemporary views on femininity and masculinity are changing in Western society, and The Hunger Games trilogy gives us an indication about today’s view on the gendered behaviors in this essay.

A infertilidade é para muitas mulheres geradora de sofrimento psíquico, visto que a reprodução humana condiz com a perpetuação do ser. Tendo como método de estudo a psicanálise, podemos pensar o desejo de filho como sintoma do laço conjugal e, ainda na cultura contemporânea, inscrição de feminilidade para algumas mulheres. Casais inférteis, atualmente, têm a chance de recorrer às Novas Tecnologias de Reprodução Assistida, ao invés de buscar a adoção ou de permanecer sem filhos. Esta pesquisa faz uma discussão acerca das chamadas Novas Tecnologias Reprodutivas e estuda os efeitos que a infertilidade tem no psiquismo e na condição subjetiva dos sujeitos de desejo. Busca dissociar a demanda consciente de ter um filho do desejo inconsciente que opera na produção subjetiva, fazendo sintoma. Também, faz questão quanto à diferenciação do desejo de ter um filho ao desejo de maternidade e suas implicações na articulação das pulsões. / To most women, infertility is a generator of psychic suffering, considering that human reproduction aims the perpetuation of the living being. Having Psychoanalysis as a study method, we may see the will of having a child as a conjugal symptom and, still in contemporaneity, femininity enrollment to some females. Nowadays, infertile couples have the chance to appeal to New Assisted Reproduction Technologies instead of adoption or even remaining without descendents. This research discusses the so-called new reproductive technologies and studies the impacts that infertility has in the psychism and in the subjective condition. It pursuits to dissociate the conscious demand of having a child from unawareness, which may operate in the subjective production causing symptoms. Also, it questions the difference of wishing a child, the motherhood will and their implication on the articulation of the drives.

The thesis deals with gender issues. It is divided into two parts, theoretical ? based on literature review and practical ? based on research. The theoretical part deals with the concept of gender as a social construct. It is focused on manifestation of gender stereotypes in various aspects of girl?s and woman?s life. The first chapter defines the most important terms (gender, sex, socialization, identity) and is followed by a chapter dealing with gender stereotypes related to female and male social constructs (of femininity and masculinity). The next part describes manifestation of gender roles, (differences and behaviour) in family. The following chapter shows the picture of woman which is presented in the media (magazines for women, advertisement, publications for children). The last chapter describes manifestation of gender roles in school environment. The practical part presents results of the quantitative and qualitative research. The quantitative research is based on questionnaire investigation. The qualitative research was conducted through controlled interviews. Both types of research were focused on gender problems ? whether the girls participating in the research realize the effects of gender roles and how they perceive them. The result of this research is that girls are aware of pressure based on gender differences. They realize the conflict between their wishes and reality, but they fully respect the traditional gender division of the worl into the male and female world and they lead their lives in accordance with the traditional gender stereotypes.

Ce travail a pour vocation d’interroger, dans un corpus de pièces françaises compris entre 1537 et 1583, la spécificité de la présence féminine en tragédie et son rôle dans l’élaboration de l’esthétique tragique, supposée entre autres à partir du constat de la préférence des premiers dramaturges pour les héroïnes. Nous examinons la place du féminin et ses enjeux à trois niveaux différents. Tout d’abord, nous étudions les textes théoriques et paratextes qui définissent la tragédie. Dans ce cadre, nous ne trouvons aucune association explicite du tragique et du féminin, néanmoins le féminin y est défini de manière problématique, entre nécessité de la norme (la convenance) et constat de la transgression (Electra qui émerveille par sa virilité). Ensuite, dans les textes eux-mêmes, nous observons une profusion de discours des personnages portant sur la question du féminin. Bien souvent, les lieux communs sont convoqués pour mieux marquer le décalage de l’héroïne avec les femmes du commun ; parfois, le cas de l’héroïne est même utilisé pour contester le lieu commun. Dès lors, nous étudions enfin l’action des femmes sur la scène tragique en la comparant à celle des hommes : l’étude de la spécificité des rôles féminins dans l’intrigue, du type de jeu et de spectacle qu’elles mettent en place, celle de leur effet moral et idéologique sur le spectateur enfin, nous permettent de redéfinir l’héroïsme féminin dans le corpus. Étant donné que la tragédie se construit, d’après nous, sur la recherche de l’action extraordinaire, les héroïnes, plus admirables justement parce qu’elles appartiennent au sexe faible, paraîtraient d’abord plus favorables à la renaissance de la tragédie à l’antique de langue française et lui conféreraient ainsi ses premiers traits. / From a study of a corpus of French plays written 1537-1583, this dissertation examines in detail the female presence in tragedy and its role in the development of the aesthetics of tragic drama. The place of the feminine and the issues arising from it are analyzed on three different levels. First, the theoretical and paratextual works that define tragedy were studied. In this corpus of work, no explicit association between the tragic and the feminine is found. However, the feminine is defined throughout in a problematic way, between the necessity to conform to the norm (the decorum) and the evidence of departures from this norm (Electra will amaze because of her virility). Secondly, within the plays themselves, there are many speeches made by the characters pertaining to the question of femininity. Frequently, the common norms are referenced in order to better differentiate between the heroine and ordinary women; on occasion, the case of the heroine herself is used to contest more strongly the common norms. Finally, the action of the women in the tragic dramas is compared to that of the men. This entails the study of the roles of females in the plot, of the style of acting and performance required of them, of their moral and ideological effect on the audience, all of which allows for a redefinition of female heroism in the corpus. Given that tragic drama is constructed, in this author’s view, from the quest for extraordinary action, these heroines, all the more admirable precisely because they belong to the weaker sex, would primarily appear to be highly favorable for the successful revival of French classical tragedy, thus conferring upon it its first characteristics.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:13:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2244.pdf: 1249648 bytes, checksum: bdea8a2d0e86f56a36ec1da7651f7a2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-10 / Studies about woman and about femininity, inside the psychoanalytic field may follow some very different rumors. The theme is enclosed by polemics and contradictions, once the after-Freud authors such as Klein, Brunswick, Bonaparte, Muller, Horney, Jones and Lacan introduce different points of view and disagree, even in the interpretation, with what Freud presented in his works. This survey aims to bring back the Freudian theory about woman and femininity, as well as solve some theoretical conflicts based on the misinterpretation of his texts. For a better understanding of the problem a brief description of the historic track of the theories about woman and femininity in the psychoanalytic stroke was accomplished. Among the said authors, stand out Lacan, for his innovations in the femininity conception and the feminine enjoyment. However, the mean objective of this work is Freud´s theory, that led him up to clinic studies. Hysteria, phobia and obsession are the pathologies found in the woman analised by Freud and that are part of this work. Each one of these diseases show a different logic in the production of symptoms, however all of them contribute to the construction of a theory about the feminine. In the works that talk about social themes antrophology, artistic and literary, Freud define the woman´s place in the social function, as well as he claim his point of view about the subject. References of femininity can be found in seductive and dangerous women as Medusa; and at the same time in feminine figures that represent love and fertility. Freud describe women as defenders of the familiar institution, that sometimes do not consider the social rules. This way of being, typically feminine hasn´t appeared just because of the culture of a civilization but also because of the sexuality. So, Freud´s text about feminine sexuality are also very import sources of woman conception. The castration complex, appeared with the investigation about the anatomic difference between the sexes and caused psychics consequences that brought the self satisfaction. So, the idea that Freud had created a falocentric theory in which the woman is always subordinate to her husband came on the scene. Trying to take part in this critic about the Freudian model, Birman propose a new view about the femininity. The definitions about feminine, though, can lead the psychoanalysis and the psychoanalysis philosophy theorists as David-Ménard to study about the universality of the femininity construction in Freud and Lacan. Thus, the study about femininity and the woman is led to a way across the Freudian work and includes experience in the psychosexual and cultural environment education. / Estudos sobre a mulher e sobre a feminilidade, dentro do campo psicanalítico, podem seguir rumos muito diferentes. O tema é cercado de polêmicas e contradições, já que autores pósfreudianos como Klein, Deutsch, Brunswick, Bonaparte, Müller, Horney, Jones e Lacan, apresentam versões diferentes e discordam, até mesmo, na interpretação do que Freud teria afirmado em sua obra. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um retorno a teoria freudiana sobre a mulher e a feminilidade, a fim de solucionar possíveis conflitos teóricos, que tiveram origem na má interpretação de seus textos. Para melhor contextualizar o problema, foi realizada breve descrição do percurso histórico das teorias sobre o feminino no movimento psicanalítico. Dentre os autores citados, destaca-se Lacan, por suas inovações na concepção da feminilidade e do gozo feminino. Porém, o principal interesse deste trabalho é a teoria de Freud, o que levou ao estudo dos seus casos clínicos. Histeria, fobia e obsessão são as patologias encontradas em mulheres que Freud analisou e que fazem parte deste trabalho. Cada uma destas doenças apresenta uma lógica diferente na produção de sintomas, porém todas contribuem na construção de uma teoria sobre o feminino. Nas obras que tratam de temas sociais, antropológicos, artísticos e literários, Freud define o posicionamento da mulher em sua função social, assim como realiza afirmações marcantes sobre sua visão acerca do assunto. Encontram-se referências da feminilidade em figuras sedutoras e perigosas como a Medusa; e ao mesmo tempo, em figuras femininas representando a amor e a fertilidade. Freud descreve as mulheres como defensoras da instituição familiar, a ponto de negligenciarem as normas sociais. Esta maneira de ser, tipicamente feminina, não seria fruto apenas da cultura de uma civilização, mas segundo Freud, também tem origem em sua representação da sexualidade. Assim, os textos de Freud sobre a sexualidade feminina também são importante fonte das concepções sobre a mulher. O complexo de castração, advindo da investigação sobre as distinções anatômicas entre os sexos, gera conseqüências psíquicas que trazem uma forma de satisfação pulsional própria. Surge, portanto, a idéia de que Freud teria construído uma teoria falocêntrica, em que a mulher fica sempre na subordinação ao masculino (fálico). Procurando adentrar nesta crítica ao modelo freudiano, Birman propõe um novo olhar sobre a feminilidade, colocando-a como sexo originário. As definições de feminino, no entanto, podem levar os teóricos da psicanálise e da filosofia da psicanálise como David-Ménard a um estudo sobre a universalidade na construção da feminilidade em Freud e Lacan. Assim, o estudo da feminilidade e da mulher levam a um percurso por toda a obra freudiana e envolve a formação psicossexual e ambiente cultural.