Submitted by MARCIA ROVADOSCHI (marciar@unifra.br) on 2018-08-22T17:03:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ElisandraMedianeiraRazeraNogueira.pdf: 1885193 bytes, checksum: 73789c4b74f2dd3f15dd637b55a1760d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T17:03:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ElisandraMedianeiraRazeraNogueira.pdf: 1885193 bytes, checksum: 73789c4b74f2dd3f15dd637b55a1760d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-18 / Introduction: The process of childbirth and birth went through relevant transformations over a long time, but it is still predominantly institutionalized and technological, with the predominance of cesarean sections. Despite the stimulus to normal birth, Brazil has high rates of cesareans, so there is a need to implement humanized practices in cesarean care, so as to also enable a qualified and humanized service for these women. Objective: Therefore, the main objective was to elaborate a protocol for the humanization of the birth through cesarean delivery in a medium-sized hospital in the city of Santa Maria - RS. Method: The first manuscript was a narrative review of literature. A search was made in the Lilacs database about the professional practices of humanization in childbirth care and hospital birth. The final sample consisted of 9 articles, which are unanimous in pointing out the efforts to change the predominant obstetric model. The humanized practices are being implemented in the health services, however, there is a need to broaden the look of humanized care during cesarean section. The second manuscript emerged from a qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study performed in the mid-sized hospital, from a semi-structured interview with 106 postpartum women. Data collection occurred between October 2016 and April 2017. Regarding the kind of delivery, it was observed that the puerperae chose cesarean due to the fear of pain in normal delivery and also by their own desire. During the preparation for the cesarean section, the majority of the puerperae received all the information and explanations they wanted. It was also evidenced that the team provided a humanized care throughout the process in the surgical center, through the reception, skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby soon after birth and the presence of accompanying person throughout the process. The third manuscript aimed to identify the humanization practices performed by the professional team of a surgical center during the cesarean section and to elaborate a humanization protocol for care. It was an exploratory-descriptive and qualitative research carried out with eight professionals who work in the surgical center. The focal group technique was applied between July and August of 2017 and later analysis of thematic content. Results: Two thematic categories emerged which discuss the humanized practices described by the participants in the operating room environment during cesarean section. Conclusion: From the data collected with the puerperal and professional women, a protocol of delivery and cesarean delivery was constructed in a surgical center, directed to the implementation of humanized practices, which configured the product resulting from the research process. This protocol aims to implement humanized practices, contributing to the qualification of care provided to patients and their families and record the activities performed by professionals. / Introdução: o processo de parto e nascimento passou por transformações relevantes ao longo tempo, porém, ainda se configura predominantemente institucionalizado e tecnológico, com predomínio das cesarianas. Apesar do estímulo ao parto normal, o Brasil apresenta elevadas taxas de cesarianas, assim há a necessidade de implementar práticas humanizadas na assistência a cesariana, de maneira a possibilitar também um atendimento qualificado e humanizado para essas mulheres. Objetivo: criar um protocolo de humanização do nascimento por meio do parto cesárea em um hospital de médio porte da cidade de Santa Maria – RS. Método: o primeiro manuscrito realizado foi uma revisão narrativa de literatura, por meio de busca na base de dados Lilacs, sobre as práticas profissionais de humanização na assistência ao parto e nascimento hospitalar. A amostra final foi composta de 9 artigos. O segundo manuscrito emergiu de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, descritiva e transversal, realizada no hospital de médio porte, a partir de entrevista semiestruturada com 106 puérperas. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre outubro de 2016 a abril de 2017. O terceiro manuscrito objetivou identificar as práticas de humanização realizadas pela equipe profissional de um centro cirúrgico, durante a cesariana e elaborar um protocolo de humanização para a assistência. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa exploratório-descritiva e qualitativa, com oito profissionais que atuam no centro cirúrgico. Aplicou-se a técnica de grupo focal, entre julho e agosto de 2017 e posterior análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: em relação à revisão narrativa, os artigos são unânimes em apontar esforços para a mudança do modelo obstétrico ainda predominante. As práticas humanizadas estão sendo implementadas nos serviços de saúde, mas é necessário ampliar o olhar para o atendimento humanizado na cesariana. O segundo artigo constata que, quanto à escolha pela via de parto, as puérperas optaram pela cesárea devido ao medo da dor no parto normal e por desejo próprio. Durante a preparação para o procedimento, a maioria das puérperas recebeu orientações. A equipe prestou um atendimento humanizado durante todo o processo no centro cirúrgico, por meio do acolhimento, contato pele a pele entre mãe-bebê logo após o nascimento e a presença de acompanhante durante todo o processo. A partir do terceiro artigo, emergiram duas categorias temáticas as quais discutem as práticas humanizadas descritas pelos participantes no ambiente do centro cirúrgico durante a cesariana. Conclusão: a partir dos dados coletados com as puérperas e profissionais, foi construído um protocolo de assistência ao parto e nascimento por cesariana, em um centro cirúrgico, direcionado para a implementação de práticas humanizadas, o qual configurou o produto resultante do processo de pesquisa. Este protocolo tem por objetivo, implementar práticas humanizadas, contribuindo para a qualificação do atendimento prestado às pacientes e suas famílias e registro das atividades realizadas pelos profissionais.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att söka svar på om och hur formativ bedömning påverkar elevers resultat inom geometri, samt hur elever beskriver formativ bedömning. För att få svar på elevers resultat har en intervention genomförts med 21 elever i årskurs 6 där tio elever ingick i två testgrupper och elvaelever ingick i två kontrollgrupper. Elever från testgrupperna blev även intervjuade i fokusgrupper där de beskrev sitt lärande i geometri kring formativ bedömning. Den teoretiska bakgrunden som studien utgått ifrån samt studiens analysverktyg är ett begreppsligt ramverk för formativ bedömning där fem nyckelstrategier har varit i fokus både i interventionen och fokusgrupperna. Resultatet visade att majoriteten av eleverna i de två testgrupperna fick ett positivt resultat efter ha mött formativ bedömning som stöd, medan majoriteten av kontrollgruppernas resultat visade ett sämre resultat efter ha haft ordinarie stöd i matematik. Efter avslutad intervention beskrev eleverna i fokusgrupperna att de inte är vana vid formativ bedömning, utan att bedömning för dem är en samlad bedömning från lärare med betyg efter avslutande prov. Sammanfattade beskrivningar efter elevernas nya erfarenheter av formativ bedömning var att: de tydligt förstod målen med arbetet, de var positiva till öppna uppgifter som skapar diskussioner, önskade att få både återkoppling från lärare och klasskamrater samt stöd av lärare vid självbedömning. / The purpose of this study is to investigate if and how formative assessment affect pupils’ results within the area of geometry; as well look in to how pupils describes formative assessment. To answer this, an intervention was made with 21 pupils in grade 6 where ten of them was a part of two test groups and the other eleven was a part of two control groups. The pupils in the test group, was also a part of two focus groups where they described their thoughts about formative assessment in geometry. The theoretical background from which the study was based as well as the study’s analytical tools is a conceptual framework about formative assessment where five key strategies been in focus, both in the intervention and the focus groups. The result showed that most of the pupils in the two test groups had a positive result after the experience of formative assessment as support, while most of the control group showed a negative result after ordinary support in mathematics. After closed intervention, the focus groups said they´re not used to formative assessment. They are used to a summed-up assessment from their teachers consisting of grades, given after tests. To summarise the pupils’ thoughts about their new experiences of formative assessment: it was clear they understood the purpose with their work, they were open minded to tasks that lead to discussions, wanted feedback from teachers and classmates as well as support from teachers when it comes to self-assessment.

This thesis will divide the concept of member feedback in online communities into three types, namely conversational-, behavioural feedback and content analysis. During this thesis we will argue for the advantages with user involvement in design and how the three types of feedback listed above together with members could be introduced into the design process. We argue that by combining traditional methods such as personas and focus groups with the different kinds of feedback in the design and evaluation process supports usability in online communities. / Denna uppsats kommer att dela på konceptet medlems-feedback i online communities i tre olika typer, nämligen feedback genom konversation, beteende och community innehåll. Vi kommer att argumentera för fördelarna med att involvera användarna i design processen och hur de tre olika typerna av feedback kan användas i denna process. Genom att kombinera traditionella metoder som tex. personas och fokus grupper med dessa typer av feedback kan ett användbarhets mål uppnås. / Hannes Persson 0702-229542 Christian Toft 070-7981770

This essay is based on a qualitative interview study with focus groups as a method and examines how sponsored videos from american influencers are received by their audience. Influencers are a new fenomena within the marketing business and therefore it is interesting to examine how this new marketing tactic is received by the viewers. We used two american beauty influencers with over one million subscribers on youtube as a conversation starter for the groups. We found that, after showing the videos to the participants, that the key to success for both influencer and viewer was that a relationship had to be established between viewer and influencer because if not the influencer did not come across as trustworthy since the viewer lacked the personal connection to him or her, but also they didn’t know their personalities. The women with this attitude did not, on a regular basis, follow any type of influencer in their daily life. However the women who did follow influencers regularly showed understanding in the concept and were also more likely to say that the influencers were in fact trustworthy. However, all of the women agreed that this is commercial and should always be regarded as that. They meant that as a viewer and consumer they should always be critical towards sponsored videos since there is large sums of money involved, and that means that the influencer could not be one hundred percent honest

This thesis is focused on research of school undiscipline (misbehaviour) by using the anchoring vignettes method. The results obtained of qualitative research (focus groups and in-depth interviews) were used for the compilation of the vignettes and questionnaire. In its theoretical part, the thesis introduces with multi-dimensional concept of school discipline and with works of the other authors. Further the thesis presents an overview of research methods for measuring of school discipline. The practicle parts presents the results of the author's own survey. These results have led for construction of the questionnaire with anchoring vignettes. These ones were compiled by using results of focus groups with 13 - 15 years old pupils and in-depth interviews with their teachers. The final questionnaire will be standardized within author's doctoral studies a thesis. Even so, it appeals that the anchoring vignette method takes its place in educationas scienses. KEYWORDS school discipline/undiscipline, anchoring vignettes method, fosuc group, in-depth interview, self-assessment

At the Nutrition and Physical Activity Research Centre for Optimal Health and Functionality through Life (NUPARC), a research gap was uncovered regarding the concept optimal functionality based on the older adult’s own perspective. The overall aim was to explore the concept of optimal functionality among older adults and the possibility of creating and developing an ICT-platform to measure it. Method: An existing cohort from NUPARC was used for recruitment in studies I-III and to some extent study IV. A scoping study design and framework was adopted for the inclusion of the articles in Study I. Study II had a descriptive design. Six focus group discussions were conducted and analysed using qualitative deductive content analysis to extend the qualitative understanding. Study III used a phenomenological approach describing the experience of mental health and its impact on the ability to function as optimally as possible. Six interviews were analysed using Giorgi’s phenomenological approach. Study IV was a feasibility study and included 8 older adults using an ICTplatform for a period of four weeks. Results: Optimal Functionality comprises three major corner stones: Body-related factors, Self-related factors and External factors (I) accompanied by nine aspects, and according to older adults it is a matter of functioning as optimally as possible (II). The three major cornerstones are intricately linked and all but the mental aspects were included in the discussions (II). Life situations affecting mental health, consequences of mental health and strategies for maintaining good mental health were described by older adults as having an impact on mental health and affecting their ability to function as optimally as possible (III). The older adults managed the usage of an ICT-tool well and it was perceived as meaningful (IV). Conclusion: Optimal functionality is holistic, subjective, dynamic and applicable to all older adults. Identification of the factors involved can help the older adults on their path to health. An ICT-platform can facilitate the identification of the factors for optimal functionality and the eventual measurement of it.

未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴長期被在公領域被乎略。本研究以質性之焦點團體訪談法，分別在臺灣與新加坡進行24個焦點團體進行訪談。其中包括12個沒有信仰者的團體與12個有信仰者的團體，探索其對未岀生胎兒生命尊嚴的看法，以及臺灣與新加坡如何在聯合國、美國、新馬爾薩斯人口學家、優生學家與國際計畫家庭組織（International Planned Parenthood Federation，IPPF)所推動的家庭計畫，因追求經濟成長而選擇人口零成長的政策，導致未岀生胎兒的生命尊嚴更行惡化。 / The human dignity of the unborn child remains uncertain in public policy domain. The importance of rethinking public reasonableness becomes unavoidable in the stage of late capitalism and liberal democracy. Political power, knowledge, and participation are three key elements of policymaking. The human dignity of the unborn child is neglected in the process of policymaking of population politics. There are advocators, United Nations, United States, eugenicists, neo-Malthusians and International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) in the process of population policymaking at the international level during the past three decades. This research first attempts to focus on the inter relationship among these five advocators and to review how the unborn child becomes missing within the process of international population policymaking. Secondly, Taiwan and Singapore are two test cases to reveal the policy follower roles who adopt the similar dream of modern states. Thirdly, since the personal religious beliefs play a significant role not only in shaping attitudes, but also in economic development, political stability, sexual morality and gender equality. This research adopts qualitative approach the focus group interview to compare the attitude of human dignity of the unborn child between the faith-based people with non-faith people both in Taiwan and Singapore. In this research 24 focus groups will be organized across Taiwan and Singapore, each country contains 12 groups. Each country contains 6 faith-based focus groups and 6 non-faith focus groups. Attempt to find the difference and similarity of population policy between Taiwan and Singapore and to explore how the religious values and the concept of human dignity of the unborn child excluded in the process of demographic policymaking.

The aim of this thesis has been to study boundary-making in addiction care practitioner’s perceptions of substance use and treatment. The four papers are based on three data collections in Swedish outpatient addiction care: a) a survey conducted in 2006 (n=655), b) a factorial survey using randomly constructed vignettes conducted in 2011 (n=474), and c) a focus group interview study from 2013 (n=30) with a sample of the respondents from the factorial survey. The analyses show that practitioners tend to draw boundaries between various forms of substance use, with alcohol use being perceived as a less severe problem than narcotics use and requiring less extensive treatment measures. There are also partially varying perceptions in different parts of addiction care. By comparison with social services staff, regional healthcare staff generally see a greater need for treatment, recommend medical treatment to a greater extent, and display less confidence in the possibility of handling problematic use without professional treatment. Despite an ongoing medicalization at the policy level, psychosocial treatment interventions appear to have legitimacy in both regional healthcare and social services settings. Boundary-making processes are also found in relation to the specific user’s age, family situation, socio-economic status and in some cases gender, with young women’s drinking being seen as more severe than young men’s drinking for example. The boundary-making between different substance users may be interpreted as a sign of an approach based on a professional consideration of the person’s socially exposed situation, which might require more comprehensive support. At the same time, it may be an expression of a stereotyped approach, involving a normative evaluation of women’s behaviour as being more deviant than men’s, thereby having a limiting effect on the conduct norms that regulate women’s behaviour and making the problems of men invisible. To avoid disparities in addiction care delivery, it is of major importance that practitioners are given room to reflect upon the assumptions and values that underlie the assessments they make in practice. Combining a factorial survey with focus group interviews is proposed as one means of facilitating this type of reflection. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.</p>

This thesis examines pupils’ justice conceptions regarding educational assessment. Due to the context-dependency of norms and values as well as of assessment, the study compares the justice conceptions of pupils in two different’socio-educational’ contexts: Sweden and Germany. The main interest of the study is to understand and to reconstruct pupils’ own relevance structures and what just assessment means from a pupils’ point of view. Here, the study aims to reach beyond the level of mere description by providing theoretical conceptualisations of pupils’ justice conceptions regarding assessment. Thus, the study´s methodological foundation is characterised by a combination of a context-sensitive comparative approach on the one hand, and on the other hand a pragmatist Grounded Theory approach. Data were mainly generated through focus group interviews with pupils attending the last year of the lower secondary level in the Swedish comprehensive school as well as in different school types in the German school system. In total, the sample consists of 95 pupils, who were interviewed in 21 focus group interviews. In addition, other sources of data were included, such as regulations and guidelines that supported a context-sensitive analysis of pupils’ conceptions. The theoretical conceptualisation that explains pupils’ justice conceptions is ‘meta-assessment’. ‘Meta-assessment’ refers to pupils’ evaluation of the assessment they experience in terms of justice and represents the shared, abductively derived and overlying analytical category regarding pupils’ conceptions. Pupils’ ‘meta-assessment’ is based on normative justice conceptions as well as on justice conceptions that are related to pupils’ situation and context-bound experiences with assessment. The first ones are about the ethico-moral character of pupils’ justice conceptions. The second shed light on the contextual conditions and consequences of the logics and practices underlying educational assessment as experienced by pupils on an everyday basis. This implies that just assessment from a pupils’ perspective needs to be understood in its wider contextual embedment; and in relation to teaching and learning in order to understand the complex interrelations of what just assessment ‘is’, and ‘should be’ from the perspective of those, who are mainly affected by it.

The recent experience with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic has drawn attention to the need to better understand the public’s response to emergently released vaccines (ERV). This study applied a mixed methods approach to examine the causal pathways underlying the vaccination behaviour during a public health emergency. The integrated evidence from empirical and theoretical-based findings highlights a number of factors to consider in interventions to improve vaccination rates with an ERV. These factors include: 1) providing clear risk messages around the disease and the ERV, 2) improving accessibility to the vaccine, 3) encouraging primary healthcare providers to provide recommendations for vaccination, 4) implementing strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination prior to the next public health emergency, 5) developing strategies to target sub-populations more reluctant to accept an ERV. Developing theory-based interventions that are behaviour-specific may be more likely to result in behaviour change within the public in future emergency vaccination campaigns.