The roles of immigration status in preventive health care services among Nigerian immigrants in the United States were investigated in this quantitative, cross-sectional survey study. About 260,724 Nigerian immigrants reside in the Unites States, but many do not complete lifesaving preventive health services such as immunization and screening, a major factor contributing to the rise in the cost of healthcare resultant from their use of emergency room services. This study investigated the extent to which immigration status independently explains the relationship between health disparities and risks in non-completion of preventive health care among Nigerian immigrants in the United States by comparing data from Nigerian immigrant adults residing in the United States to data from the African American adults in the United States. Socio-cognitive theory and the social behavioral model served as the conceptual framework for this study. There were 291 adult Nigerian immigrants in the cross-sectional survey using a purposive sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the Levene's test for homogeneity of variances, the Pearson's Chi- Square test and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The Kruskal-Wallis results showed that there was a significant difference in screening for preventive care services among the 4 immigrant status categories (p = .000) based on length of residency in the United States. Understanding the health disparities of this population according to their country of origin and immigration status will assist health providers with awareness of population-specific health needs, and may be beneficial in designing public health programs for this population group.

The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine possible risk factors that predict asthma among adult, foreign-born African Americans in California. A total of 794 foreign-born African Americans (87 asthma cases) were included from the 2017-2018 California Health Interview Survey database. Data analysis included both descriptive and inferential statistical methods including chi-square analysis and multiple logistic regression techniques. The socioeclogical model was used to help understand and interpret the findings. The dependent variable was asthma status and the independent variables were the risk factors (tobacco smoking, alcohol use, health insurance, income level, and education level). Confounders included in the analysis were age, gender, and marital status. Findings yielded no statistically significant relationship between asthma status and tobacco smoking (p = 0.19, x2 = 1.74, OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.27-1.30), alcohol use (p = 0.92, x2 = 0.01, OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.61-1.58), health insurance (p = 0.63, x2 = 0.23, OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.44-1.65), income level (p = 0.99, x2 = 0.00, OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.44-2.24), or education level (p = 0.47, x2 = 0.52, OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.49-4.59). Although this study did not find significant associations between asthma and study variables, study limitations, mainly the small sample size, may have prevented the detection of small associations. Future research should involve a larger sample size to investigate whether the findings reported remain true. This study is a step in the exploration of the problem and has the potential to promote positive social change by increasing asthma awareness among foreign-born African Americans in California and among public health policy makers.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur utlandsfödda gymnasielever ser på yrken och den egna framtiden på arbetsmarknaden. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten för att undersöka detta är Brown´s teori om kulturella värderingar och arbetsvärderingar som styr individer i deras karriärsval. Metoden som uppsatsen bygger på är kvantitativ, enkäter har delats ut till utlandsfödda gymnasielever på två olika skolor i stockholmsområdet. I resultatet framgår att yrken med hög status är de yrken som traditionellt sätt har hög status och är välkända yrken internationellt. En slutstats som kan dras är att vid en begränsad kunskap om arbetsmarknaden sker karriärutvecklingen genom en samverkan mellan värderingar och sociala faktorer. Respondenterna är till stor del födda i samhällen som domineras av grupporienterade kulturer där egenskaper som att hjälpa varandra värderas högt vid val av yrke samt yrkens status. Föräldrar har en stor inverkan i respondenternas framtida karriär. Respondenternas framtida yrkesval görs utifrån ett transnationellt perspektiv där de värderar yrken utifrån den kulturella omgivning i vilken de lever nu och i vilken de är födda i. / The aim of the present study is to examine how foreign-born secondary school students look at careers and their own futures in the labor market. The theoretical starting point to explore this is Brown's theory of cultural values and work values that govern individuals in their career path. We used a quantitative method, where surveys were distributed to foreign-born high school students in two different schools in the Stockholm area. The results show that occupations with high status are professions that traditionally have high status and are well-known professions internationally. In conclusion, when the knowledge of the labor market is limited, career development follows through an interaction between values and social factors. Respondents are largely born in societies dominated by group-oriented cultures where properties such as helping each other is highly valued in the choice of occupation and professions status Our results also indicate that parents strongly influence the future career choice of the respondents. Respondents' future career choices are made using a transnational perspective in which they value occupations based on the cultural environment in which they live now and where they were born in.

Are foreign-born scientists different from native-born scientists with respect to research activity and performance? This question has important policy implications not only for immigration policy but also for science policy because a substantial part of scientific research in the United States is conducted by foreign-born scientists. This study examines the differences between foreign-born and native-born scientists in research collaboration, grants, and publication productivity. The data for this study are 443 curricula vitae (CVs) and survey of scientists and engineers that Research Value Mapping Program (RVM) at Georgia Tech conducted from 2000 to 2001. By using the multiple indicators, the findings show that foreign-born scientists do not differ significantly in research collaboration and grants from their native-born counterparts. But in terms of publication productivity, foreign-born scientists are consistently more productive than their native-born counterparts. This study also examines the impact of being foreign-born on research collaboration, grants, and productivity, and which factors account for the differences between foreign-born and native-born scientists in collaboration, grants, and productivity. When other relevant variables are controlled for, being foreign-born still has a strong positive effect on publication productivity. Collaboration and grants have a significant positive effect only on the productivity of native-born scientists, whereas strong research preference of foreign-born scientists contributes to their relatively higher productivity. Differences are also found among foreign-born scientists, largely depending on their national origin categorized by the similarity of language and culture. The theoretical and policy implications are also discussed.

BAKGRUND: Samhället blir allt mer mångkulturellt. Människor från olika delar av världen immigrerar till Sverige och det är därför av stort värde att känna till dessa människors kulturella bakgrund och trosuppfattning.  Som vårdpersonal är det viktigt att vara uppmärksam på eventuella kulturella skillnader och bemöta patienten med respekt för att skapa en god vårdrelation. SYFTE: Vårt syfte med denna litteraturöversikt var att undersöka utlandsfödda patienters upplevelse av vårdrelationen med personalen på en vårdavdelning. METOD: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där tretton artiklar granskades för att kunna sammanställa en helhetsbild av det valda ämnet. RESULTAT: De flesta patienterna i artiklarna beskriver olika svårigheter med att skapa en god relation med vårdpersonalen. Två kategorier identifierades: Att inte bli förstådd av vårdpersonal och Att inte känna sig delaktig i vårdrelationen. Från dessa två kategorier framkom fem underkategorier som beskriver på vilket sätt patienterna kände sig missförstådda eller inte kände sig delaktiga i relationen med vårdpersonalen. KONKLUSION: Det finns svårigheter att skapa en god transkulturell vårdrelation mellan patient och vårdpersonal. Patienter beskriver hur de inte alltid blev mötta med samma respekt och kulturella förståelse som de andra infödda patienterna. Detta tyder på att det finns ett behov av bättre utbildning hos vårdpersonalen inom ämnet kulturell förståelse. Vårdpersonalen måste också se till de individuella behoven hos patienterna. / BACKGROUND: The society is becoming more and more diverse in its many cultures. People from all over the world are migrating to Sweden and it is therefore of great worth to be familiar with the cultural background and religious belief of these people. As a caregiver, one must be sensitive to cultural differences and approach patients with respect in order to establish a good relationship. AIM: This paper reports a review of an examination of foreign-born patient’s experience of a caring relationship with the personnel in a care division. METHOD: A literature review was used in this survey, where the findings of thirteen articles were examined to establish an overview of the subject. FINDINGS: Most of the patients in the articles described different challenges in establishing a good relationship with the caregivers. Two main categories were constructed: Not being understood by the caregiver and Not feeling a part of the caring relationship. From these two categories, five sub-categories were formed to describe in what way the patients were misunderstood or not being included in the relationship with the caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: There are challenges in creating a good transcultural relationship between the patient and the caregiver. Patients described how they not always were being met with the same respect and cultural awareness by the caregivers as the native patients were. This implies that there is a need of better cultural education amongst caregivers. The caregivers also need to se the individual needs of the patients.

Šio darbo tikslas - nustatyti ir įvertinti tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos ugdymo poreikio santykį ir sąsajas su kitataučių destigmatizacijos problemomis visuomenės transformacijos kontekste. Tyrimų instrumentai – trys autorės sukurti klausimynai ir du lauko tyrimo protokolai. Darbe tiriami tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos Lietuvoje šių laikų ypatumai ir esminės jos ugdymo prielaidos. Tarpkultūrinių kompetencijų ugdymas - kitataučių destigmatizacijos programa yra žmogaus asmenybės bei visuomenės požiūrio į kitataučius transformacijos mechanizmas. Tyrimai patvirtina autorės suformuluotas mokslinio tyrimo hipotezes, kad Lietuvos gyventojų tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos lygis yra vidutinis, kad rasinė bei etninė destigmatizacija susijusi su tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos ugdymu, kad efektyviausias ugdymo metodas, sprendžiant kitataučių destigmatizacijos problemą, yra patirtinis mokymas(-sis). / The arm of this work is to determine and evaluate the relations and connections of the need of foresting of intercultural competence with foreign– born destigmatization problems in public transformation contecst. Investigation instruments – three author`s created questionares and two field investigation proceedings. This paper analyses the modern peculiarities and educational assumptions of ethnical tolerance in Lithuania. The development of intercultural competence is the foreign-born destigmatization program, the mechanism of transformation of the human personality and the attitude of society to the foreign-born. Investigations approve the author`s formulated scientific research hypotheses, that intercultural competence level of the citizens of Lithuania is medium, that racist and ethnic destigmatization is related with the foresting of intercultural competence, that the most effective foresting method, solving foreign – born destigmatization, is experiential learning.

<p>This dissertation consists of two related essays on the economics of immigration. The first chapter presents new evidence on whether the earnings of foreign-born workers grow faster than that of similarly educated natives. We compare cross-sectional and panel analyses of assimilation in the U.S. context. The panel data allow us to control for fixed unobserved heterogeneity in earnings. As others have found for earlier entry cohorts, we find that immigrants with less than a college education start at an earnings disadvantage but converge toward native earnings with time in the U.S. in the cross-section. Lower earning immigrants selectively leave on-the-books jobs. We also find substantial selection among low earnings natives who also tend to work less and leave the labor force earlier. Both groups display selection and the net result is that controlling for fixed unobserved heterogeneity has little effect on the relative earnings growth of low-skilled immigrants.</p><p>We find very different results for high-skilled workers. In the cross-sectional analysis, immigrants whose highest level of education is a bachelor's degree exhibit a decline in relative earnings with time in the U.S. However, for these immigrants, the inclusion of an individual fixed effect reveals faster earnings growth relative to natives. Among both immigrants and natives, lower earners selectively leave the covered sector. However, because low earning immigrants who remain in the sample become more likely to work with time in the U.S., the net result is that the average earnings of immigrants diminish. These results indicate that controlling for individual heterogeneity is important in estimating the economic assimilation of immigrants.</p><p>The second chapter examines the role of the workplace in earnings assimilation. Using an earnings panel much like in the first chapter, we consider whether job characteristics such as firm size, industry, and firm specific tenure can account for earnings differences between native and foreign-born workers. We focus on workers with less than a college education and find that the job characteristics considered account for almost all of the faster earnings growth of high school dropouts and half of the faster earnings growth of high school graduate immigrants. Rising relative job tenure of immigrants is the most important factor.</p> / Dissertation

This thesis project examined underemployment at the state and national levels. Underemployment is the inability of highly skilled migrants with degrees from their home countries to enter the workforce in the receiving country. Pending and enacted legislation was analyzed at the state level to determine in which ways the state of Oregon can implement similar policies to effectively incorporate underemployed immigrants into the state workforce. This project utilized primary data sources at the state and federal level, migrant interviews were used as illustrations of the barriers that exist for underemployed migrants, and secondary data sources from the fields of economics, social sciences, political sciences, and population studies were utilized to provide an understanding of how underemployment is addressed at the national level. Overall, my research found underemployed professional migrants are greatly underutilized, which translates into missed economic opportunities for individual migrants and for the United States as a whole.

In this dissertation, I first suggest an extension of the managerial rents model and more specifically the managerial skills typology that it offers. Building on research in international business, I propose adding country-specific skills (CSS) to this typology in addition to firm-specific, industry-specific, and generic skills. I define CSS as managers’ abilities that are applicable and specific to a particular national institutional context. Such skills are distinct from the other three types identified and are likely to influence managers’ performance and the performance of their firms. So if CSS are distinct skills, what are the implications for strategy and international business research? In an attempt to respond to this question, I conduct two empirical essays in which I examine the implications of this refinement of the typology of managerial skills for CEO selection and firms’ mergers and acquisitions (M&A) strategy. In the first empirical essay, I puzzle at the fact that although CSS constitute a barrier to high-level executive mobility across countries, there have been a growing number of foreign-born CEOs being appointed across the globe. Why are these individuals being selected for the post of CEO? Using information on the appointment of foreign-born and national CEOs from 2005 to 2010 among global 500 companies, I show that internationalization pressures help explain their selection and that two types of firms are likely to appoint foreign leaders: highly internationalized firms and firms that are likely to internationalize. In the second empirical essay, I examine the strategic implications of country-specific skills. Employing the same sample as the one used in the first empirical essay, I demonstrate that given that their mindset is likely to be less focused on firms’ home market, foreign-born CEOs may be prone to institute more changes in firms’ cross-border M&A strategy than their domestic counterparts. I also theorize on the moderating influence of CEOs’ insiderness.

Bakgrund: Ökad migration i Sverige har resulterat i språklig, kulturell och religiös mångfald. Med immigrationen söker fler utrikesfödda äldre vård. Begränsade språkkunskaper bland utrikesfödda äldre kan leda till kommunikationshinder, vilket gör att de blir mer utsatta i kommunikation med vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvård. Syftet var att beskriva utrikesfödda äldres upplevelser av vad som påverkar kommunikation med vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt baserad på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade mellan år 2007 och 2019. Artikelsökningen gjordes via databaserna CINAHL och PubMed samt manuella sökningar. Resultat: Utrikesfödda äldres upplevda problem i kommunikation med vårdpersonal beskriver utmaningar som hälso- och sjukvården står inför i samband med ökad immigration. Fyra huvudkategorier identifierades: Språk- och kulturbarriär, Bristande information relaterad till utrikesfödda äldres sjukdomar, undersökningar och deras rättigheter, Tidsbrist och stress hos vårdpersonal samt Vårdpersonalens engagemang och bemötande. Slutsats: Kommunikationsproblem på grund av språkliga och kulturella skillnader ska inte begränsa de utrikesfödda äldres rättigheter till god vård. Informationen som ges till de utrikesfödda äldre bör vara individanpassade. Vårdpersonalen bör ha kulturell kompetens, vara lyhörda och ha ett hänsynstagande till patientens individuella förutsättning i samband med kommunikation. Att hitta strategier för att överbrygga kommunikationsproblem är sålunda absolut nödvändigt. / Background: Increased immigration in Sweden has resulted in linguistic, cultural and religious diversity. In connection with increased immigration, several foreign-born older people are seeking care. Limited language skills among foreign-born elderly can lead to communication barriers, which make them more vulnerable in terms of communication with healthcare professionals. Aim: To describe foreign-born older peoples’ experience of what influences communication with healthcare professionals in health care. Method: The study is a literature review based on fourteen research articles published between 2007 and 2019. The databases CINAHL and PubMed as well as manual search were used for the article search. Results: Foreign-born older peoples’ perceived problems regarding communication with health care professionals describe the challenges that healthcare is facing in connection with increased immigration. Four main categories have been identified: Language and cultural barriers; Lack of information related to the foreign-born older peoples’ illness, examination, and their rights; Lack of time and stress among health care professionals; and Health care professionals’ involvement and treatment. Conclusion: Communication problems due to linguistic and cultural differences should not limit the rights of the forgein-born older people in terms of good care. Information that is given to the forgein-born older people should be individually adapted. Health care professionals should have cultural competence, be perceptive and have respect for the patients’ individual condition in connection with communication. Thus, finding strategies for overcoming communication problems is imperative.