[pt] O desafio do ateísmo configura-se num grande clamor dos tempos modernos para a prática e o testemunho da fé cristã. A nova face da confissão atéia emerge dentro de uma sociedade marcada por grandes desafios sociais e humanos, tais como: o terrorismo religioso, os conflitos entre etnias e povos, a questão da dignidade da vida humana e a construção da justiça e da paz. A partir da compreensão do pensamento ateu de Richard Dawkins o presente trabalho buscará elucidar o conceito de neo-ateísmo, com seus objetivos, argumentos e propostas concretas de homem e sociedade. O ateísmo novo apresentado por pensadores como André Comte-Sponville, Daniel Dennett, Sam Harris, Michel Onfray, e próprio Dawkins, trazem novos questionamentos e interpretações e desafios, tanto para fé quanto para ciência. É a partir do efetivo diálogo entre a fé e o novo ateísmo, que o cristianismo poderá, revendo seu discurso e prática, responder concretamente e positivamente a tais desafios. Todavia o desejo da sociedade sem religião, acalentado pela maioria dos novos ateus, parece ser um ideal efêmero. O que se constata é o desejo de compor na sociedade uma nova meta-linguagem em contraposição à falta de dignidade humana e à crescente violência hodierna. O nosso objetivo, portanto, é propor um diálogo consistente entre fé cristã e neo-ateísmo, para se edificar uma linguagem da solidariedade, da coexistência e da fraternidade, e, prol de uma autêntica realização do humano. / [en] The challenge in the atheism configures itself in a big clamour of modern times to the practice and testimony of Christian faith. The new face of atheist confession emerges inside a society marked by social and human challenges, such as; religious terrorism, the ethnics and nations conflits, the question of life s diginity and the construction of justice and peace. From the understanding of the atheist thinking of Richard Dawkins this work intent to elucidate the neoatheism concept, with its objectives, arguments and proposals of man and society. The new atheism presented by thinkers such as André Comte-Sponville, Daniel Dennet, Sam Harris, Michel Onfray, and the Dawkins himself, brings new questions and interpretations and challenges, both faith and science for. It s from the effective dialogue between faith and the new atheism, that christianity will be able, reviewing its speech and practice, answer correctly and positively to such challenges. Nevertheless the desires of the society without religion, formed for the majority of new atheists, seems to be a ephemeral ideal. What we can note it s the desire compose on the society with a new metalanguage in opposition to the lack of human dignity and the growing violence of this days. Or goal, therefore, it s to propose a consistent dialogue between Christian faith and the neo-atheísm, to build a language of solidarity, of coexistence and fraternity, and, fowarding to an authentic realization of the human being.

La stimulation éléctrique fonctionnelle (SEF) peut améliorer de manière significative la mobilité des blessés médullaires ainsi que la stabilité et la prévention des effets secondaires. Dans le domaine de la SEF pour les membres inférieurs, le couple articulaire doit être fournie de façon appropriée pour effectuer le mouvement prévu afin de maintenir l'équilibre postural. Toutefois, les changements d'état du muscle telle que la fatigue musculaire est une cause majeure qui dégrade ses performances. En outre, la plupart des patients, dont la blessure médulaire est complète, n'ont pas le retour sensorielle qui permet de détecter la fatigue. De plus, et les capteurs de couples in-vivo ne sont pas disponibles à l'heure actuelle. Les systèmes conventionnels de commande SEF sont soit en boucle ouverte ou en boucle fermée mais cependant pas assez robustes aux changements d'état du muscle. L'objectif de cette thèse est le développement de la prédiction du couple articulaire et de la commande en boucle fermée afin d'améliorer les performances de la commande SEF en termes de précision, de robustesse et de sécurité pour les patients. Afin de prédire le couple articliare induit de la SEF, l'électromyographie (EMG) induit est utilisée pour corréler l'activité musculaire éléctrique et mécanique. Bien que la fatigue musculaire représente une variation dans le temps, une dépendance aux sujets et aux protocoles, la méthode proposée d'identification adaptative, basée sur le filtre de Kalman, est capable de prédire le couple articlaire variant dans le temps de manière systématique. La robustesse de la prédiction du couple articulaire a été evaluée lors d'une tâche de suivi de la fatigue en expérimentation chez des sujets blessés médullaires. Les résultats montrent une bonne performance de suivi des variations d'état des muscles en présence de fatigue et face à d'autres perturbations. Basée sur les performances de precision de la méthode prédictive proposée, une nouvelle stratégie de commande utilisant le retour EMG, "EMG-Feedback Predictive Control (EFPC)", est proposée afin de contrôler de manière adaptative les séquences de stimulation en compensant la variation dans le temps de l'état du muscle. De plus, cette stratégie de commande permet explicitement d'éviter d'appliquer une stimulation excessive aux patients, et de générer les séquences de stimulation appropriées pour obtenir la trajectoire désirée des couples articulaires.

Submitted by Regina Correa (rehecorrea@gmail.com) on 2016-09-21T13:34:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLM.pdf: 2911132 bytes, checksum: 362b734e96e18d3619903ec85dba4bb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:32:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLM.pdf: 2911132 bytes, checksum: 362b734e96e18d3619903ec85dba4bb5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:33:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLM.pdf: 2911132 bytes, checksum: 362b734e96e18d3619903ec85dba4bb5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T18:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissLM.pdf: 2911132 bytes, checksum: 362b734e96e18d3619903ec85dba4bb5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The use of a simplified consolidated bioprocess for the conversion of biomass using enzymes produced in-house (integrated into the process of converting lignocellulosic biomass) may enable significant increases in the production of bioethanol, without the need for expansion of cultivated area. With this motivation, the present work had as objective the study of the steps of production of (hemi)cellulases by solid-state fermentation (SSF) and the use of whole fermentation medium (WFM) for saccharification of biomass and subsequent alcoholic fermentation within the context of a consolidated bioprocess for the 2G ethanol production. To this end, firstly, the selection of the cultivation conditions for the production of enzymes directly using the sugarcane bagasse pretreated by steam explosion (SEB) as SSF substrate was studied. Thus, different fungi were cultivated in isolation and in co-cultivation, including the study of the use of wheat bran and lactose as inducers in the production of enzymes. In order to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis (EH) step with the WFM from SSF, it was evaluated the influence of the operating parameters and the use of soy protein, Tween 80, PEG 1500 and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as additives. Finally, the alcoholic fermentation step was performed for the selected condition for the overall validation of this bioprocess. The results obtained in the conditions which maximize the production of enzymes, using SEB as substrate, were: addition of lactose at 0.075 g/g of substrate and wheat bran in the mass ratio 1:1 relative to the substrate, which led to an increase of activity of 73% for beta-glucosidase, 67% for endoglucanase, and 72% for xylanase, compared to the control condition using SEB as the substrate, without the presence of lactose or wheat bran. Cultivations under SSF followed by the EH step with the WFM showed that the co-cultivation were, in most cases, better in the conversion of SEB into fermentable sugars. The co-cultivation that presented the best result when compared to the best-isolated cultivation of Aspergillus niger was the Trichoderma reesei with Aspergillus oryzae, which has promoted an increase of 47% in the glucose production. The evaluation of operating parameters (pH, temperature and stirring) during the enzymatic hydrolysis step with the WFM from SSF showed that the saccharification process performed under the condition of pH 4.8, 200 RPM and 50 °C presented the best conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. This operational condition is the same already used in the conventional process of enzymatic hydrolysis with commercial extract enzymes. The addition of additives (soy protein and Tween 80) improved the saccharification process, whereas the addition of soy protein (0.5% w/v) lead to a 50% increase in glucose release. The alcoholic fermentation carried out for validating the overall integration process at the best condition of cultivation /hydrolysis gave a yield of 83.5% of the theoretical yield and volumetric productivity of ethanol (QP) 4.77 g/L.h. These results show that all process steps can be performed sequentially in the same reactor, thus denoting the proposed consolidated bioprocess. / A utilização de um bioprocesso consolidado simplificado para a conversão de biomassa usando enzimas produzidas in-house (integrada ao processo de conversão da biomassa lignocelulósica) pode possibilitar incrementos significativos na produção de bioetanol, sem a necessidade de expansão da área cultivada. Com esta motivação, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo das etapas de produção de (hemi)celulases por fermentação em estado sólido (FES) e a utilização do meio fermentado integral (MFI) para sacarificação da biomassa e posterior fermentação alcoólica, dentro do contexto de um bioprocesso consolidado para a produção de etanol 2G. Para este fim, primeiramente, foi estudada a seleção das condições de cultivo para a produção de enzimas usando diretamente o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar pré-tratado por explosão a vapor (BEX) como substrato da FES. Assim, diferentes fungos foram cultivados de forma isolada e em cocultivo, incluindo o estudo de farelo de trigo e lactose como indutores na produção de enzimas. Para otimizar a etapa de hidrólise enzimática (HE) com o MFI da FES, avaliou-se a influência dos parâmetros operacionais e o uso de proteína de soja, Tween 80, PEG 1500 e albumina de soro bovino (BSA) como aditivos. Por fim, para a melhor condição foi realizada a etapa de fermentação alcoólica para a validação global deste bioprocesso. Os resultados obtidos para as condições que maximizam a produção de enzimas, utilizando o BEX como substrato, foram: inserção de lactose na concentração de 0,075 g/g de substrato e farelo de trigo na proporção 1:1 em massa em relação ao substrato, o que levou a um aumento de atividade de 73% para betaglicosidase, 67% para endoglucanase e 72% para xilanase, em relação à condição controle utilizando apenas BEX como substrato, sem a presença de lactose ou farelo. Os cultivos em FES seguidos pela etapa de HE com o MFI mostrou que os cocultivos foram, na maioria dos casos, melhores na conversão do BEX a açúcares fermentescíveis. O cocultivo que apresentou o melhor resultado quando comparado ao melhor cultivo isolado de Aspergillus niger foi o de Trichoderma reesei com Aspergillus oryzae, o qual promoveu um aumento de 47% na produção de glicose. A avaliação dos parâmetros operacionais (pH, temperatura e agitação) durante a etapa de hidrólise enzimática com o MFI da FES mostrou que o processo de sacarificação realizado sob a condição de pH 4,8, 200 rpm e 50 ºC apresentou a melhor conversão da biomassa lignocelulósica. Essa condição operacional é a mesma já empregada no processo convencional de HE com extrato comercial de enzimas. A utilização de aditivos (proteína de soja e Tween 80) melhorou o processo de sacarificação, sendo que a adição da proteína de soja (0,5%, m/v) promoveu um aumento de 50% na liberação de glicose. Assim, realizou-se a fermentação alcoólica para a validação do processo global de integração para a melhor condição do conjunto cultivo/hidrólise, obtendo-se um rendimento de etanol de 83,5% do rendimento teórico e uma produtividade volumétrica de etanol (QP) de 4,77 g/L.h. Esses resultados permitiram a validação do bioprocesso consolidado proposto, indicando que todas as etapas podem ser realizadas sequencialmente no mesmo reator.

La stimulation électrique fonctionnelle (SEF) a le potentiel de fournir une amélioration active aux blessés médullaires en termes de mobilité, de stabilité et de prévention des effets secondaires.Dans le domaine des système SEF pour les membres inférieurs, le couple articulaire adéquat doit être fournie de façon appropriée pour effectuer le mouvement prévu et maintenir l'équilibre postural. Toutefois, les changements d'état du muscle tels que la fatigue musculaire est une cause majeure qui dégrade ses performances. En outre, la plupart des patients, dont la blessure médullaire est complète, n'ont pas le retour sensorielle qui permet de détecter la fatigue et les capteurs de couples in-vivo ne sont pas disponible à l'heure actuelle. Les systèmes conventionnels de commande SEF sont soit en boucle ouverte ou pas assez robustes aux changements d'état du muscle. L'objectif de cette thèse est le développement de la prédiction du couple articulaire et la commande en boucle fermée afin d'améliorer les performances de la commande SEF en termes de précision, de robustesse et de sécurité pour les patients.Afin de prédire le couple articulaire induit de la SEF, l'électromyographie (EMG) induit est utilisé pour corréler l'activité musculaire électrique et mécanique. Bien que la fatigue musculaire représente une variation dans le temps, une dépendance aux sujets et aux protocoles, la méthode proposée d'identification adaptative, basée sur le filtre de Kalman, est capable de prédire le couple articulaire variant dans le temps de manière systématique. La robustesse de la prédiction du couple articulaire a été évaluée lors d'une tâche de suivi de la fatigue en expérimentation chez des sujets blessés médulaires.Les résultats montrent une bonne performance de suivi des variations d'état des muscles en présence de fatigue et face à d'autres perturbations. Basé sur les performances de précision de la méthode prédictive proposée, une nouvelle stratégie de commande basée sur le retour EMG, «EMG-Feedback Predictive Control» (EFPC), est proposée afin de contrôler de manière adaptative les séquences de stimulation en compensant la variation dans le temps de l'état du muscle. De plus, cette stratégie de commande permet explicitement d'éviter d'appliquer une stimulation excessive aux patients, et de générer les séquences de stimulation appropriées pour obtenir la trajectoire désirée des couples articulaires. / Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has the potential to provide active improvement to spinal cord injured (SCI) patients in terms of mobility, stability and side-effect prevention. In the domain of lower limb FES system, elicited muscle force must be provided appropriately to perform intended movement and the torque generation by FES should be accurate not to lose the posture balance. However, muscle state changes such as muscle fatigue is a major cause which degrades its performance. In addition, most of the complete SCI patients don't have sensory feedback to detect the fatigue and in-vivo joint torque sensor is not available yet. Conventional FES control systems are either in open-loop or not robust to muscle state changes. This thesis aims at a development of joint torque prediction and feedback control in order to enhance the FES performance in terms of accuracy, robustness, and safety to the patients.In order to predict FES-induced joint torque, evoked-Electromyography (eEMG) has been applied to correlate muscle electrical activity and mechanical activity. Although muscle fatigue represents time-variant, subject-specific and protocol-specific characteristics, the proposed Kalman filter-based adaptive identification was able to predict the time-variant torque systematically. The robustness of the torque prediction has been investigated in a fatigue tracking task in experiment with SCI subjects. The results demonstrated good tracking performance for muscle variations and against some disturbances.Based on accurate predictive performance of the proposed method, a new control strategy, EMG-Feedback Predictive Control (EFPC), was proposed to adaptively control stimulation pattern compensating to time-varying muscle state changes. In addition, this control strategy was able to explicitly avoid overstimulation to the patients, and conveniently generate appropriate stimulation pattern for desired torque trajectory.

No description available.

Im Rahmen dieser Masterarbeit wurde der in den 80er Jahren von Prof. Dr. Lehwald entwickelte FES – Fragebogen Erkenntnisstreben aktualisiert und weiterentwickelt. Dieser erfasst das Erkenntnisstreben, also den motivationalen, durch einen interessanten Gegenstand ausgelösten Zustand, neue Informationen durch gezielte Informationssuche aufzunehmen. Dabei handelt es sich um ein umfassendes Interesse am tiefgründigen Kenntniserwerb. Der FES – 16plus erfasst das Erkenntnisstreben neutral. Die Items suggerieren der Testperson demnach keine spezifische Situation. Es konnte dabei herausgefunden werden, dass die neutrale Erfassung des Erkenntnisstrebens möglich ist, da die Testpersonen über die nötigen kognitiven Fähigkeiten verfügen, die neutral formulierten Items auf die selbstgewählten, positiv besetzten Interessensbereiche zu übertragen. Das Erkenntnisstreben unterteilt sich in die beiden Faktoren Leistungsmotiv und Kognitive Anstrengungsbereitschaft. Neben dem Erkenntnisstreben wird auch dessen Richtung mit Items erfasst, welche an das RIASEC-Modell von Holland angelehnt sind. Der aus dieser Arbeit entstandene Fragebogen FES - 16plus soll als Instrument für Personen ab 16 Jahren im Rahmen der Studienberatung als unterstützende Maßnahme eingesetzt werden. Dessen Verwendung kann die Entscheidungsfindung für eine Studienrichtung erleichtern. Er soll den Einstieg in den Beratungskontext unterstützen, da der FES – 16plus grundlegende Interessen und Einstellungen der Person erfasst. Er kann auch im Schulkontext unterstützend als Instrument genutzt werden, welches eine Person hinsichtlich ihrer Fähigkeiten und Herangehensweisen bei der Aufgabenlösung und -bearbeitung einschätzt und damit erläutert, mit welchen Strategien die Person Probleme und schwierige Aufgaben bewältigt. Der FES – 16plus wurde nach einer Testphase an einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von 465 SchülerInnen der Sekundarstufe II aus dem Bundesland Sachsen normiert und kann damit als Instrument in der Studienberatung eingesetzt werden. Der FES – 16plus erfüllt die Gütekriterien der Objektivität, Reliabilität und Validität und erweist sich damit als ein gutes Instrument, welches im schulischen und universitären Kontext genutzt werden kann. Er bietet breite Anwendungsmöglichkeiten und ist frei zugänglich erhältlich. Der FES-16plus inklusive Manual und Auswertungsbogen kann auf der Webseite https://pro-for-school.jimdo.com/ kostenfrei heruntergeladen werden.:Executive Summary 1. Einleitung 2. Theoretische Fundierung 2.1 Konzept des Erkenntnisstrebens von Gerhard Lehwald 2.2 Das Persönlichkeits-System-Interaktions-Modell von Julius Kuhl 2.3 Das RIASEC-Modell nach John L. Holland 2.4 Exkurs: Das Flow-Erleben 3. Untersuchungsdesign 3.1 Methodenauswahl 3.2 Ablauf der Fragebogenerstellung und Normierung des FES – 16plus 3.3 Fragebogenkonzept 3.4 Testwertermittlung 3.5 Erstellung der Normalverteilungskurve 4. Statistische Überprüfung des FES – 16plus 4.1 Statistische Analyse der Rohversion I 4.2 Statistische Analyse der Rohversion II 4.3 Faktorenanalyse des FES – 16plus 5. Ergebnisse 5.1 Stichprobenzusammensetzung 5.2 Messung des Erkenntnisstrebens 5.3 Messung der Richtung des Erkenntnisstrebens 6. Fazit Literaturverzeichnis Tabellen Anhang

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The marine industry has increased its adoption of pure-electric, diesel-electric, and other non-traditional propulsion architectures to reduce ship emissions and fuel consumption. While these technologies can improve performance, the design of a propulsion system becomes challenging, given that no single technology is superior across all vessel types. Furthermore, even identical ships with different operating patterns may be better suited to different propulsion technologies. Addressing this problem, previous research has shown that if key elements of a vessel's operational pro file are known, simulation and optimization techniques can be employed to evaluate multiple propulsion architectures and result in a better propulsion system design and energy management strategy for a given vessel. While these studies have demonstrated the performance improvements that can be achieved from optimizing clean marine propulsion systems, they rely on vessel operational profiles obtained through physical measurement from existing ships. From a practical point of view, the optimization of a vessel's propulsion system needs to occur prior to a vessel's construction and thus precludes physical measurement. To this end, this thesis introduces a marine simulation platform for producing vessel operational profiles which enable propulsion system optimization during the ship design process. Core subsystem modules are constructed for simulating ship motions in 3 degrees of freedom and result in operational profile time-series, including propulsion power. Data is acquired from a benchmark vessel to validate the simulation. Results show the proposed approach strikes a balance between speed, accuracy, and complexity compared with other available tools. / Graduate