Globally, health care professionals, administrators, educators, researchers, and informatics experts have found that minimum dataset and taxonomies can solve the problem of data standardization required in building an information system to advance disciplines body of knowledge. Disciplines continuously gather complex data, but data collected without an organizational context does not increase the knowledge-base. Therefore, a demand exists for developing minimum dataset, controlled vocabularies, taxonomies, and classification systems. To fulfill nursings needs for standardized comparable data, two minimum dataset are used in nursing for organizing, classifying, processing, and managing information for decision-making and advancing clinical nursing knowledge. No minimum dataset in nursing education currently exists. With common definitions and taxonomy of nomenclature related to nursing education, research findings on similar topics can aggregate data across studies and settings to observe overall patterns. Understanding patterns will allow educators, researchers, and administrators to interpret and compare findings, facilitate evidence-based changes, and draw significant conclusions about nursing education programs, schools, and educational experiences. This study proposes a generic methodology for building a Nursing Education Minimum Dataset (NEMDS) by exploring experiences of developing various minimum dataset. This study adapted the systems model as the conceptual framework for building the taxonomy and classification system of nursing education essential data elements to guide the analysis of structure, process, and outcome in nursing education. The study suggested using focus groups, an online Delphi survey, and the statistical techniques of Multidimensional Scaling, and kappa. The study presented these steps: identifying educational concepts and data elements; defining data elements as nursing education terminologies; building the taxonomy; conducting an empirical and theoretical validation; disseminating and aggregating the data in national dataset. The proposed methodology to build an NEMDS meets the criteria of having a nursing education dataset that is mutually exclusive, exhaustive, and consistent with the concepts that help nursing educators and researchers to describe, explain, and predict outcomes in the discipline of nursing education. It can help the transformation of simple information into a meaningful knowledge that can be used and compared by the school, state or country to advance nursing education research and practice nationally or internationally.

本研究以市場規模近百億元的家庭食用油為探討產品。家庭食用油為品牌間產品差異性低、低關心度之家庭日常烹飪用品。本研究的主要研究目的為：1. 探討家庭食用油市場之消費者行為，2. 將食用油市場以適當區隔變數劃分成有不同市場特性及外顯行為的數個區隔，3. 探討各區隔市場的特徵及消費行為。研究對象為臺北縣市、臺中縣市、高雄縣市30~49歲家庭食用油購買者或主膳者。 本研究以生活型態╱產品利益混合變數為區隔變數，以產品態度、人口特徵、地理變數、行為變數（使用者、使用者狀況、使用頻率、使用量、忠誠度） 等為描述變數。整合次級資料及經由焦點團體研究所得之初級資料發展問卷，以配額抽樣的方法至各指定賣場進行問卷調查。以因素分析由54個變數萃取出10個生活型態/產品利益因素，再以非層次集群分析法將樣本區隔為三個區隔。 三個區隔分別為：「健康賢妻」共 157人佔 樣本之39%，「保守經濟」共 74人佔樣本之18%，「認真生活」共 173人佔樣本之43%。除年齡在各區隔間無顯著差異外，其他描述變數在區隔間皆有顯著差異。健康賢妻：平均家庭生命週期最年輕，是最大的潛在市場，十分注重食用油的健康因素，甚至連烹飪方式亦傾向於低油脂的方式。保守經濟：生活態度保守，會在其認識的品牌當中選擇價格較便宜的食用油購買，忠誠度低，以食用油的市場來看，此區隔的消費量最小。認真生活：此區隔中48%的受訪者其家庭生命週期為滿巢二期，食用油的消費量最大，對食用油或日用品會嚐試不同的品牌，其對食用油的知識可能來自廣告、報章雜誌、口碑。本研究推論影響食用油的最大變數為家庭生命週期。

Cette thèse se situe dans le champ de l'évaluation ergonomique de produits et de services. Une bonne évaluation doit répondre à deux types de critères qui ne sont pas nécessairement convergents : d'une part, ceux relatifs à la production de résultats scientifiquement valides et, d'autre part, ceux relatifs à l'utilisation des résultats par les professionnels destinataires. Nous explorons les deux dimensions. Nous produisons des connaissances sur la nature de la production verbale et la productivité de deux techniques utilisées en vue de la construction d'un questionnaire d'évaluation dans le domaine du commerce électronique : l'entretien individuel et le focus group. Par ailleurs, nous construisons un outil d'aide à l'élaboration d'évaluations pour des professionnels du commerce électronique qui produisent des résultats et les utilisent pour transformer leur site Web marchand.

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine high school students conceptions of young people who run away or get thrown out of their homes. Earlier research shows that this group of young people often come from families were physical, psychological and sexual abuse is reappearing factors. They often face a life of homelessness, drug abuse and prostitution. Still there is little research done about this phenomenon and what kind of help and support these young people could need. This study was done in a qualitative approach with the use of focus groups. The results were analyzed through the theoretical views of socialconstructivism and theorizing childhood and were also compared with earlier research. The results showed that about half of the participants had in some point in their life run away from home. They expressed that they thought that there are many young people who run away or get thrown out of their homes each year and that many of them probably don´t come to the knowledge of the social services. Their thoughts of what risks youths may encounter on the streets accord with results from earlier research. They also think that friends are the most valuable in terms of help and support.</p>

<p>The thesis studies one method, focus group discussions, for public participation in the starting of implementing the European Community Water Framework Directive at a catchment level. Focus group discussions can be used as a method for bringing relevant stakeholder-groups into the discussion and evaluation of different possible solutions to problems of managing local waters in order to lower nutrient emissions and stop eutrophication. Of special interest in the study is the participants’ development of collaboration and collaborative learning in the focus groups. Also of interest is their change in attitudes during the focus group process and their will to participate in similar settings. The thesis assesses the results of three questionnaires responded by focus group participants in a study carried out by the Swedish Water Management Research Programme, VASTRA. The participants represent stakeholders in Rönne å catchment in Skåne, and also the results from ten focus group discussions with the same participants.</p>

No description available.

<p>Tidigare forskning pekar på försämrad kommunikationsförmåga som ett av de mest uppmärksammade symtomen vid demenssjukdom. För att förmedla ett budskap till sin omgivning använder dementa som alla andra människor både verbala och icke-verbala signaler. Med tiden försämras deras verbala uttrycksätt och de börjar istället att i allt högre grad använda sig av de icke-verbala signalerna, som till exempel ansiktsuttryck, kroppsspråk, gester, paraspråk och liknande. Eftersom dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt ibland kan vara väldigt svåra att tolka av andra i deras närhet, är det av stor betydelse att ta reda på de förutsättningar som påverkar detta. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån vårdpersonalens berättelser belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar deras tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt under omvårdnadsmötet. För att svara på detta syfte har jag använt mig av fokusgruppsintervjuer som metod för att samla in data, vilken sedan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att de faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt är (1) kunskap, (2) yrkeskompetens och (3) institutionella aspekter som psykosocial miljö och tid. Den föreliggande studiens resultat kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra till en bättre kommunikation mellan dementa och vårdpersonal.</p>

<p>The overall aim of this thesis was to study knowledge, attitudes and experience of emergency contraceptive pills among women and providers.</p><p>Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Focus-group interviews were conducted with teenage-girls (I) and with women who had purchased ECP without prescription (IV). Self-administered waiting-room questionnaires were administered to women presenting for induced abortion in three large hospitals (II, III), and after the deregulation of ECP, a postal questionnaire was sent to pharmacy staff and nurse-midwives in three counties in mid-Sweden (V). </p><p>Overall, women showed high basic awareness of ECP although specific knowledge such as the level of effectiveness, time-frames and how the method works was lacking. Approval of the method was high and most women were positive to use the method if they needed. Contradictory views as to whether ECP undermines contraceptive behavior were expressed. As many as 43% of women requesting induced abortion had a history of one or more previous abortions. Among the abortion applicants, one out of five, 22%, had previously used ECP and 3% had used it to prevent the current pregnancy. Media and friends were the two most common sources of information on ECP. Half of the women, 52%, were positive to having ECP prescription-free. Those women who had purchased ECP in a pharmacy without prescription, appreciated this possibility, and the major benefits expressed were time saving aspects. No severe side-effects were reported. The women's experiences of interaction with pharmacy staff were both positive and negative. The importance of up-to-date information about ECP and the OTC-availability from the health care providers was emphasized. Both pharmacy staff and nurse-midwives had positive attitudes towards ECP and the OTC availability. Of pharmacy staff, 38% reported that they referred women to nurse-midwives/gynecologists for further counseling and follow-ups. The need for increased communication and collaboration between pharmacies and local family planning clinics was reported by both study groups with suggestions of regular meetings for information and discussions.</p><p>The results suggest that ECP is still underused and that more factual information is needed before the method is becoming a known, accepted and integrated back-up method to the existing family planning repertoire. Longitudinal research to assess the long-term effects of ECP is needed. </p>

The overall aim of this thesis was to study knowledge, attitudes and experience of emergency contraceptive pills among women and providers. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Focus-group interviews were conducted with teenage-girls (I) and with women who had purchased ECP without prescription (IV). Self-administered waiting-room questionnaires were administered to women presenting for induced abortion in three large hospitals (II, III), and after the deregulation of ECP, a postal questionnaire was sent to pharmacy staff and nurse-midwives in three counties in mid-Sweden (V). Overall, women showed high basic awareness of ECP although specific knowledge such as the level of effectiveness, time-frames and how the method works was lacking. Approval of the method was high and most women were positive to use the method if they needed. Contradictory views as to whether ECP undermines contraceptive behavior were expressed. As many as 43% of women requesting induced abortion had a history of one or more previous abortions. Among the abortion applicants, one out of five, 22%, had previously used ECP and 3% had used it to prevent the current pregnancy. Media and friends were the two most common sources of information on ECP. Half of the women, 52%, were positive to having ECP prescription-free. Those women who had purchased ECP in a pharmacy without prescription, appreciated this possibility, and the major benefits expressed were time saving aspects. No severe side-effects were reported. The women's experiences of interaction with pharmacy staff were both positive and negative. The importance of up-to-date information about ECP and the OTC-availability from the health care providers was emphasized. Both pharmacy staff and nurse-midwives had positive attitudes towards ECP and the OTC availability. Of pharmacy staff, 38% reported that they referred women to nurse-midwives/gynecologists for further counseling and follow-ups. The need for increased communication and collaboration between pharmacies and local family planning clinics was reported by both study groups with suggestions of regular meetings for information and discussions. The results suggest that ECP is still underused and that more factual information is needed before the method is becoming a known, accepted and integrated back-up method to the existing family planning repertoire. Longitudinal research to assess the long-term effects of ECP is needed.

There are widespread concerns about the increasing use of multiple medicines. The aims of this thesis were to identify older patients' and general practitioners' (GPs) attitudes to and experiences of multiple medicine use, as well as to describe patterns of multiple medicine use in different age groups in association with patient-related factors. An additional aim was to contribute to scientific methodological development by providing an empirical example of the application of the Lehoux, Poland, &amp; Daudelin template for the analysis of interaction in focus groups. Data were collected via qualitative focus group discussions and from a cross-sectional community-based population survey conducted during 2001-2005. The patients revealed co-existing accounts of both immediate gratitude that medicines exist and problems with using multiple medicines such as worrying whether multiple medicine use is 'good' for the body. The patient-doctor relationship coloured their attitudes towards their treatment and care. The GPs at times felt insecure, though surrounded by treatment guidelines. Lack of communication with hospital specialists was perceived to reduce treatment quality, while influence of patient pressure was thought to contribute to the development of multiple medicine use. An interaction analysis helped in appreciating and clarifying the contexts in which results from the content analysis were created. Further discussion is needed on how to best report these results. Different cut-offs are useful in defining multiple medicine use in different age groups. Vast majorities of users of multiple medicines were found to have unique medicine combinations. Multiple medicine use was found to be associated with morbidity and poor self-rated health across all age groups.