Den här uppsatsen undersöker gestaltningar av rumslighet i Yxta Maya Murrays roman Locas och i Helena María Viramontes novell ”The Cariboo Cafe”. Utifrån en lefebvriansk förståelse av det sociala rummets produktion görs en feministisk, postkolonial läsning av rummets betydelse i texterna. Med utgångspunkt i detta teoretiska ramverk diskuteras tematiseringen av plats, rum och identitet i berättelserna. Vidare används en narratologisk analys av texternas användning av deixis och fokalisering för att visa hur språket fungerar som en granskande skildring av olika platsers och rums villkor. En sådan läsning tillåter texterna att träda fram som avslöjare av specifika maktordningar och som kritik mot dessa. / This essay examines the spatial descriptions in Yxta Maya Murray’s novel Locas and in Helena María Viramontes’ short story “The Cariboo Café”. Based on Henri Lefebvre’s understanding of the production of social space, a post-colonial, feminist reading of the texts’ spaces is executed. Rooted in this theoretical framework, the texts’ thematization of space, place and identity is discussed. Furthermore, a narratological analysis is added to the investigation through a scrutiny of the usage of deixis and focalization. It is shown how the usage of language in the texts functions to further expose different bodies’ divergent access to different spaces. This reading permits the texts to appear both as revealers of specific power systems, and as critics of them.

The aim of the present study is to analyze the representation of the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion in the novel Pedro Páramo (1953) by the Mexican writer Juan Rulfo. The novel is analyzed from a narratological perspective based on the concept of focalization proposed by the French theoretician Gérard Genette. According to Genette it is possible to identify different levels of focalization depending on the position of the narrative voices.The key question in this investigation is if any salvation is possible in the universe of Pedro Páramo and how the mythic timelessness and the religious subversion are represented in the textual intentionality through the narrative voices. The main conclusion is that there is no possible salvation in the fictional universe of Pedro Páramo. The collective sin is so vast that the intermediation between God and the inhabitants of Comala does not work anymore. Thus, the only possible ”salvation” consists in the separation of the soul from the body the people of Comala experience after death. In Pedro Páramo the dead body is liberated from remorses, but - contrary to the Catholic concepts - becomes a conscious materia sentenced to remember eternally.Keywords: Juan Rulfo, Pedro Páramo, narratological analysis, Gérard Genette, textual intentionality, focalization, mythic timelessness, religious subversion, narrative voices.

The objective of this thesis work is to detect and to characterize three-dimensional targets in a disordered medium, using electromagnetic excitations. This research domain is of great interest in many applications, such as subsoil probing, medical imaging, non-destructive testing and geophysical exploration, etc. In order to extract the target information from the heterogeneities of the medium, we propose to use one of the time reversal technique, namely the DORT method (French acronym for Décomposition de l'Opérateur de Retournement Temporel). This method permits us to generate different waves that focus selectively on each target in high noisy environment. Moreover, this method is also combined with a non-linear inversion algorithm, which permits not only to localize but also to characterize the targets. The reconstruction resolution appears to be better than the ones obtained with the DORT or the inversion procedure alone, especially in the illumination direction. It is also shown that using full-polarized data is indispensable for achieving better performances rather than in scalar configuration. Moreover, in the half-space configuration, it is mandatory to use the frequency-diversity data to get an accurate reconstruction. These theoretical developments are also confronted to experimental data measured in the optical domain. A full-polarization Tomographic Diffractive Microscopy (TDM) is implemented and a resolution about one-fourth of the wavelength is thus obtained. Furthermore, the DORT method is applied in TDM to realize selective focalization and characterization. In the presence of multiple targets, selective characterization of each scatterer is achieved.This thesis work also deals with the characterization problem using transient data. Different inversion algorithms are validated using synthetic and experimental hyper-frequency data.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:35:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_nvs_me_arafcl.pdf: 1032190 bytes, checksum: 2c25abacc18728191c244fa36b118c4b (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta dissertação é explorar a relação intrínseca e sinérgica entre as categorias narrativas do espaço e da focalização e seu efeito de sentido no romance The ambassadors (1998), do escritor estadunidense Henry James (1843-1916). Os principais teóricos que servirão de base a esse estudo são Iuri Lotman (1978) com A estrutura do texto artístico e Osman Lins (1976) com Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco relativamente às questões do espaço. Para o estudo da focalização, explorar-se-á principalmente The rhetoric of fiction, de Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, de Gérard Genette (1995) e Teoría de la narrativa, de Mieke Bal (2001). Será analisado, então, como a focalização sugere interpretações ambíguas quanto à consciência central do protagonista Lewis Lambert Strether e de que forma os Estados Unidos da América, a Inglaterra e a França, sob essa perspectiva, são elementos essenciais para a transformação do objetivo inicial do embaixador, para a caracterização psicológica e social de personagens e para a evocação de memórias / The aim of this dissertation is to explore the intrinsic and synergistic connection between the narrative categories of space and focalization and its effect in novel The ambassadors (1998), by the American writer Henry James (1843-1916). The main theorists who will base this study are Iuri Lotman (1978) with A estrutura do texto artístico and Osman Lins (1976) with Lima Barreto e o espaço romanesco, regarding the literary space. To study the focalization, this research will explore notably The rhetoric of fiction, by Wayne C. Booth (1983), Discurso da narrativa, by Gérard Genette (1995) and Teoría de la narrativa, by Mieke Bal (2001). Thus, this analysis investigates how the focalization implies ambiguous interpretations regarding the central consciousness of the protagonist Lewis Lambert Strether and how the United States of America, England and France, from this perspective, are key elements for the transformation of the ambassador‟s first purpose, for the social and psychological portrayal of characters and for the evocation of memories

This study examined four different settings in Selma Lagerlof’s novel Jerusalem, part I and II. The aim of the study was to analyse the narrative perspective in the four selected scenes of the novel, and also to investigate whether the narrator’s tone in any of the passages could be said to express orientalism. The material consisted of four text passages describing the novel’s two main geographical locations (the district of Dalarna and the Holy Land). Literary theories used for the study were narratology and postcolonial theory. The applied method to analyse the passages was to use the selection of semantic and syntactic markers compiled by Staffan Hellberg (1985) for stylistic analysis of the narrator’s perspective in Swedish narrative texts. The results of the study show that the overall narrative perspective in the scenes are non-focalized, and that the most frequently featured stylistic markers consist of words and phrases expressing value. A summery of the most frequently used stylistic markers show that it is possible to divide the narrative tone into four categories, as the “presenting”, “sympathizing”, “demonstrating” and “educating” narrator. The results also indicate that orientalism is evident in the two analysed passages from Jerusalem, part II.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos narradores homodiegéticos e de suas respectivas focalizações na obra A Long Way Down, de Nick Hornby, publicada em 2005, com o intuito de estimular os estudos sobre este autor no Brasil e de elucidar discussões aprofundadas sobre a narrativa deste escritor. Primeiro, apresentamos brevemente sua biografia e informações relevantes sobre a obra em análise. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de narrador, bem como discutimos a ideia de sujeito de focalização e de objeto de focalização, valendo-nos de autores como Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal e Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, para embasar a análise deste estudo. A terceira parte deste estudo consiste na análise dos quatro narradores homodiegéticos de A Long Way Down. Esta análise consiste principalmente em explorar os discursos narrativos desses quatro narradores – respectivamente Martin, Maureen, Jess e JJ – e explorar como cada um articula-se como focalizador ou objeto de focalização dentro da narrativa. Através das palavras desses múltiplos narradores a história se desenrola, bem como todo humor e dramaticidade é criado a partir de tal mecanismo. As quatro personagens, que se conhecem em uma tentativa frustrada de suicídio, compartilham ao longo da narrativa diversas experiências e criam um vínculo afetivo que lhes possibilita sobreviver e, consequentemente, contar essa história retrospectivamente. No final, refletimos acerca das últimas considerações apresentadas pelos narradores, discutindo de que forma cada um deles encontrou sua própria redenção e resolveu seus problemas com a vida, ainda que temporariamente. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar a narrativa de Nick Hornby em termos acadêmicos, bem como salienta a relevância de A Long Way Down em sua obra. / This work presents an analysis of the homodiegetic narrators and their respective focalizations in Nick Hornby’s A Long Way Down, published in 2005, aiming at stimulating further investigation on this author in Brazil and at elucidating deeper discussions regarding this writer’s narrative. First, we briefly present his biography and relevant information about the book under analysis. Then, we present the concepts of narrator, and we discuss the idea of subject of focalization and object of focalization, based on the studies of scholars such as Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan. The third part of this study is the analysis of the four homodiegetic narrators in A Long Way Down. This analysis mainly consists in exploring the speech patterns of these four narrators - respectively Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ - and investigating how each one of them works as both the focalizer and object of focalization. Through the words of these multiple narrators the story unfolds, as well as all humor and drama is created from such a mechanism. The four characters, who meet in an unsuccessful suicide attempt, share along the narrative different experiences and end up creating an emotional bond that allows them to survive and, hence, tell this story retrospectively. Finally, we reflect on the latest considerations presented by these narrators, discussing how they find their own way to redemption and solve their problems with life, even if temporarily. This study highlights the importance of exploring the narrative of Nick Hornby in academic terms, and emphasizes the relevance of A Long Way Down in his oeuvre.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos narradores homodiegéticos e de suas respectivas focalizações na obra A Long Way Down, de Nick Hornby, publicada em 2005, com o intuito de estimular os estudos sobre este autor no Brasil e de elucidar discussões aprofundadas sobre a narrativa deste escritor. Primeiro, apresentamos brevemente sua biografia e informações relevantes sobre a obra em análise. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de narrador, bem como discutimos a ideia de sujeito de focalização e de objeto de focalização, valendo-nos de autores como Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal e Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, para embasar a análise deste estudo. A terceira parte deste estudo consiste na análise dos quatro narradores homodiegéticos de A Long Way Down. Esta análise consiste principalmente em explorar os discursos narrativos desses quatro narradores – respectivamente Martin, Maureen, Jess e JJ – e explorar como cada um articula-se como focalizador ou objeto de focalização dentro da narrativa. Através das palavras desses múltiplos narradores a história se desenrola, bem como todo humor e dramaticidade é criado a partir de tal mecanismo. As quatro personagens, que se conhecem em uma tentativa frustrada de suicídio, compartilham ao longo da narrativa diversas experiências e criam um vínculo afetivo que lhes possibilita sobreviver e, consequentemente, contar essa história retrospectivamente. No final, refletimos acerca das últimas considerações apresentadas pelos narradores, discutindo de que forma cada um deles encontrou sua própria redenção e resolveu seus problemas com a vida, ainda que temporariamente. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar a narrativa de Nick Hornby em termos acadêmicos, bem como salienta a relevância de A Long Way Down em sua obra. / This work presents an analysis of the homodiegetic narrators and their respective focalizations in Nick Hornby’s A Long Way Down, published in 2005, aiming at stimulating further investigation on this author in Brazil and at elucidating deeper discussions regarding this writer’s narrative. First, we briefly present his biography and relevant information about the book under analysis. Then, we present the concepts of narrator, and we discuss the idea of subject of focalization and object of focalization, based on the studies of scholars such as Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan. The third part of this study is the analysis of the four homodiegetic narrators in A Long Way Down. This analysis mainly consists in exploring the speech patterns of these four narrators - respectively Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ - and investigating how each one of them works as both the focalizer and object of focalization. Through the words of these multiple narrators the story unfolds, as well as all humor and drama is created from such a mechanism. The four characters, who meet in an unsuccessful suicide attempt, share along the narrative different experiences and end up creating an emotional bond that allows them to survive and, hence, tell this story retrospectively. Finally, we reflect on the latest considerations presented by these narrators, discussing how they find their own way to redemption and solve their problems with life, even if temporarily. This study highlights the importance of exploring the narrative of Nick Hornby in academic terms, and emphasizes the relevance of A Long Way Down in his oeuvre.

nÃo hà / Neste estudo à realizada, inicialmente, uma discussÃo teÃrica acerca da pobreza sob dois aspectos, monetÃria e multidimensional. Posteriormente, utilizou-se a metodologia desenvolvida por Alkire e Foster (2009) para analisar comparativamente, sob estas duas abordagens, a focalizaÃÃo do Programa Bolsa FamÃlia entre os domicÃlios cearenses, referente aos dados da PNAD 2012. Estimouse, tambÃm, dois modelos Logit visando identificar as caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas destes domicÃlios que contribuem para a classificaÃÃo como pobre por renda ou multidimensional. Constatou-se que, quando se considera a pobreza como um fenÃmeno multidimensional, a focalizaÃÃo do PBF à pior do que sob o aspecto renda. Observou-se, tambÃm, que cerca de 40% dos domicÃlios do Cearà sÃo pobres, independente da abordagem utilizada e que, quanto maior a populaÃÃo de crianÃas e/ou idosos no domicÃlio, mais vulnerÃvel este fica a vivenciar uma situaÃÃo de pobreza. / This research is initially based on a theoretical discussion about poverty in two aspects: monetary and multidimensional. Furthermore it was used Alkire and Foster methodology (2009) to analyze and compare the objectives of âBolsa Familiaâ amongst households in Ceara with regards to the PNAD 2012 data. It was also projected two Logit models to identify the socioeconomic characteristics of households that contribute to the classification of poor by income or multidimensional. It was found that , when considering poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon the focus of GMP is worse than under the income aspect . In addition it was estimated that about 40 % of Cearà 's households are poor regardless of the approach used and the higher the population of children and/or elderly at the domicile, the more vulnerable they are to experience a situation of poverty.

Este trabalho apresenta uma análise dos narradores homodiegéticos e de suas respectivas focalizações na obra A Long Way Down, de Nick Hornby, publicada em 2005, com o intuito de estimular os estudos sobre este autor no Brasil e de elucidar discussões aprofundadas sobre a narrativa deste escritor. Primeiro, apresentamos brevemente sua biografia e informações relevantes sobre a obra em análise. Em seguida, apresentamos os conceitos de narrador, bem como discutimos a ideia de sujeito de focalização e de objeto de focalização, valendo-nos de autores como Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal e Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan, para embasar a análise deste estudo. A terceira parte deste estudo consiste na análise dos quatro narradores homodiegéticos de A Long Way Down. Esta análise consiste principalmente em explorar os discursos narrativos desses quatro narradores – respectivamente Martin, Maureen, Jess e JJ – e explorar como cada um articula-se como focalizador ou objeto de focalização dentro da narrativa. Através das palavras desses múltiplos narradores a história se desenrola, bem como todo humor e dramaticidade é criado a partir de tal mecanismo. As quatro personagens, que se conhecem em uma tentativa frustrada de suicídio, compartilham ao longo da narrativa diversas experiências e criam um vínculo afetivo que lhes possibilita sobreviver e, consequentemente, contar essa história retrospectivamente. No final, refletimos acerca das últimas considerações apresentadas pelos narradores, discutindo de que forma cada um deles encontrou sua própria redenção e resolveu seus problemas com a vida, ainda que temporariamente. Este estudo destaca a importância de explorar a narrativa de Nick Hornby em termos acadêmicos, bem como salienta a relevância de A Long Way Down em sua obra. / This work presents an analysis of the homodiegetic narrators and their respective focalizations in Nick Hornby’s A Long Way Down, published in 2005, aiming at stimulating further investigation on this author in Brazil and at elucidating deeper discussions regarding this writer’s narrative. First, we briefly present his biography and relevant information about the book under analysis. Then, we present the concepts of narrator, and we discuss the idea of subject of focalization and object of focalization, based on the studies of scholars such as Gerard Genette, Mieke Bal and Shlomith Rimmon-Kenan. The third part of this study is the analysis of the four homodiegetic narrators in A Long Way Down. This analysis mainly consists in exploring the speech patterns of these four narrators - respectively Martin, Maureen, Jess and JJ - and investigating how each one of them works as both the focalizer and object of focalization. Through the words of these multiple narrators the story unfolds, as well as all humor and drama is created from such a mechanism. The four characters, who meet in an unsuccessful suicide attempt, share along the narrative different experiences and end up creating an emotional bond that allows them to survive and, hence, tell this story retrospectively. Finally, we reflect on the latest considerations presented by these narrators, discussing how they find their own way to redemption and solve their problems with life, even if temporarily. This study highlights the importance of exploring the narrative of Nick Hornby in academic terms, and emphasizes the relevance of A Long Way Down in his oeuvre.

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de détecter et de caractériser des cibles tridimensionnelles dans un milieu désordonné. Ce domaine de recherche est d'intérêt pour de nombreuses applications, telles que le sondage du sous-sol, l'imagerie médicale, la détection non-destructive et l'exploration géophysique, etc. Afin de distinguer les cibles des hétérogénéités du milieu, nous proposons d'utiliser l'une des techniques de retournement temporel, à savoir la méthode DORT (Décomposition de l'Opérateur de Retournement Temporel). La méthode DORT permet de générer des ondes focalisant sélectivement sur chaque cible présente dans un environnement fortement hétérogène. Par ailleurs, la richesse de ces ondes focalisantes est combinée avec un algorithme d'inversion non-linéaire. Ceci nous permet non seulement de localiser, mais aussi de caractériser les cibles (forme et permittivité). La résolution obtenue à l'aide de cette approche est bien meilleure que celles obtenues avec la méthode DORT ou la méthode d'inversion seules, en particulier dans la direction d'illumination. Cette résolution est d'autant meilleure que les données utilisées sont vectorielles. Dans le cas spécifique d'une configuration d'objets enfouis impliquant deux semi-espaces infinis, la caractérisation s'avère problématique. Une solution est apportée en appliquant l'approche de marche récurrente en fréquences. Ces développements théoriques sont également confrontés aux données expérimentales mesurées dans le domaine optique. Une nouvelle Microscopie Tomographique par Diffraction (MTD) est mise en œuvre dans le cadre de cette thèse en tenant compte du caractère vectoriel de la lumière. Ce faisant, une résolution d'environ un quart de la longueur d'onde a été obtenue sur des échantillons en résine déposés sur un substrat de silicium. De plus, nous avons aussi appliqué avec succès la méthode DORT à la MTD afin de focaliser et caractériser de manière sélective plusieurs diffuseurs de tailles différentes.Lors de ce travail de thèse nous avons également développé des méthodes de caractérisation en régime transitoire. Les différentes méthodes d'inversion élaborées dans ce cadre ont été validées sur des données synthétiques et expérimentales dans le domaine des radio-fréquences. / The objective of this thesis work is to detect and to characterize three-dimensional targets in a disordered medium, using electromagnetic excitations. This research domain is of great interest in many applications, such as subsoil probing, medical imaging, non-destructive testing and geophysical exploration, etc. In order to extract the target information from the heterogeneities of the medium, we propose to use one of the time reversal technique, namely the DORT method (French acronym for Décomposition de l'Opérateur de Retournement Temporel). This method permits us to generate different waves that focus selectively on each target in high noisy environment. Moreover, this method is also combined with a non-linear inversion algorithm, which permits not only to localize but also to characterize the targets. The reconstruction resolution appears to be better than the ones obtained with the DORT or the inversion procedure alone, especially in the illumination direction. It is also shown that using full-polarized data is indispensable for achieving better performances rather than in scalar configuration. Moreover, in the half-space configuration, it is mandatory to use the frequency-diversity data to get an accurate reconstruction. These theoretical developments are also confronted to experimental data measured in the optical domain. A full-polarization Tomographic Diffractive Microscopy (TDM) is implemented and a resolution about one-fourth of the wavelength is thus obtained. Furthermore, the DORT method is applied in TDM to realize selective focalization and characterization. In the presence of multiple targets, selective characterization of each scatterer is achieved.This thesis work also deals with the characterization problem using transient data. Different inversion algorithms are validated using synthetic and experimental hyper-frequency data.