A l'échelle de plusieurs dizaines de millions d'années, un système de subduction implique de grandes déformations de la plaque plongeante assimilée un solide viscoélastique, et du manteau supérieur assimilé à un fluide newtonien. L'objectif de ce travail est de développer une stratégie de couplage solide-fluide appliquée à l'étude de l'interaction lithosphère-asthénosphère. Cette stratégie est basée sur l'utilisation de maillages non-conformes aux interfaces et d'une méthode de domaines fictifs (MDF) pour la résolution du problème fluide. Pour l'efficience des modèles 3D, nous employons une formulation simplifiée de la méthode de domaines fictifs par multiplicateurs de Lagrange. La MDF développée est validée par des comparaisons avec des solutions analytiques qui montrent que la méthode est d'ordre 1. La stratégie de couplage est également validée par la comparaison avec d'autres méthodes de couplage solide-fluide. Une première étude est ensuite menée pour analyser l'influence de certains paramètres rhéologiques et cinématiques sur la dynamique d'une subduction contrôlée par les vitesses des plaques. Cette étude, en 2D, concerne plus spécifiquement le mécanisme de plissement périodique du slab lorsque celui-ci est ancré à 660 km de profondeur. Ce mécanisme induit des variations de pendage du slab générant des variations de l'état de contrainte de la plaque chevauchante. Un intérêt particulier est porté sur l'influence de la viscosité du manteau sur les plissements. Dans ce cadre, nous réalisons une application à la subduction andine. / Over the time scale of tens of millions of years, a subduction system involves large deformations of tectonics plates, as one plate sinks into the Earth's mantle. The aim of this work was to develop a soli-fluid coupling method applied to the lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction in the context of subduction zones. Plates were assumed to behave as viscoelastic bodies, while the upper mantle was assimilated to a newtonian fluid. The method developped here is based on the use of non-matching interface meshes and a fictitious domain method (FDM) for the fluid problem. To optimize the computational efficiency of 3D model, we used a simplified version of the Lagrange multipliers fictitious domain method. The developped FDM has been benchmarked with analytical solutions and we showed that this FDM is a first-order method. The coupling method has also been compared to other fluid-solid coupling methods using matching interfaces meshes. A first two-dimensional study was performed in order to evaluate the influence of some rheological and kinematic parameters on the dynamics of a subduction controlled by the velocity of the plates. This study aimed at investigating cyclic slab folding over a rigid 660 km depth transition zone. This folding mechanism induces variations in slab dip that generate variations in the stress state of the overriding plate. We focussed on the influence of the upper mantle viscosity on slab folding. We also applied this model to the Andean subduction zone. Several studies have determined a cyclic variation of the South-American tectonic regime (period of 30-40~Myrs) which may have been related to the slab dip evolution.

Lorsqu'une onde acoustique se propage dans un milieu granulaire, elle est susceptible de provoquer la mobilité des grains, aussi infime soit-elle. Inversement, la mobilité d'un grain dans une matrice fluide peut induire un champ acoustique et dans les deux cas, l'énergie acoustique peut être transférée à la fois au travers des pores et des contacts entre grains. Nous avons mis au point un modèle original permettant de considérer ces deux modes de transfert d'énergie pour simuler la propagation d'ondes acoustiques dans les milieux granulaires immergés. Dans le cas des milieux granulaires secs, l'inertie du fluide est telle que l'énergie transférée dans l'air peut être négligée et le milieu modélisé avec des algorithmes de type "dynamique moléculaire". Au contraire, dans le cas de milieux immergés, l'énergie portée par le fluide ne peut pas être négligée et nous montrons que la méthode des domaines fictifs basée sur les multiplicateurs de Lagrange distribués permet de coupler les équations de la dynamique et l'équation d'onde. Nous utilisons la méthode des éléments finis pour propager l'onde dans le fluide, les grains étant modélisés en 2D par des sphères rigides et incompressibles afin de satisfaire les hypothèses de l'algorithme de dynamique moléculaire. Les résultats du modèle sur des expériences numériques simples mais pour lesquelles existent des solutions analytiques de l'acoustique mettent en évidence la validité du nouveau modèle. Nous en donnons une illustration pour l'étude des interactions subies par un empilement réaliste de multiples grains mobiles soumis à un signal acoustique. / When an acoustic wave propagates through a granular medium, it causes the grains to move, usually very slightly. In the same way, the movement of a grain embedded in a fluid matrix generates an acoustic wave. In both cases, acoustic energy is transmitted by the fluid and by the inter-granular contacts. We have developed a new numerical model for simulating wave propagation in submerged granular media that takes into account these two modes of energy transport. For the case of dry granular media, the grains are embedded in air whose inertia is so low that the energy it carries can be neglected. These media can be modeled with "Molecular Dynamics" or related methods. On the contrary, when granular media are submerged in water, the energy carried by the fluid cannot be neglected, rendering their modelization much more difficult. We use the fictitious domain method with distributed Lagrange multipliers to couple the equation of motion of the grains to the wave equation of the fluid. We use finite elements to propagate the wave in the fluid, and the grains are modeled in 2D by rigid, incompressible spheres compatible with the hypotheses of Molecular Dynamics. To validate the model, we perform series of numerical experiments whose results are compared to analytic solutions from acoustics. We also perform a simulation with hundreds of grains under an incident wave to demonstrate the possibilities of the model.

Notre travail est consacré à la définition, l'analyse et l'implémentation de nouveaux algorithmes numériques pour l'approximation de la solution de problèmes à 2 dimensions du type problème de Stefan. Dans ce type de problèmes une équation aux dérivée partielle parabolique posée sur un ouvert omega quelconque est couplée avec une autre équation qui contrôle la frontière gamma du domaine lui même. Les difficultés classiquement associés à ce type de problèmes sont: la formulation en particulier de l'équation pour le bord du domaine, l'approximation de la solution liées à la forme quelconque du domaine, les difficultés associées à l'implication des opérateurs de trace (approximation, conditionnement), les difficultés liées aux de régularité fonds du domaine.De plus, de nombreuse situations d'intérêt physique par exemple demandent des approximations de haut degré. Notre travail s'appuie sur une formulation de type espaces de niveaux (level set) pour l'équation du domaine, et une formulation de type domaine fictif (Omega) pour l'équation initiale.Le contrôle des conditions aux limites est effectué à partir de multiplicateurs de Lagrange agissant sur une frontière (Gamma) dite de contrôle différente de frontière(gamma) du domaine (omega). L'approximation est faite à partir d'un schéma aux différences finies pour les dérivées temporelle et une discrétisation à l'aide d'ondelettes bi-dimensionelles pour l'équation initiale et une dimensionnelle pour les multiplicateurs de Lagrange. Des opérateurs de prolongement de omega à Omega sont également construits à partir d'analyse multiéchelle sur l'intervalle. Nous obtenons aussi: une formulation pour laquelle existence de la solution est démontrées, un algorithme convergent pour laquelle une estimation globale d'erreur (sur Omega) est établie, une estimation intérieure prouvant sur l'erreur à un domaine omega, overline omega subset Xi, des estimations sur les conditionnement associés a l'opérateur de trace, des algorithmes de prolongement régulier. Différentes expériences numériques en 1D ou 2D sont effectuées. Le manuscrit est organisé comme suit: Le premier chapitre rappelle la construction des analyses multirésolutions, les propriétés importantes des ondelettes et des algorithmes numériques liées à l'application d'opérateurs aux dérivées partielles. Le second chapitre donne un aperçu des méthodes de domaine fictif classiques, approchées par la méthode de Galerkin ou de Petrov-Galerkin. Nous y découvrons les limites de ces méthodes ce qui donne la direction de notre travail. Le chapitre trois présente notre nouvelle méthode de domaine fictif que l'on appelle méthode de domaine fictif lisse.L'approximation est grâce à une méthode d'ondelettes de type Petrov-Galerkin. Cette section contient l'analyse théorique et décrit la mise en œuvre numérique. Différents avantages de cette méthode sont démontrés. Le chapitre quatre introduit une technique de prolongement régulier. Nous l'appliquons à des problèmes elliptiques en 1D ou 2D.\par Le cinquième chapitre décrit quelques simulations numériques de problème de Stefan. Nous testons l'efficacité de notre méthode sur différents exemples dont le problème de Stefan à 2 phases avec conditions aux limites de Gibbs-Thomson. / Our work is devoted to the definition, analysis and implementation of a new algorithms for numerical approximation of the solution of 2 dimensional Stefan problem. In this type of problem a parabolic partial differential equation defined on an openset Omega is coupled with another equation which controls the boundary gamma of the domain itself. The difficulties traditionally associated with this type of problems are: the particular formulation of equation on the boundary of domain, the approximation of the solution defined on general domain, the difficulties associated with the involvement of trace operation (approximation, conditioning), the difficulties associated with the regularity of domain. Addition, many situations of physical interest, for example,require approximations of high degree. Our work is based on aformulation of type level set for the equation on the domain, and aformulation of type fictitious domain (Omega) for the initialequation. The control of boundary conditions is carried out throughLagrange multipliers on boundary (Gamma), called control boundary, which is different with boundary (gamma) of the domain (omega). The approximation is done by a finite difference scheme for time derivative and the discretization by bi-dimensional wave letfor the initial equation and one-dimensional wave let for the Lagrange multipliers. The extension operators from omega to Omega are also constructed from multiresolution analysis on theinterval. We also obtain: a formulation for which the existence of solution is demonstrated, a convergent algorithm for which a global estimate error (on Omega) is established, interior error estimate on domain omega, overline omega subset estimates on the conditioning related to the trace operator, algorithms of smooth extension. Different numerical experiments in 1D or 2D are implemented. The work is organized as follows:The first chapter recalls theconstruction of multiresolution analysis, important properties of wavelet and numerical algorithms. The second chapter gives an outline of classical fictitious domain method, using Galerkin or Petrov-Galerkin method. We also describe the limitation of this method and point out the direction of our work.\par The third chapter presents a smooth fictitious domain method. It is coupled with Petrov-Galerkin wavelet method for elliptic equations. This section contains the theoretical analysis and numerical implementation to embody the advantages of this new method. The fourth chapter introduces a smooth extension technique. We apply it to elliptic problem with smooth fictitious domain method in 1D and 2D. The fifth chapter is the numerical simulation of the Stefan problem. The property of B-spline render us to exactly calculate the curvature on the moving boundary. We use two examples to test the efficiency of our new method. Then it is used to resolve the two-phase Stefan problem with Gibbs-Thomson boundary condition as an experimental case.

In this study, I analyze the significance of Shakespearean intertextuality in the major works of Thomas Wolfe featuring protagonist Eugene Gant: Look Homeward, Angel and Of Time and the River. Specifically, I explore Gant's habits and preferences as a reader by examining the narrative arising from the protagonist's perspectives of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, and King Lear. I examine the significance of parallel reading habits of Wolfe the author and Gant the character. I also scrutinize the plurality of Gant's methods of cognition as a reader who interprets texts, communicates his connections with texts, and wars with texts. Further, I assess the cumulative effect of Wolfe's having blurred the boundaries between fiction and reality, between the novel and drama. I assert, then, that Wolfe, by incorporating a Shakespearean intertext, reveals aspects indicative of postmodernism.

Playing role of Feste in William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night presents a complex challenge to the actor. Feste is at once a character in the world of the play and a clown figure with specific dramatic functions having roots in the Lord of Misrule of the English holiday and the Vice of the morality play. How can the actor playing Feste create a believable psychological portrayal that is aligned with the functions Shakespeare assigns the role? And be entertaining as well? I suggest that actor will benefit greatly from an exploration the traditional function of the clown its development in society and literature before Shakespeare, and how Shakespeare’s use of the clown developed, culminating in the writing of Twelfth Night. The actor will thereby have a better understanding of what Shakespeare might by trying to achieve with Feste,, and he (or she) may better find the motivations for Feste’s sometimes-enigmatic words and actions, which will, in turn, give shape and purpose to the clowning. I put this thesis to the test in preparing for and playing the role of Feste in Theater Ten Ten’s production of Twelfth Night in the spring of 2010 in New York City. My research and preparation will include: a substantial immersion in much of Shakespeare’s cannon, and viewing of performances of it (mainly on video); research on the role of the clown, how it developed through history until Shakespeare’s time, and how Shakespeare appropriated and developed that tradition, culminating in Feste; a performance history of the role; a structural analysis of Feste’s role in Twelfth Night; a character study of Feste; a rehearsal and performance journal documenting my ongoing iv exploration, challenges and choices. The main challenge, as I foresee it, is to arrive at my own unique performance of Feste while fulfilling both my director’s vision and Shakespeare’s intention.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Studien har som syfte att undersöka hur framgångsrika ledare framställs idag och till vilken utsträckning samt i vilka situationer de brukar ett auktoritärt ledarskap. För att uppfylla studiens syfte har dagsaktuella ledarskapstrender samt fiktiva ledare i aktuell populärkultur analyserats genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att vissa egenskaper är gemensamma hos framgångsrika ledare i såväl trender som hos fiktiva ledare. Det råder delade meningar samt avsaknad av en nyanserad förklaring av vad som är ett auktoritärt ledarskap. Genom att sätta ihop en samlad bild av ett auktoritärt ledarskap går det att urskilja hur vissa situationer efterfrågar och förväntar ett auktoritärt ledarskap. / The purpose of this study is to examine how successful leaders are portrayed today and to what extent as well in which situations they practice authoritarian leadership. To fulfill the purpose of the study have current leadership trends and fictitious leaders in recent popular culture been analyzed through a qualitative content analysis. The results indicate that some characteristics are mutual for successful leaders in trends as well as fictitious leaders. There is a disagreement and a lack of nuanced definition of an authoritarian leadership. Creating a collective definition of an authoritarian leadership makes it possible to discern how certain situations demand and expect authoritarian leadership.

In response to the events on September the Eleventh, various media attempted to make sense of the seemingly radical altered political landscape. Comic books, though traditionally framed as low brow pulp, were no exception. This thesis is a work of rhetorical criticism. It applies Walter Fisher's Narrative Paradigm to a specific set of artifacts: John Ney Rieber and John Cassaday's six-part comic series, collectively titled Captain America: The New Deal (2010). The question that is the focus of this thesis is: Does The New Deal, framed as a response to the events surrounding September the Eleventh, form a rhetorically effective narrative? The analysis that follows demonstrates the importance of meeting audience expectations when presenting them with controversial viewpoints. / Graduation date: 2012

The aim of this study is to discover to what extent and in what way Peterson and Seligman’s (2004) twenty-four character strengths are present in Winnie the Pooh storybooks, and how they are depicted. Character strengths are a well-known theory in positive psychology and the analysis of children’s literature is a respected genre. A qualitative examination of the text was conducted using content and thematic analyses to extract examples of the strengths. The exemplars were coded and recoded before being subjected to a peer and supervisor review. The excerpts indicated that all strengths are depicted in the text, but Pooh is the only character to exhibit them all. A discussion of the findings revealed that no single strength could be deemed more prominent as they are intrinsically interconnected. It is recommended that the findings be reworked into a training manual for guardians to foster character strengths in young children. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Text in English with abstracts in English, Afrikaans and isiXhosa / Herman Charles Bosman (1905–1951) remains a popular South African writer, despite the frequent occurrence of the offensive k-word for black people in his writings. Although the discipline of Translation Studies is presently dominated by ethical considerations, there are reasons to believe that ethical issues have been neglected in recent translations of Bosman’s English short stories into Afrikaans. His translators, Griebenow and De Lange, have conformed to a simplistic fidelity-driven perception of ethics, while more attention should have been paid to “sensitive” aspects of the original. The research problem is how this gap that exists in translation practice can be addressed, which in turn raises the question: How would one translate Bosman’s stories in an ethically responsible manner for the twenty-first century? This study not does deal with all of Bosman’s short stories but focuses on the Oom Schalk Lourens ones as these demonstrate the research problem best. Thus, the data consist of existing texts in printed form. The following stories have been selected for comparative analysis: “Makapan’s Caves”, “The Rooinek”, “The Gramophone”, “Mafeking Road”, “Splendours from Ramoutsa”, “Unto Dust”, and “Funeral Earth”. Since excerpts from the original and their corresponding translations are compared, translator style is inevitably included in the discussion. A committed approach, which considers translation as an activist and interventionist cultural activity (Brownlie 2011), forms the analytical framework of this study. The analyses indicate that Griebenow and De Lange have retained the offensive racial epithets of the source texts, rather than toning them down for modern target-text readers. Thus, the translators have been faithful to a dead author, instead of taking the socio-cultural and political context of reception into consideration. From a committed stance, I would strongly recommend that derogatory racial epithets, found in older texts, should be subdued in current translations. Otherwise, it may be better not to translate at all, as Pym (2012) suggests. Owing to translators’ responsibility for the effects of their translations on their readers, and South Africa’s political transformation to a democracy in which all people are deemed equal before the law, the use of racist language, is totally unwarranted. / Herman Charles Bosman (1905–1951) bly ʼn gewilde Suid-Afrikaanse skrywer, ten spyte van die gereelde voorkoms van die neerhalende k-woord vir swart mense in sy werk. Hoewel die dissipline, Vertaalkunde, tans deur etiese vraagstukke oorheers word, is daar rede om te vermoed dat etiese kwessies afgeskeep is in die onlangse vertalings van Bosman se Engelse kortverhale in Afrikaans. Die vertalers, Griebenow en De Lange, vereenselwig etiek met getrouheid aan die skrywer, in plaas daarvan om meer aandag te skenk aan “sensitiewe” aspekte van die oorspronklike. Die navorsingsprobleem is hoe om hierdie gaping in vertaalpraktyk aan te spreek: Hoe behoort Bosman se verhale op ʼn etiese, verantwoordelike wyse vertaal te word vir die een-en-twintigste eeu? Hierdie studie fokus op Bosman se oom Schalk Lourens-verhale wat die navorsingsprobleem die beste illustreer. Die data is derhalwe saamgestel uit bestaande tekste in gedrukte vorm. Die volgende verhale is vir vergelykende ontleding gekies: “Makapan’s Caves”, “The Rooinek”, “The Gramophone”, “Mafeking Road”, “Splendours from Ramoutsa”, “Unto Dust”, en “Funeral Earth”. Aangesien grepe uit die brontekste en die vertalings daarvan vergelyk word, is vertalerstyl noodwendig deel van die bespreking. ʼn Betrokke benadering waarvolgens vertaling as ʼn aktivistiese en intervensionistiese kulturele aktiwiteit beskou word (Brownlie 2011), vorm die ontledingsraamwerk van die studie. Die ontledings dui daarop dat Griebenow en De Lange die rassistiese skeldname van die oorspronklike behou het, in plaas daarvan om dit “sagter” uit te druk vir hedendaagse doeltaallesers. Die vertalers was getrou aan ʼn afgestorwe skrywer, eerder as om die sosiokulturele en -politiese konteks van resepsie in ag te neem. Vanuit ʼn betrokke standpunt sou ek sterk aanbeveel dat neerhalende, rassistiese benamings wat in ouer tekste voorkom, gedemp moet word in hedendaagse vertalings. Anders sou dit beter wees om hoegenaamd nie te vertaal nie, soos Pym (2012) voorstel. Vanweë vertalers se verantwoordelikheid vir die effek van hul vertalings op hul lesers, en Suid-Afrika se politiese transformasie in ʼn demokrasie waar alle mense gelyk geag word voor die wet, is die gebruik van rassistiese taal verregaande. / UHerman Charles Bosman (1905-1951) ngomnye wababhali abaphume izandla baseMzantsi Afrika, nangona iincwadi zakhe zizele ligama elingamkelekanga eliqala ngo-k elibhekiselele kubantu abantsundu. Nangona Izifundo Zoguqulo zikuthathela ingqalelo ukunanzwa kweenqobo ezisesikweni xa kuguqulelwa, kukho izizathu ezibangela ukuba kukholeleke ukuba imiba engeenqobo ezisesikweni iye yatyeshelwa xa bekuguqulelwa kwiAfrikaans amabali amafutshane kaBosman abhalwe ngesiNgesi. UGriebenow noDe Lange abangabaguquli bathande ukulandela uluvo olubonisa intembeko kumbhali, endaweni yokugxila kwimiba “enobuethe-ethe” ekwisicatshulwa sentsusa. Injongo yolu phando kukufumana indlela esinokuvalwa ngayo esi sikhewu kwimisebenzi yoguqulelo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho imibuzo ethi: Umntu angawaguqula njani amabali amafutshane kaBosman kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye apho umguquli azithathela ingqalelo iinqobo ezisesikweni. Olu phando aluwahlautyi onke amabali amafutshane kaBosman, koko lugxila kuphela kula ka-Oom Schalk Lourens kuba ingawo ayivelisa kakuhle le ngxaki/njongo yophando. Izicatshulwa ezihlalutywayo zezishicilelweyo kuphela. Amabali akhethelwe ukuthelekiswa nokuhlalutywa ngala: “Makapan’s Caves”, “The Rooinek”, “The Gramophone”, “Mafeking Road”, “Splendours from Ramoutsa”, “Unto Dust”, and “Funeral Earth”. Njengoko kuthelekiswa iziqendwana ezikula mabalana neenguqulelo zawo, isimbo sokubhala sabaguquli siyaqukwa kolu hlalutyo. Isakhelo sohlalutyo esisetyenzisiweyo kolu phando seso sisekelwe kwiingcamango zikaBrownlie (2011) ezihlela uguqulelo njengesenzo senkcubeko sokuphembelela nokungenelela. Uhlalutyo lubonisa ukuba uGriebenow noDe Lange bawagcinile amagama ocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga anyelisayo asetyenziswe kwizicatshulwa zentsusa, endaweni yokuwatshintsha ngelokulungiselela abafundi ekujoliswe kubo beli xesha. Abaguquli ke ngoko baye bathembeka kakhulu kumbhali owaswelekayo endaweni yokuthathela ingqalelo imeko yokwamkelekileyo ngokwezopolitiko nentlalo. Ndiphakamisa ukuba amagama anyelisayo ocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga asetyenziswe kwiimbalo zakudala athonyalaliswe okanye atshintshwe kwiinguqulelo zangoku. Kungenjalo, kungcono kungenziwa nguqulelo kwaphela njengoko ecebisa uPym (2012). Ngenxa yoxanduva olusemagxeni abaguquli ngeziphumo zeenguqulelo zabo kubafundi bazo, nokutshintsha kwemeko yezopolitiko yoMzantsi Afrika itshintshela kwidemokhrasi apho abantu balinganayo ngokomthetho, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi olucalulayo akwamkelekanga. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (Linguistics with specialisation in Translation Studies)