The study aims to establish an integrated generic investigation process that could be utilised by Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa. Secondly, it aims to determine which investigation processes are currently being utilised in South African forensics practices. An overview is given of the international utilised processes and a basic framework was developed, presented and tested by means of questionnaires to members of the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa. The development of an investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa could be utilised by the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners to provide a governance structure for the Institute that would enhance the quality of forensic investigations and contribute to the successful investigation and prosecution of commercial crime in South Africa. To achieve the study objective, an empirical study was conducted among current members of the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa through the circulation of questionnaires via their website. These results were interpreted, taking cognisance of international practices identified in the literature review. A formalised investigation process was developed and suggested to the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners. Statisticians were involved during the process of designing the questionnaires, and analysing and interpreting the results. The research dealt with a generic investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners. It also dealt with its implementation and investigative performance in South African practices. In this study, an overview of the investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa was discussed. The research also analysed the following: * The time period in which organisations implemented the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process; * The effect of the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process on investigative performance; and * The integration of the Commercial Forensic Practitioner's process into the budgeting process. The findings of the study revealed the following: * Each of the phases of the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process is as important as the others in matters that will be presented before court. * An investigation should only be performed if it can be performed properly and in a manner that provides clarity and value to the engagement and its objectives. For this purpose, a Commercial Forensic Practitioner should only accept an assignment if free of conflicts and any independence issues. It is imperative for Commercial Forensic Practitioners to adequately assess not only their relationship to the client and the particular engagement, but also their relationship to any opposing party. This assessment should be done in the context of all other work of the practice, not only that work that is performed by the particular Commercial Forensic Practitioner and direct colleagues. * The Commercial Forensic Practitioner must design, implement and use a robust client and engagement acceptance process that is documented, standardised and, where relevant, agreed with the client. * The role of a Commercial Forensic Practitioner in an investigation process is, therefore, to gather evidence, interrogate and examine the financial evidence, develop computer applications that help in analysing and presenting the evidence, putting forward all the findings in the form of reports, exhibits and documents, and finally taking part in civil actions or litigation as an expert witness, and testifying to the court and presenting all the evidence obtained through documentation or visual aids. It is therefore of the essence that a Commercial Forensic Practitioner be well versed in financial issues and legal concepts and proceedings. * The study found that the majority of respondents (69.3%) were male, while only 30.7% were female. The majority of Commercial Forensic Practitioners fall within two age categories, namely, 35 to 44 and 45 to 54 years. These age categories fall into the productive stage of a working career in the human life-cycle. It is furthermore inferred that the level of experience is of importance, as the majority of participants were well experienced, mostly with at least ten years‟ experience. * A total of 22.7% of respondents indicated that they do not use a formalised investigation process. The majority of respondents (77.3%) thus make use of a formalised investigation process. * The study found that formalised investigation processes are not implemented for the following reasons: -- Managerial and governance processes within practices were sufficient to address the risks posed (41.2%); -- Commercial Forensic Practitioners do not have a formalised investigation process at their disposal (35.3%); -- Commercial Forensic Practitioners are not aware of a formalised investigation process being utilised in industry that could be used (23.5%); and -- The implementation of a formalised investigation process proved too difficult (23.5%). * The most important reasons for implementing a formalised investigation process included reputational risks and quality control of investigative work. It was notable that the study revealed that the industry does not require practitioners to follow any procedures. * It is noteworthy that practitioners did not regard monitoring and management review of compliance with the provisions of their formalised investigation process as an important requirement. The study revealed that the majority of Commercial Forensic Practitioners would measure compliance as an occasional requirement (33.3%); only 23.3% placed compliance as an agenda item for each monthly management meeting and 16.7% as a quarterly agenda item. * The majority (56.3%) of practitioners recognised that integration of a formalised process with the budgeting process could enhance productivity and financial benefits. * The majority of respondents (88.1%) were of the view that there was an improvement in financial performance and/or productivity after the implementation of the formalised investigation process. * 62% of respondents were of the view that there was a significant improvement in financial performance and productivity since the implementation of the formalised investigation process. This finding is significant, as it proves that a formalised process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa can have a positive effect on a practise‟s financial performance. The suggested sub-processes, as described, are accepted by the respondents, namely: * Client acceptance, service considerations, risk management procedures, independence and engagement agreements; * Planning and strategic objectives of an engagement, including documented investigative plan incorporating the relevant disciplines (accounting, law, IT, investigative and risk management skills); * Gathering information and evidence, documenting evidence in an evidence file or system and safeguarding evidence as important; * Interviewing, using best practice interviewing skills, by planning the interview to achieve strategic objectives, recording the interview and using technology; * Analysis and verification of evidence; * Quality management, with all reported findings included in referenced working papers supported by documented physical evidence; and * Reporting on findings in a detailed forensic report, clearly and concisely reflecting on the sequence of events, supported by financial information and documents, in a format that could be used in disciplinary enquiries and/or proceedings in civil and criminal courts. These findings fulfil the objective of the study, which was to establish an integrated generic investigation process that could be utilised by Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa and secondly to determine which investigation processes are currently being utilised in South African forensics practices. It was clarified whether the implementation of a formalised process can lead to an improvement in financial performance and what the result of the integration of a formalised process into a practise‟s budgeting process is. It was established that there is indeed a relationship between the integration of the formalised process into the budgeting process and the improved financial performance of a practise. The findings of this study have significant implications for the management of South African Commercial Forensic Practitioner practices. Based on the study findings, the following general and specific recommendations can be made: * The investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners should be fully integrated with the budgeting process of the practise, as this will ensure improved investigative performance by the business; and * Education and research on the investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners should be conducted by the management of a practice before implementing such a process. / MCom (Forensic Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The study aims to establish an integrated generic investigation process that could be utilised by Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa. Secondly, it aims to determine which investigation processes are currently being utilised in South African forensics practices. An overview is given of the international utilised processes and a basic framework was developed, presented and tested by means of questionnaires to members of the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa. The development of an investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa could be utilised by the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners to provide a governance structure for the Institute that would enhance the quality of forensic investigations and contribute to the successful investigation and prosecution of commercial crime in South Africa. To achieve the study objective, an empirical study was conducted among current members of the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa through the circulation of questionnaires via their website. These results were interpreted, taking cognisance of international practices identified in the literature review. A formalised investigation process was developed and suggested to the Institute of Commercial Forensic Practitioners. Statisticians were involved during the process of designing the questionnaires, and analysing and interpreting the results. The research dealt with a generic investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners. It also dealt with its implementation and investigative performance in South African practices. In this study, an overview of the investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa was discussed. The research also analysed the following: * The time period in which organisations implemented the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process; * The effect of the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process on investigative performance; and * The integration of the Commercial Forensic Practitioner's process into the budgeting process. The findings of the study revealed the following: * Each of the phases of the Commercial Forensic Practitioners Process is as important as the others in matters that will be presented before court. * An investigation should only be performed if it can be performed properly and in a manner that provides clarity and value to the engagement and its objectives. For this purpose, a Commercial Forensic Practitioner should only accept an assignment if free of conflicts and any independence issues. It is imperative for Commercial Forensic Practitioners to adequately assess not only their relationship to the client and the particular engagement, but also their relationship to any opposing party. This assessment should be done in the context of all other work of the practice, not only that work that is performed by the particular Commercial Forensic Practitioner and direct colleagues. * The Commercial Forensic Practitioner must design, implement and use a robust client and engagement acceptance process that is documented, standardised and, where relevant, agreed with the client. * The role of a Commercial Forensic Practitioner in an investigation process is, therefore, to gather evidence, interrogate and examine the financial evidence, develop computer applications that help in analysing and presenting the evidence, putting forward all the findings in the form of reports, exhibits and documents, and finally taking part in civil actions or litigation as an expert witness, and testifying to the court and presenting all the evidence obtained through documentation or visual aids. It is therefore of the essence that a Commercial Forensic Practitioner be well versed in financial issues and legal concepts and proceedings. * The study found that the majority of respondents (69.3%) were male, while only 30.7% were female. The majority of Commercial Forensic Practitioners fall within two age categories, namely, 35 to 44 and 45 to 54 years. These age categories fall into the productive stage of a working career in the human life-cycle. It is furthermore inferred that the level of experience is of importance, as the majority of participants were well experienced, mostly with at least ten years‟ experience. * A total of 22.7% of respondents indicated that they do not use a formalised investigation process. The majority of respondents (77.3%) thus make use of a formalised investigation process. * The study found that formalised investigation processes are not implemented for the following reasons: -- Managerial and governance processes within practices were sufficient to address the risks posed (41.2%); -- Commercial Forensic Practitioners do not have a formalised investigation process at their disposal (35.3%); -- Commercial Forensic Practitioners are not aware of a formalised investigation process being utilised in industry that could be used (23.5%); and -- The implementation of a formalised investigation process proved too difficult (23.5%). * The most important reasons for implementing a formalised investigation process included reputational risks and quality control of investigative work. It was notable that the study revealed that the industry does not require practitioners to follow any procedures. * It is noteworthy that practitioners did not regard monitoring and management review of compliance with the provisions of their formalised investigation process as an important requirement. The study revealed that the majority of Commercial Forensic Practitioners would measure compliance as an occasional requirement (33.3%); only 23.3% placed compliance as an agenda item for each monthly management meeting and 16.7% as a quarterly agenda item. * The majority (56.3%) of practitioners recognised that integration of a formalised process with the budgeting process could enhance productivity and financial benefits. * The majority of respondents (88.1%) were of the view that there was an improvement in financial performance and/or productivity after the implementation of the formalised investigation process. * 62% of respondents were of the view that there was a significant improvement in financial performance and productivity since the implementation of the formalised investigation process. This finding is significant, as it proves that a formalised process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa can have a positive effect on a practise‟s financial performance. The suggested sub-processes, as described, are accepted by the respondents, namely: * Client acceptance, service considerations, risk management procedures, independence and engagement agreements; * Planning and strategic objectives of an engagement, including documented investigative plan incorporating the relevant disciplines (accounting, law, IT, investigative and risk management skills); * Gathering information and evidence, documenting evidence in an evidence file or system and safeguarding evidence as important; * Interviewing, using best practice interviewing skills, by planning the interview to achieve strategic objectives, recording the interview and using technology; * Analysis and verification of evidence; * Quality management, with all reported findings included in referenced working papers supported by documented physical evidence; and * Reporting on findings in a detailed forensic report, clearly and concisely reflecting on the sequence of events, supported by financial information and documents, in a format that could be used in disciplinary enquiries and/or proceedings in civil and criminal courts. These findings fulfil the objective of the study, which was to establish an integrated generic investigation process that could be utilised by Commercial Forensic Practitioners in South Africa and secondly to determine which investigation processes are currently being utilised in South African forensics practices. It was clarified whether the implementation of a formalised process can lead to an improvement in financial performance and what the result of the integration of a formalised process into a practise‟s budgeting process is. It was established that there is indeed a relationship between the integration of the formalised process into the budgeting process and the improved financial performance of a practise. The findings of this study have significant implications for the management of South African Commercial Forensic Practitioner practices. Based on the study findings, the following general and specific recommendations can be made: * The investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners should be fully integrated with the budgeting process of the practise, as this will ensure improved investigative performance by the business; and * Education and research on the investigation process for Commercial Forensic Practitioners should be conducted by the management of a practice before implementing such a process. / MCom (Forensic Accountancy), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

會計師專業的公信力係建立在執行審計時，會計師超然獨立，無偏私的態度上，欠缺 超然獨立之會計師所簽發的審計報告，亳無價值，除影響會計師專業的地位及信譽外 ，且不利於現代經濟之活動與發展。 要維持會計師專業的公信力，財務報表使用者對會計師事務所形式上超然獨立的認知 ，與實質上超然獨立同等重要，各界對會計師事務所的超然獨立迭有批評，建議解決 之方法亦多。本文即先就有關文獻等次級資料，探討影響會計帥獨立性問題之不利因 素，及各界所提之改進解決方法作介紹；繼則對上述解決會計師獨立性問題的方法作 實證研究，俾為建議之基礎藉以提昇專業之地位。 茲將各章內容扼要說明如下： 第一章為導論，乃就本文研究之動機、目的、範圍、方法與限制及論文結構等，加以 扼要說明。 第二章旨在敘述會計師專業之特質，獨立性之意義及有關規定。 第三章探求會計師獨立性危害之因素，共提出獨立性認知因果模式暨有關實證結果作 介紹。 第四章探討各界提出強化會計師獨立性問題之方法。 第五章對強化會計師獨立性之認知，作實證研究。 第六章為結論及建議。

在現今的經濟、法律、政治環境下，許多企業因為法律、稅務、競爭策略等之考量，已不再以法律上單一企業個體進行所有商業行為，也許會以成立子公司或透過股權收購擁有或控制其他企業，以達到特定的目的。財務會計準則公報第七號即針對此點，認為在經濟實質重於法律形式之基礎下，當一企業實質上可控制另一企業時，雖然在法律上其為相互獨立的個體，但基於經濟實質之考量，其應屬於同一個體，因此，合併財務報表之規定因應而生。合併財務報表與一般以權益法處理長期投資之母公司財務報表，最大不同處即在對長期股權投資及投資收益之處理，合併財務報表將母公司財務報表中之長期股權投資及投資收益分解為子公司資產、負債及本期淨利之組成要素，再與母公司財務報表合併，此即所謂「全面合併」。理論上，合併財務報表應較母公司財務報表更能清楚表達一經濟個體之財務狀況、經營成果及現金流量，讓報表使用人看的更清楚。 本研究參考Ou and Penman(1989)及 Holthausen and Larcker(1992)之研究，以財務比率預測企業未來每股盈餘變動方向及股價異常報酬方向。以民國八十六年至民國九十年五年間同時編製母公司及合併財務報表之113家上市公司為觀察公司，並以八十六年至八十九年為估計期間，以財務比率分別建構兩套財務報表之預測模式，將預測模式代入民國九十年之中，預測民國九十一年之每股盈餘變動方向以及股價異常報酬方向，再比較兩套財務報表之預測能力。 實證結果發現，因為兩套財務報表在許多項目金額均相異，所以若以財務比率分析一企業，兩套財務報表的確具不同之意涵，但若將財務比率預測每股盈餘變動方向以及股價異常報酬方向，兩套財務報表的預測能力並未通過統計上之顯著差異，無法得到合併財務報表因其資訊內涵較佳，其預測能力較母公司財務報表為佳之結論。在實證過程中，受到資料取得之限制及許多假設的影響，均可能對此研究結果造成影響。

非營利組織的資源直接間接來自於社會大眾，本應就其財務運用的狀況對社會大眾交代，而財務報表乃是表達任何組織的經營結果，與資源分配是否有效的重要資訊。在台灣的非營利組織，超過33,000家，其中超過9,000家均採內政部所提供的財務報表範例編製自己的財務報告，惟該範例卻有瑕疵。因此本研究在探討什麼樣的財務報表格式可供內政部所屬的非營利組織參考。 本研究設計二套財務報表，一套依一般公認會計原則，一套依內政部範例改編，以問卷探詢非營利組織與營利組織的財務人員及管理階層，是否支持非營利組織公開其財務報表？如支持，財務報表的名稱及格式內容應為何？不同服務領域，對於贊成公開的財務報表是否不同？對財務報表的名稱及格式內容之偏好是否有差異？不同財務報表的格式，對於報表所呈現的完整性及報表間的關聯性是否不同？且對報表的信任度及理解度是否有影響？最後，財務資訊揭露是否為影響捐款的重要因素？ 本研究之結果顯示，超過94%的受測者支持非營利組織公開其財務報表，且財務資訊揭露是影響捐款的重要因素。至於應公開的財務報表，則有「資產負債表」、「收支餘絀表」、「現金流量表」、「淨值變動表」，營利組織贊成公開的財務報表，為上述四表；非營利組織的意見雖較為分散，但仍集中在「資產負債表」、「收支餘絀表」。對於報表名稱及格式內容，營利組織與非營利組織也明顯不同，且不同財務報表的格式，對報表的信任度及理解度，以及報表的完整性和報表間的關聯性，是有影響的。 本研究並根據以上結論，編製一套財務報表格式以供內政部所屬的非營利組織參考。

水泥產業為內需型之區域產業，且高耗能、高資金及高污染，礦源蘊藏及開採權，受總體經濟環境榮枯影響深切等特性，其製造地與銷售地，基於成本及政策等因素考量，無法像有些產業只需幾個生產基地，行銷地就可佈及較廣。故水泥業的資產週轉效率、成本控制能力及業務對市場行銷及開發的能力就很重要。 本研究應用Penman(2009)所提之財務報表分析與證券評價架構，用普通股權益報酬率(return on commom shareholders’ equity，ROCE)及以應計基礎下之財務資訊，來分析台灣水泥業的龍頭廠商-A公司與B公司，2004年至2008年財務報表品質及獲利能力，並計算其企業價值。同時對其所處之產業發展及現況亦作分析與了解，期對個案公司提出建議。

Kooperativa pojišťovna, a.s., Vienna Insurance Group is the second largest insurance company in conditions of the Czech insurance market. Kooperativa is an universal insurance company, which offers insurance products and services to individuals and companies. The main aim of the diploma thesis is to define a position of Kooperativa commercial insurance company in the Czech insurance market. In order to reach the object of the thesis is necessary to respect for insurance's characteristics, specifics and main competitors. The first part of the thesis is focused on basic information about company and insurance products. The second part is dedicated to company's economy, which includes analysis of premium written, financial statement and ratios of financial analysis.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo principal avaliar a capacidade de explicação das variações dos retornos das ações de empresas que negociam seus títulos em bolsas de valores de mercados emergentes. Esta tarefa foi conduzida a partir de indicadores com o seu cálculo baseado em valores advindos das demonstrações contábeis, tais: como price-to-book, accruals, investimento, tamanho, lucro bruto e crescimento de vendas. Em adição, busca-se avaliar se o ambiente econômico e institucional afeta essa relação em países emergentes. Para isso investigaram-se empresas de capital aberto de 20 países classificados como emergentes, com base no índice elaborado pela agência Standard&Poors. Por essa via, as demonstrações contábeis das firmas nativas dessas economias foram utilizadas como insumo, restringindo-se aquelas de capital aberto que estavam disponíveis na base de dados da Capital IQ. Em paralelo, foram selecionadas informações macroeconômicas organizadas pelo International Country Risk Guide. A amostra abrangeu dados de 2004 a 2013, com a exclusão de dados faltantes (missings), variáveis consideradas outliers e daquelas empresas que apresentaram patrimônio líquido a descoberto. Os resultados demonstraram que a variável lucro bruto e price-to-book foi positivamente correlacionadas com os retornos. De outro lado, as variáveis investimento e tamanho foram estatisticamente significativas e negativamente correlacionadas com a variável retorno. As variáveis apresentaram sinais condizentes com a literatura, com exceção a variável price-to-book e a variável mudança de ativos. A análise fatorial gerou quatro fatores, para controlar as condições macroeconômicas que poderiam afetar o preço das ações no período analisado. Por essa via, mesmo após a inclusão dos fatores, as variáveis analisadas permaneceram estatisticamente significativas e com o sinal esperado. A inclusão de variáveis relacionadas ao ambiente informacional da contabilidade ofereceu indícios de que quanto mais opaco o ambiente da contabilidade no país, menor a capacidade dos lucros em retratar as variações dos retornos das ações. Em outra linha, a origem legal do país exibiu influência significativa sobre a variável dependente. Ainda, os resultados sugerem que a transição para normas internacionais ampliou a relevância da informação contábil / The thesis aim was to assess how variables calculated from financial statements affect stock return (such as Price-to-Book, Accruals, Investments, Size, Gross Profit, and Sales Changes). The research also investigates whether firms\' economic and institutional environments affect this relationship in emerging countries. We have investigated listed companies in 20 markets that are classified as emerging in Standard & Poor\'s index. Financial statement data were collected from the Capital IQ database. We also have collected macroeconomic information from the International Country Risk Guide. The sample comprised data from 2004 to 2013. Firms with missing data, outliers, and those with negative equity were excluded. The results showed that the variables Gross Profit and Price-to-Book were positively correlated with stock returns. On the other hand, Investment and Size were statistically significant and negatively correlated to returns. All variables reached the expected sign except Price-to-Book. Further research is needed to understand this result and determine if this signal is systematically achieved. We used principal component analysis to estimate macroeconomic risk and to address problems related to excess variables and multicollinearity. Four main factors were reached in principal component analysis to control the macroeconomic conditions that could affect stock prices during the period. In this way, even after the inclusion of factors, variables calculated from financial statements remained statistically significant and with expected signs. After analyzing variables related to the country\'s information environment it was sugested that the more opaque the accounting environment in the country, the lower the ability of earnings to portray variations in stock returns. The legal origin of the country also significantly influenced the results: Countries that follow laws originating from the French code has the weakest explanatory power. This finding supports the argument of La Porta et al. (1998, 1997) that such countries has the weakest legal protection and enforcement, compared with the German code or common law. The results also suggest that the relation between the adoption of international accounting standards and the ability of accounting information to portray variations in stock returns.

Este trabalho investiga a utilidade e as limitações de estratégias de investimento em ações baseadas na análise de demonstrações contábeis. Inicialmente a avaliação é realizada para o conjunto total de empresas listadas na Bovespa. Na seqüência, restringe-se a investigação para os subconjuntos de empresas com alto índice PL/P (proxy de risco) ou/e com baixo BCGI (proxy de governança). De acordo com evidências apresentadas na literatura de contabilidade e finanças conjectura-se que estes grupos possuem características para que as estratégias de investimento baseadas na análise de demonstrações contábeis sejam mais úteis para a discriminação de boas e más oportunidades de investimento. As evidências encontradas apontam para uma maior utilidade da análise de balanços para a seleção de uma carteira de investimento em ações no grupo de empresas com alto PL/P e/ou baixo BCGI. Adicionalmente, incorporam-se nas análises econométricas os fatores de risco que poderiam ter relação com os resultados encontrados. Demonstra-se que a implementação da estratégia é mais realista (em termos de volume financeiro negociado das ações) para o grupo de empresas com baixo BCGI. Entretanto, há uma redução dos retornos obtidos com essa estratégia - selecionar empresas fortes financeiramente dentro do grupo de empresas com baixo BCGI - em relação à estratégia de seleção de empresas com alto PL/P e com bons indicadores financeiros. Esse resultado é consistente com a relação teórica negativa esperada entre liquidez e retorno e contribuí com a literatura para a explicação da obtenção de retornos anormais com estratégias de investimento baseadas na utilização de análise de demonstrações contábeis. / This thesis investigates the usefulness and limitations of investment strategies based on financial statement analysis. Initially I assess the usefulness of the strategy for the full sample of Brazilian public-held firms. An additional analysis considers the partition of high book-to-market (HBM) or/and poor corporate governance (CG) firms. Capital markets research in accounting and finance show evidences that permit one to posit that firms within these groups (HBM and/or poor CG) present specific features that should enhance the usefulness of financial statement analysis as an investment tool. I find evidences that the analyzed strategies significantly differentiate between winners and losers for both groups (HBM and poor CG) but not for the full sample of firms. These results confirm and expand Piotroski\'s (2000) evidences. Further I consider the possible omitted risk-factors that could explain the results obtained. I show that the practical implementation of the strategy is more realistic (regarding stock\'s trading volume) if applied for firms with poor corporate governance arrangements when compared to the HBM ones. However, the strategy returns are lower when applied to the subset of poor corporate governance firms. This evidence is consistent with the negative expected relation between liquidity and returns (Bekaert et al, 2006) and contributes to previous research (Piotroski, 2000; Mohanran, 2005) on abnormal returns obtained with financial statements analysis.

The world economy loses an estimated $3.5 trillion annually due to fraud. A weakened economy leads to additional hardships for individuals, families, and organizations. General strain theory (GST) posits that certain strains lead to negative emotional responses, and the result is delinquent behavior. The purpose of this research was to analyze the relationship between strain and occupational fraud through the theoretical framework of GST. The research questions addressed (a) occupational frauds as measured by strain levels of perpetrators, (b) the relationship between strain scores and the different occupational fraud types, and (c) the significance of the relationship between fraud motivation and each of the occupational fraud types. A quantitative, cross-sectional study using secondary data from the ACFE Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse database, was conducted to examine the relationship between strain, negative emotionality, and occupational fraud crimes. To examine this relationship, a sample of 2,910 cases were tested using nominal regression, logistic regression, and Pearson correlation. The results indicated that strain is significantly related to asset misappropriation and financial statement frauds. The results also showed that work-related motivation is significantly related to financial statement frauds. Scholars and practitioners should focus on agendas related to strain, work-related motivation, and financial statement frauds. Fewer fraud losses will positively impact society through increased employment opportunities, additional tax revenues for all levels of government, and increased cash flows for investors.