The purpose of this study was to explore athletic identity, identity foreclosure, and career maturity in a sample of undergraduate college students currently enrolled in kinesiology and physical education classes at a university in the southern United States. Students were provided with an internet link that requested them to complete a demographic survey, the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), the foreclosure subscale of the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status, and the Attitude Scale (Form A-2) of the Career Maturity Inventory. Examination of the Pearson moment correlations indicated that the higher the sport participation during high school, the greater the athletic identity and identity foreclosure, and lower the career maturity attitudes. ANOVAs were performed to examine differences between males (n = 123) and females (n = 183), kinesiology (n = 181) and non-kinesiology majors (n = 125), and white (n = 144) and non-white students (n = 162) on athletic identity, identity foreclosure, and career maturity. Results showed that males scored significantly higher on athletic identity and identity foreclosure, and significantly lower on career maturity than females. Kinesiology students had scores significantly higher on athletic identity and identity foreclosure, and lower on career maturity. Finally, individuals that identified their ethnicity as White had higher athletic identity, lower identity foreclosure, and significantly higher career maturity than individuals who identified as an ethnicity other than white. Although the relationships in this study are in line with what has been found in previous research, the relationships among this sample of undergraduate students were weak. Future research should replicate the study using a measurable level of sport skill level. Future research should also consider introducing an intervention with a career development program, and track participants' athletic identity, identity foreclosure, and career mature before, during, and after implementation of the program.

Après avoir dressé dans une première partie un bref panorama des approches psychiatriques et psychanalytiques de la psychose, nous présenterons dans une seconde partie la théorie structurale de la psychose suivant Jacques Lacan. Cette théorie s'appuie sur le concept central du Nom-du-Père et de sa forclusion. Nous envisagerons les conséquences de l'échec de la métaphore paternelle et les prolongements théoriques du second classicisme de Lacan avec l'introduction du "père réel" et l'extension du concept de forclusion par d'autres auteurs. La question de la clinique et de sa transmission fera l'objet de la troisième partie. Nous nous appuierons sur la critique des vignettes cliniques de Guy Le Gaufey afin d'introduire ce que pourrait être une clinique en acte, une clinique qui implique le praticien dans le témoignage du cas. Nous dégagerons la spécificité du transfert dans l'abord clinique des psychoses qui implique "un transfert au psychotique" et nécessairement, à l'encontre de la classique vignette clinique, le témoignage du clinicien dans l'écriture du cas. Pour illustrer notre propos sur une clinique in vivo, nous aurons recours aux présentations de malades de Jacques Lacan à l'Hôpital Sainte-Anne en 1975-1976 ainsi qu'à deux autres vignettes cliniques où les praticiens font montre de leur implication dans la cure de patients psychotiques. / The first section gives a brief overview of psychiatric and psychoanalytical approaches to psychosis. In the second section, we set out the structural theory of psychosis according to Jacques Lacan. This theory revolves around the core concept of Name-of-the-Father (Nom-du-Père) and its foreclosure. We consider the consequences of the failure of the father metaphor and the theoretical continuation of Lacan’s second classicism with the introduction of the “real father” and the development of the concept of foreclosure by other authors. The question of clinical practice and it evidence is dealt with in the third section. We draw on Guy Le Gaufey’s criticism of clinical vignettes to introduce what could be considered as active clinical practice, that is a practice involving the practitioner in case evidence writing. We point to the specific nature of transference in the clinical context, which implies “transference to the psychotic” and the inclusion of clinician’s evidence in case writing, contrary to conventional clinical vignettes. To illustrate our point in favour of in vivo clinical practice, we refer to the presentation of patients by Jacques Lacan at the Hospital Saint-Anne in 1975-1976, and to two clinical vignettes where the therapists show their engagement in the cure of psychotic patients.

Foreclosures have increased in the US since the 1970’s. The increase in foreclosures has caused concern among some researchers on their affect on crime. Social disorganization theory measures the effect various structural characteristics, such as poverty, residential instability/mobility, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, and family disruption have on crime. This study, though, is concerned with residential instability/mobility, or the presence of foreclosed houses in neighborhoods. Although most studies using this theory look at low-income neighborhoods, the following research looks at middle- and upper-income neighborhoods, which have been greatly affected by foreclosures. The theory also argues that the level of collective efficacy can reduce crime even in neighborhoods that are otherwise considered to be socially disorganized. Using ArcGIS mapping, the following research investigated 30 neighborhoods in Orange County, Florida that have high foreclosures in neighborhoods for the years of 2005-2009. Canvasses were conducted in all 30 neighborhoods to measure the level of collective efficacy within the neighborhoods to help explain the presence of high or low residential burglary. Thirteen neighborhoods stood out as noteworthy because they fell at the far end of the spectrum – high foreclosures and high crime, and high foreclosures and low crime. Some of the neighborhoods with high residential burglary did have strong indicators of low collective efficacy, while neighborhoods with low residential burglary had indicators of high collective efficacy. The majority of the indicators found in this research support previous research on various indicators of collective efficacy

Since the onset of the global financial crisis, urban dwellers face an increasing number of obstacles in establishing themselves on the housing market. Against this backdrop, this paper addresses the variegated dynamics of real estate dispossession in the tourist conurbation Los Cristianos/Las Américas on an intra-urban scale. First, I will present the spatio-temporal patterns of dispossession for the period 2001–2015 using the ATLANTE database (CGPJ). Specifically, I analyze mortgage foreclosures and tenant evictions, both for residential and commercial spaces. Second, I delve deeper into local experiences of dispossession of the resident population and their housing and income conditions by means of questionnaires that I conducted in 2018. The data shows that mortgage foreclosures and dispossessions of residential spaces predominate the initial years after the crisis, albeit with varied spatial incidence. However, the increase in tenant evictions from 2014 onwards points to a reconfiguration of displacement dynamics. Indeed, as stated by the interviewees, staggeringly high rent burdens have become the main driver for displacement from both living and working spaces in recent years. Given the ongoing global pandemic, further and more nuanced research is necessary to grasp how these prevailing housing insecurities are shaped during and beyond the coronavirus crisis.

Three essays in this dissertation explore the behavior of individuals in response to the housing crisis and its consequences, and the impact of the pandemic on the short-term rental markets. The first essay examines the economic outcomes of young people who have returned to their parents' home, using data from 2003-2017 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY 97). The economic outcomes of boomerang movers did not improve compared to the period of independent living, and the income gap with young people who remained independent widened. The residential movement of young people who make boomerang moves has an impact on their income, but this effect is short-lived. Going back to a parental house changes the region and urban form significantly, and movement of urban form from the central city to the suburban and from the suburban to out of the MSA has a negative impact on income. Findings from the study suggest implications. First, more affordable housing should be provided to reduce boomerang moves. Second, ways to increase job opportunities should be explored to reduce the short-term negative impact of boomerang move. Finally, education and vocational training opportunities must be increased to close the income gap among young people. The second essay seeks to answer the following questions through the experiences of individual households due to the foreclosure. First, did foreclosed households regain homeownership? Second, is there a relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of foreclosed household and regaining homeownership? Third, where do homeowners who have lost their homes migrate? Finally, what characteristics of the neighborhood help foreclosed households recover? While previous studies have focused on the resilience of housing markets and regions, this study explores the link between regional characteristics and individual household recovery. The recovery of financially disadvantaged households is an important issue for communities and states. Identifying the mechanism that is responsible for household recovery has implications for implementing programs to aid household recovery. This study primarily relies on the 2005 -2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Since 2009, PSID has added survey questions about foreclosure; Whether a foreclosure process has begun, the year and month of the start, the result of the process, and whether a foreclosed home is a primary residence. The findings of this study suggest that the government's recovery assistance program should aim to support relocation to areas with lower poverty rates and higher job and educational opportunities. The final essay explores changes in short-term rentals resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study uses New York City's Airbnb listing data from Inside Airbnb (IA), as well as supplemental data such as American Community Survey (ACS) data. Change in the number of STRs is divided into (1) the number of units left the platform and (2) the number of new units. The former relates to the survival of existing STR units and, the latter to the location choice of new units. The results show that the impact of several variables on survival and generation mechanisms changed since the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the survival mechanism and the generation mechanism of short-term rentals are different, they should be considered separately in regulating the STR to stabilize local housing markets. / Doctor of Philosophy / Although research has been conducted on the housing crisis and recovery of the housing market, there are still unanswered questions from two aspects. First, have the individuals affected by the crisis recovered? Were the individual decisions in response to the crisis effective? Second, how has the new crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the housing market? Are different characteristics observed from previous housing crises? While the evidence is reported that the relationship between the new crisis and housing demand has changed, the impact of the pandemic on contemporary housing crises such as gentrification and reduced housing stock is unknown. This dissertation explores the trajectories of individual behavior in the housing market, using various data sources and methodologies. Of the three essays in this dissertation, the first two essays explore the behavior of individuals in response to the housing crisis and its consequences, and the final essay explores the impact of the pandemic on the short-term rental markets. The first essay investigates the economic outcomes of young people who return to their parental homes after periods of independent living using NLSY97 data. The second essay investigates the relationship between neighborhoods and the economic recovery of households using Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The third essay explores changes in the survival and generation mechanism of Airbnb units associated with the COVID-19 pandemic using New York City's Airbnb listing data. The results of each study commonly lead to the conclusion that housing affordability should be improved. It also suggests that more affordable housing should be provided in areas of greater opportunities. This dissertation ultimately contributes to identifying individuals at risk from external shocks and suggesting goals and strategies for a healthy housing market.

Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The lessor's tacit hypothec improves the chances of the lessor to recover rent in arrears. This real security right arises by operation of law and attaches to the lessee's movable property found on the leased premises when rent is due but not paid. The extension of the lessor‟s tacit hypothec to third parties' property is the remedy's most controversial feature. The extension is supposedly based on one of two theoretical justifications, namely implied consent and the doctrine of estoppel. According to the implied-consent theory, the extension is based on the premise that the third party consented (explicitly or by implication) that his property can serve as security for the payment of the lessee's arrear rent. The basis of the second theory, the doctrine of estoppel, operates as a limitation on the rei vindicatio of the third party. Over the years discourse has shown that there are uncertainties surrounding these justifications. Recent debate has also shown that if constitutionally challenged, the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec could amount to arbitrary deprivation of third parties' property. The aim of this thesis is to establish whether and how the existing common law principles that provide for the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec over property belonging to third parties are affected by section 25(1) of the Constitution. Consequently, the thesis describes, analyses and scrutinises the general principles regulating the lessor's tacit hypothec, and more specifically the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec to third parties' property, in view of section 25(1) of the Constitution. Taking into considering the recent statutory protection of third parties' property, the thesis concludes that the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec does not constitute an arbitrary deprivation of third parties' property because correct application of the common law principles that provide for the extension and the statutory protection that has been introduced to exclude a large number of cases from the reach of the extension adequately protect third parties' property interests. Therefore, the requirements of section 25(1) are satisfied. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhuurder se stilswyende hipoteek verbeter sy kanse om agterstallige huur van sy huurder in te vorder. Wanneer die huur opeisbaar word, maar die huurder versuim om tydig te betaal, kom hierdie saaklike sekerheidsreg deur regswerking tot stand en dit dek alle roerende sake wat op die verhuurde perseel gevind word. Die uitbreiding van die stilwyende hipoteek na eiendom wat aan derde partye behoort is die remedie se mees kontroversiële eienskap. Hierdie uitbreiding van die hipoteek se toepassingsveld berus na bewering op een van twee regverdigingsgronde, naamlik die derde se geïmpliseerde toestemming en die leerstuk van estoppel. Volgens die geïmpliseerde toestemming-teorie kan die hipoteek na derdes se bates uitgebrei word op die veronderstelling dat sodanige derde partye toegestem het (uitdruklik of by implikasie) dat hulle eiendom as sekuriteit vir betaling van die huurder se agterstallige huur mag dien. Die tweede teorie steun op die beperking wat die leerstuk van estoppel op die rei vindicatio van die derde party plaas. Oor die jare het debatte aangedui dat daar onsekerhede rondom hierdie regverdigingsgronde bestaan. Onlangse debatte het ook aangetoon dat, indien dit grondwetlik getoets word, die uitbreiding van die hipoteek moontlik mag neerkom op ‟n arbitrêre ontneming van die derdes se eiendom. Die doel van hierdie tesis is om vas te stel of en hoe die bestaande gemeenregtelike beginsels wat die stilswyende hipoteek na bates van derdes uitbrei deur artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet beïnvloed word. Die tesis bespreek, analiseer en toets gevolglik die algemene beginsels van die verhuurder se stilswyende hipoteek, en meer spesifiek die uitbreiding van die hipoteek na bates wat aan derdes behoort, in die lig van artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet. Met inagneming van die beskerming wat derde party se eiendom in terme van onlangse wetgewing geniet, bevind die tesis dat die uitgebreide toepassing van die stilswyende hipoteek nie op ʼn arbitrêre ontneming van derde partye se eiendom neerkom nie omdat korrekte toepassing van die gemeenregtelike beginsels wat vir die uitbreiding voorsiening maak, in kombinasie met die wetgewende uitsluiting van ‟n groot aantal sake wat aan derdes behoort, voldoende beskerming aan die belange van derdes verleen. Die vereistes van artikel 25(1) word dus bevredig.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olivia Tonello Mendes Ferreira.pdf: 1463232 bytes, checksum: c758e7d9d4f55e7bc7c6b795e217f575 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present work has the objective of analyzing if the stays of tax foreclosure should always be received with suspensive effect or if, after the advent of Law 11.382/2006, which had altered significantly the Code of Civil Procedure, mainly concerning the discipline of civil execution by means of extrajudicial title, the concession of the suspensive effect is conditioned to the presence of fumus boni iuris, periculum in mora and judgment security, in the terms of the new art. 739-A and its first paragraph. Since this is a study with scientific aims, we will first discourse about the issues related to Law Philosophy and the General Theory of Law, in which the adopted reference system will be identified, as well as establishing the premises to be adopted along the study, going through the notion of juridical system, characterization of antinomies and the ways of solving those conflicts. Afterwards, some requirements to the achievement of the execution and of some of the applying principles to the process mentioned will be approached. Next, the systematic of embargos to the civil execution of extrajudicial executive title will be analyzed, tracing a comparative analysis of the main changes made by the advent of law 11.382/2006. Then, some notes about the objective responsibility of the State will be made so that the specificities of the executive juridical-tributary relation formed between the State and the Private in the process of tax execution can be analyzed. Once these specificities are analyzed, we will discourse about the norms to be applied / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar se os embargos à execução fiscal devem ser recebidos, sempre, com efeito suspensivo ou se, após o advento da Lei 11.382/2006, que alterou significativamente o Código de Processo Civil, especialmente no que tange à disciplina da execução cível por título extrajudicial, a concessão do efeito suspensivo está condicionada à presença do fumus boni iuris, periculum in mora e garantia do juízo, nos termos em que prescreve o novo art. 739-A e seu parágrafo primeiro. Tratando-se de um estudo com pretensões científicas, discorremos inicialmente sobre questões atinentes à Filosofia do Direito e à Teoria Geral do Direito, identificando o sistema de referência adotado, bem como estabelecendo as premissas a serem adotadas ao longo do desenvolvimento do estudo, passando pela noção de sistema jurídico, a caracterização de antinomias, bem como os modos de solução de tais conflitos. Após, cuidamos de abordar alguns requisitos para realização da execução, bem como alguns princípios de aplicação ao mencionado processo. Em seguida, cuidamos de analisar a sistemática dos embargos à execução cível de título executivo extrajudicial, traçando uma análise comparativa das principais mudanças provocadas pelo advento da Lei 11.382/2006. Traçamos breves noções acerca da responsabilidade objetiva do Estado para, então, analisarmos as especificidades da relação jurídico tributária executiva que se forma entre o Estado e o Particular no processo de execução fiscal. Uma vez analisadas tais especificidades, passamos a discorrer sobre a norma a ser aplicada

Le principe de spécialité de l’hypothèque s’est imposé dans le Code civil en 1804 en vue d’assurer le développement de l’économie moderne, puis il s’est répandu sur l’ensemble des sûretés réelles pour devenir un principe fondamental du droit des sûretés. Pourtant, à la fin du vingtième siècle, le principe a essuyé de violentes critiques : il rigidifiait le droit des sûretés réelles et était un frein au développement du crédit. Outre la nocivité du principe, sa remise en cause théorique annonçait son déclin en droit français d’autant qu’à l’étranger le security interest de droit américain, qui ne le connaît pas, ne cessait de faire des émules. Pourtant, lors de la réforme, le législateur l’a conservé tout en l’assouplissant. L’assouplissement du principe est la marque d’une réforme éclairée qui est intuitivement revenue aux origines du principe pour lui conférer la flexibilité dont le législateur originel voulait le pourvoir, mais qui a toujours été étouffée par une conception théorique inadaptée que la doctrine contemporaine doit, aujourd’hui, renouveler. Seul un retour aux sources originelles du principe de spécialité de l’hypothèque, « mère » des sûretés réelles, permet de faire surgir, à nouveau, sa réalité pratique pour poser les premiers fondements d’une conception théorique ajustée qui pousse à remettre en cause le rattachement du droit des sûretés aux droits patrimoniaux. Le principe de spécialité n’est pas un stigmate de l’archaïsme du droit des sûretés réelles français ; il est, au contraire, le ferment de son évolution. / The specificity principle was introduced in the Civil code in 1804 to ensure the development of the modern economy. Then, it gained ground and became a fundamental principle of security law. However, at the end of the 20th century, it was violently criticized : it was accused to diffuse rigidity in security law and put a brake on credit. In addition to the principle noxiousness, its theoretical criticism was all the more announcing its decline in French law, because in foreign states the influence of the American security interest, which does not know the principle, was widening. However, the reform preserved, while softened, the principle in French law. The softening of the principle is the mark of a enlightened reform which is intuitively return to the principle origins to confer it the flexibility that the original legislator wanted, but which had been choked by an inadequate theoretical conception. This conception has to be renewed now. Only a return to original sources of hypothec specificity principle is able to capture its practical realty in order to lay the foundation stone of an adapted theoretical conception, which push to removing security law from patrimony rights. The specificity principle is not a sign of the archaism of real and personal security French law, it is, on the contrary, the ferment of his evolution.

This dissertation presents three essays in financial economics. In the first chapter, Bankruptcy Lawyers and Credit Recovery, I study how bankruptcy law firm advertisements affect credit recovery of households in financial distress. Exploiting the border discontinuity strategy associated with the geographic unit in which local TV advertisements are sold, I empirically uncover bankruptcy filings and credit recovery related to exogenous variations in bankruptcy law firm advertisements. I first document a significant advertising effect on filing rates and show that advertising-induced filers are similar to existing filers. I then find a positive effect of advertisements on credit outcomes including credit score, new homeownership, and foreclosure. I interpret these findings as evidence that lawyers address information frictions in households' assessment of the bankruptcy option. In the second chapter, Cross-subsidization of Bad Credit in a Lending Crisis, we study the corporate-loan pricing decisions of a major, systemic bank during the Greek financial crisis. A unique aspect of our dataset is that we observe both the actual interest rate and the ``breakeven rate'' (BE rate) of each loan, as computed by the bank's own loan-pricing department (in effect, the loan's marginal cost). We document that low-BE-rate (safer) borrowers are charged significant markups, whereas high-BE-rate (riskier) borrowers are charged smaller and even negative markups. We rationalize this de facto cross-subsidization through the lens of a dynamic model featuring depressed collateral values, impaired capital-market access, and limit pricing. In the third chapter, Who Provides Credit in Times of Crisis? Evidence from the Auto Loan Market, we explore lending from traditional banks, credit unions, and finance companies (nonbanks) in the auto loan market over the past two decades with emphasis on the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that banks provided weak support during the pandemic, thus losing market share and continuing a trend that emerged following the Great Recession. Nonbank market share during this period grew most significantly for subprime borrowers and in counties with stronger bank dependence. We present evidence consistent with a supply-side interpretation of this bank market share loss. These findings contrast with the experience during the Great Recession, when banks contributed the most resilient credit to the auto loan market. Our paper highlights nonbanks’ critical role in the auto loan market in times of crisis, particularly for the subprime segment.

Text in Afrikaans / In hierdie verhandeling ontleed ek die oproeping van ʼn verband op ʼn onroerende saak in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg. Indien ʼn verbandskuldenaar wanpresteer, kan die verbandskuldeiser sy beperkte saaklike reg afdwing deur die verband op te roep ten einde die uitstaande skuld te delg. Om dit te bereik, word die sekerheidsobjek op ʼn eksekusieverkoping te gelde gemaak, nadat die regte prosedure gevolg is. Die oproepingsproses is in die laaste dekade ingrypend verander, grotendeels as gevolg van artikel 26 van die Grondwet, 1996, en artikels 129 en 130 van die National Credit Act 34 van 2005. Die volgende stadiums in die oproepingsproses word onderskei: die voorverhoorprosedure; jurisdiksiebepaling; die hofprosedure; beslaglegging en die eksekusieverkoping. Wetgewing en regspraak het onlangs ingrypende veranderings ten aansien van die voorverhoorprosedure en die hofprosedure teweeggebring. Alhoewel die oproepingsproses tans bevredigend deur wetgewing en in die regspraak gereël word, is daar nog verontrustende aspekte van eksekusieverkopings wat die wetgewer se aandag verdien. / In this dissertation I analyse the calling up of a mortgage bond over immovable property under South-African law. If a mortgagor defaults, the mortgagee can enforce his limited real right by calling up the mortgage bond to satisfy the outstanding debt. To accomplish this, the secured property will be sold at an execution sale, after the correct procedure has been followed. Over the past decade, foreclosure proceedings have undergone significant changes, largely owing to section 26 of the Constitution, 1996, and sections 129 and 130 of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005. The following stages in the foreclosure process are identified: pre-trial debt enforcement procedure; determination of jurisdiction; court procedure; attachment and execution sale. Both the pre-trial debt enforcement procedure and the court procedure have recently been substantially amended by legislation and case law. Although legislation and case law currently regulate the foreclosure process satisfactorily, some disturbing aspects of execution sales remain and these deserve the legislator’s attention. / Private Law / LL.M.