Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / By the mid 1980s the Nationalist Party had sought to salvage almost four decades of apartheid policies that were based on white supremacy. In this regard it engaged in dual strategies of repression and reform. The state's strategies were challenged by organisations and movements within civil society. In this regard a number of community-based organisation mushroomed both nationally and regionally. These organisations were co-ordinated by adult political activists most of whom were perceived to lack the necessary skills to manage organisation more effectively. In this conjuncture, the Adult Education Departments at five South African universities developed certificate-level programmes to address this gap. This study focuses on three such programmes, the Community Adult Education Programme, based at the University of Cape Town, the Certificate for Educators of Adults at the University of the Western Cape, and the Community Adult Educators Training Course based at the University of Natal- Pietermaritzburg. This study investigates the social and political conditions that gave rise to the three certificate programmes. It also investigates the relationship between the external social and political conditions and the internal curriculum practices of the certificates. In this process it analyses the nature of the relationship and identifies shifts in the programmes and the curriculum practices between 1986 and 1996. The study uses a qualitative approach and draws on elements of critical theory and social constructionism to understand the data gleaned from interviews and documents. This study argues that all three certificate programmes have directly been tied into the social political context in South Africa between 1986 and 1996. In this decade the study argues, there are three distinct political periods, namely repression/reform, negotiations and fragile democracy. It argues that distinct features from each period have shaped the certificates in different ways. Along with the national political conditions as manifest at the level of the state, the private sector and civil society there are local and institutional dynamics that contribute to the different forms assumed by these certificates. The study further argues that the external social - political conditions from each period have demarcated and fixed the boundaries for the certificates as a social practice. In this process the curriculum practices for each period permitted certain words and practices in preference to others. Consequently, it argues that the external and internal social and political dimensions together construct the certificates as a discourse. This study is based on a belief that the role of a certificate practitioner is to creatively locate the day to day practices within different theoretical frameworks in order to advance studies into sites of adult education practices. This study represents a step in such a direction.

This case study research aimed to explore, understand, and compare the experiences of individuals participating in a heterogeneous adult community drama class in Central Sweden. Drawing from classical pragmatism and employing a conceptual framework rooted in sociocultural theory, the study utilized semi-structured interviews, open-questionnaire responses, and participant observations to collect data which was analyzed through reflexive thematic analysis. Key findings indicated that participants generally viewed their engagement in the class positively while also recognizing the challenges and complexities of working within a mixed-language level group. As such, participants identified diverse motivations and preferences which informed their expectations and impressions of participation. As well, Swedish L2 learners of various levels and Swedish L1 speakers identified distinct challenges and opportunities in relation to learning and navigating language within the class context. Despite identified challenges, the high degree of group diversity emerged as a centrally important and beneficial feature of participation by facilitating opportunities to learn and assist one another in a supportive community environment through mediation. Subsequently this paper offers recommendations for transferable contexts to mitigate language-related challenges based on participant accounts and observations. Moreover, this study seeks to contribute to the fields of comparative education and applied drama through its focus on exploring and examining possibilities and consequences of heterogenous group learning among adults and in a community drama class. Consequently, the results of the study may be useful in adult education settings, applied drama contexts, and among policymakers interested in exploring participatory learning approaches, particularly in relation to supporting migrant individuals and migrant integration.

Issues and challenges that teachers and educator encounter in implementing school-based Environmental Education have been established, described and explored against the background of the South African education system. In a succinct manner sources upon and from which Curriculum 2005 (C2005) is founded have been explored. Within C2005 the foundations of EE have been traced. International and national trends and developments have been illuminated and the contributions of these endeavours are eminent in school-based EE. The methodology and research process of study does not claim to be the only one appropriate for this research question. However, the research focus has been studied through the chosen methodology as the socio-historical context demanded. The research process has been dynamic with the researcher responding to the emerging data and being guided by the research activities outlined in the research design. The two case studies have provided the researcher with valuable data necessary for making sound judgements about issues and challenges encountered during the implementation of environmental learning in formal education structures. Although the research question has been adequately explored, the study does not claim to be exhaustive and with no limitations. It is hoped that the recommendations made in the study, based on the findings, will be valuable to teachers, educators and education policy makers involved with EE implementation in formal education. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Didactics)

The Karretjie People, or Cart People are a peripatetic community and are descendants of the KhoeKhoen and San, the earliest inhabitants of the Karoo region in South Africa. As a landless and disempowered community they are dependent upon others for food and other basic necessities specifically, and other resources generally. Compared to children in South Africa generally, the Karretjie children are in every sense of the most severely deprived. Their fathers are by and large sheep-shearers, often their only specialised skill, and which is primarily required only on demand and on an irregular and/or seasonal basis. The children’s mothers as keepers of the karretjie (cart) overnight shack, with other adult caretakers, are without predictable income for most of the year. The service that the adult men deliver to the farming community necessitates continuous spatial mobility and is made possible by a cart and donkeys, which also enable them to adapt to changing circumstances. High levels of spatial mobility as well as economic demands on individual domestic units result in inventive utilisation of scarce resources and entails, amongst others, in children oscillating between different karretjie (cart) units.

This research surveys the Swiss missionaries' management of social transformation in South Africa (1873-1976). It has as its major focus the management of schools, hospitals and churches as the primary institutions of social change in society. The researcher's realisation that more often than not, the changes brought to bear on proselytes by the change forces take time to manifest themselves vividly induced him to extend the scope to include the dawn of the new political dispensation in this country in 1994. This need not surprise the readership as the triadic approach, which is synonymous with historial analyses compels researchers to avail readers of what happened in the past, present as well as what is likely to occur in future. In other words, readers will encounter the ethnic nationalism engineered by different change agents in this country and the repercussions thereof, and the schism within the Swiss Mission in South Africa/Evangelical Presbyterian Church in South Africa that started in 1989 and became reality by 1991. Finally, the thesis also appraises readers of what should be done in periods of rapid social change. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (History of Education)

This thesis explores the Mbuti Pygmies, a sub-group of the Pygmy peoples, one of the main ethnic groups of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The Mbuti Pygmies are settled mostly in the Ituri rainforest, and are, with regard to Christian mission, still unreached and unchurched. The oversight of the churches vis-à-vis these people is highlighted, through this thesis, as a challenge to Christian mission. This challenge is a result of the way Christian mission is understood and undertaken in DRC, namely in the selective and exclusive way of missioning, according to which some peoples are targeted and others forsaken. Churches in the DRC shy away from the Mbuti Pygmies probably because, on the one hand, these forest dwellers belong to the group of Pygmies whose existence as full human beings is enigmatic and very controversial. Because of the uniqueness of the Pygmy peoples in terms of physical features, culture, and way of life, on the other hand, the non-Pygmy peoples, including Christians, suffer from a kind of complex of superiority that creates in them a spirit of discrimination against the Mbuti Pygmies. As the Mbuti Pygmies are discriminated against even by Christians, it is very difficult for them to be taken into account within the mission agendas of the churches. This challenge to Christian mission is highlighted by two facts. Firstly, Christian mission is designed for all the nations to which the Mbuti Pygmies belong. Secondly, the churches, with their missional mandate to all the nations, shy away from the Mbuti Pygmies as if these people were outside the scope of Christian mission and, thus, unworthy of God’s grace and love.To remedy this challenge, with the aim of implementing Christian mission in the DRC, this study suggests a missional encounter as a way forward to addressing the Mbuti Pygmies. In practice, this may be implemented through the missionary conversion, the right perception of the Mbuti Pygmies as being fully made in the “image of God” and fully part of the “all nations”, promoting formal education among the Mbuti Pygmies, and sustaining the churches by an integrated theological education. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

This final thesis deals with innovations in the management of informal education. The main goal of this work is to determine the extent to which the executives of leisure education organizations recognize the need for innovations in different areas of the organization, to compare the extent and content of specific innovations in selected organizations and explore in which areas and based on which stimuli the innovations in these organizations arise. The obtained information is useful for efficient preparation of further training of organization executives and described examples of good practice as an inspiration to improve the performance of leisure and informal education organizations. The theoretical part incorporates leisure and informal education into the overall education system of the Czech Republic and its development is illustrated on the laws and decrees from 1948 to present. Research in the form of structured interview reveals the respondents view on innovations in leisure education and shows the respondents experience with the introduction of innovations in their own organizations. The conclusions of this research clearly show the need for innovation in informal and leisure education for the competitiveness of individual organizations. KEYWORDS : lifelong learning, formal education,...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:33:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIO PENNA FEDRE.pdf: 8199334 bytes, checksum: 211bd61a53ed31c729ae852b8f7b6ab2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-12 / In Brazil, there are several formats for technical and vocational education, from courses focused only on learning a trade to the courses that integrate general education with technical. Currently there are two forms of education that are found in this country, from technical schools who share both formats up their own workshops and workplaces that are also recognized as places of learning. Based on these formats technical and vocational education are marked by the idea that the teaching of instrumental crafts are inferior in comparison to general education. This research seeks to explain and analyze the development of education in these Samba Schools of Grupo Especial in Rio de Janeiro, in which the entire show is produced manually by professionals from various fields. The questions that guided the research were: how does a vocational education show the perspective of a cultural education that is informal? How can vocational education be regimented by public policies? From this way the general objective is to investigate the function and dynamics barrac?es of the samba schools of the Grupo Especial do Rio de Janeiro. If, therefore, is a research document analysis that was used for the historical science proper procedures by which it can be said that the data for historical analysis are the facts. However, the facts are not on the documents to be rescued as something that has its own existence, or as a natural object that just capture it from a theory with concepts defined a priori. First reading of the literature was performed for the theoretical foundation of the research. Data collection was carried out with primary sources such as newspapers, magazines, motion picture, photographs, government documents and public documents of the Federation provided by the Independent League of Samba Schools of Rio de Janeiro. A literature review was also conducted at the Bank of CAPES thesis, aiming to collect data for an analysis of the state of the art with respect to non-formal vocational education, vocational education and non-formal education in order to enrich and complement the desk research. This research is organized into an introduction and three chapters, which had its contents built from the investigations by the methodology described above because it is a new theme and closing remarks that aims to elucidate the problem of this research. Thus, to investigate the function and dynamics of the barrac?es of the samba schools of the Grupo Especial do Rio de Janeiro, it is understood that there is an educational culture in the samba schools of the Special Group of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the possible application of a public policy directed to this mode of education practiced at that location. / No Brasil, atualmente, h? diversos formatos de educa??o profissional. Desde cursos voltados ao aprendizado de um of?cio at? os cursos que integram a educa??o geral com a t?cnica. De acordo com a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educa??o 9.394/96, as oficinas e locais de trabalho tamb?m s?o reconhecidos como locais de educa??o profissional inicial e continuada. A partir da constata??o estereotipada de que esses formatos de educa??o profissional est?o marcados pela concep??o de que o ensino dos of?cios instrumentais ? inferior em compara??o ? educa??o geral, esta investiga??o busca descrever e analisar a cultura educacional desenvolvida nas escolas de samba do Grupo Especial do Rio de Janeiro, nas quais todo o desfile ? produzido manualmente por profissionais das mais diversas ?reas. As quest?es que orientaram a pesquisa foram: como se manifesta a educa??o profissional na ?tica de uma cultura educacional que ? n?o formal? Como essa educa??o profissional pode ser arregimentada por pol?ticas p?blicas em educa??o? Emerge, dessa forma, o objetivo geral de investigar o funcionamento e a din?mica dos barrac?es das escolas de samba do Grupo Especial do Rio de Janeiro, a fim de detectar uma poss?vel cultura educacional nesse ambiente, bem como a aplica??o de uma pol?tica p?blica voltada ? modalidade educacional ali praticada. Trata-se, portanto, de uma pesquisa de an?lise documental que se utilizou de procedimentos pr?prios da ci?ncia hist?rica, pela qual se pode afirmar que os dados para uma an?lise hist?rica s?o os fatos. Por?m, os fatos n?o est?o nos documentos para serem resgatados como algo que t?m exist?ncia pr?pria, ou como um objeto natural que pode ser capturado a partir de uma teoria com conceitos definidos a priori. Primeiramente, foi realizada a leitura da literatura especializada para a fundamenta??o te?rica da investiga??o. A coleta de dados foi realizada junto a fontes prim?rias como peri?dicos, revistas, imagens em movimento, fotografias, documentos p?blicos da Federa??o e documentos p?blicos disponibilizados pela Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro. Tamb?m foi realizada uma revis?o bibliogr?fica no Banco de Teses da CAPES, visando definir dados para uma an?lise do estado da quest?o no que diz respeito ? educa??o profissional n?o formal, a educa??o profissional e a educa??o n?o formal, com o intuito de enriquecer e complementar a pesquisa documental. Esta pesquisa est? organizada em uma Introdu??o e mais tr?s cap?tulos, os quais tiveram seus conte?dos constru?dos com base nas investiga??es descritas por sua metodologia por tratar-se de um tema novo, e as considera??es finais que almejam elucidar o problema. Assim, ao se investigarem o funcionamento e a din?mica dos barrac?es das escolas de samba do Grupo Especial do Rio de Janeiro, entende-se que h? uma cultura educacional nas escolas de samba do Grupo Especial, bem como a poss?vel aplica??o de um programa governamental (Rede CERTIFIC, que pode vir a ser pol?tica p?blica) voltado a essa modalidade de educacional praticada nesse local; mas esse programa deve ser adaptado ?s necessidades dos profissionais dos barrac?es das escolas de samba para que os art?fices do carnaval tenham seus conhecimentos, conquistados na pr?tica di?ria, como profiss?es formalmente reconhecidas.

As bibliotecas dos Centros Educacionais Unificados (CEUs), implantadas a partir de 2003 na cidade de São Paulo, foram inicialmente celebradas como uma conquista significativa: primeiro em termos de cobertura territorial de bibliotecas na cidade; segundo como uma possibilidade única no desenvolvimento de uma atuação de caráter híbrido de biblioteca pública e escolar. Este trabalho apresenta e discute a proposta de biblioteca do CEU e verifica, através dos sujeitos e por meio da aplicação de entrevista semiestruturada como essas bibliotecas estão se configurando ao longo dos anos, principalmente em regiões de crise urbana (enchentes, desapropriações, violência, incêndios etc.). A análise dos dados evidenciou que as bibliotecas podem ser caracterizadas como: educativa, porém desligada do currículo escolar; aberta a toda a comunidade; inserida no projeto educacional de cada CEU, e preocupada com a formação da consciência cidadã, com linhas de ação que permitem a construção de uma biblioteca mais que híbrida, plural, no sentido de agregar múltiplos saberes, ampliando, portanto, sua esfera de atuação. Verificamos em alguns sujeitos envolvidos com a biblioteca, especialmente os bibliotecários, a intenção em criar vínculos com a sua comunidade sem, contudo, ignorar problemas próprios da periferia. Ao contrário, esses foram determinantes para a elaboração de projetos de bibliotecas específicos, propiciando as aberturas necessárias para que as pessoas pudessem circular no mundo da informação e da cultura. / The libraries of the Unified Educational Centres (Centros Educacionais Unificados - CEUs), implemented since 2003 in the city of São Paulo, were initially celebrated as a significant achievement: first of all in terms of territorial coverage of libraries in the city. Secondly, as having a unique hybrid character, being both a public library and a school library. This work introduces and discusses the library proposed by the CEUs and observes, through the subjects, by means of a semi-structured interview, how these libraries are shaping up/ over the years, mainly in the regions of urban crises (floods, expropriations, violence, fires etc.) The analysis of the data shows evidence that the libraries can be characterized as educational, albeit not connected to the school curriculum. They are open to all community, inserted in the educational project of each CEU and concerned with the formation of a conscient citizen. With courses of action that allow for the conception of a library that is not just hybrid but also plural, furnishing several diffrent types of knowledge and therefore expanding the scope of its action. We have observed, on the part of some of the subjects involved with the library and particularly the librarians; the intention of creating bonds with the community without, however, ignoring the problems of the periphery. They were key players in the elaboration of specific library projects, poviding the necessary opportunities for people to circulate in the world of information and culture.

A pesquisa de caráter qualitativo teve como objetivo levantar e discutir maneiras pelas quais o campo do design pode contribuir para a divulgação científica para o público infantil. A partir de um levantamento de casos de comunicação da ciência para crianças no Brasil e exterior, de naturezas e mídias diversas, foram identificados os processos de design empregados e determinados os eixos investigativos da pesquisa: processos colaborativos, processos participativos, ludicidade e design da informação. Para evidenciar e discutir as questões relativas aos quatro eixos, foi realizado um estudo de caso sobre o livro informativo para crianças Lá fora - Guia para descobrir a natureza (textos de Maria Ana Peixe Dias e Inês Teixeira do Rosário, ilustrações de Bernardo P. Carvalho, editora Planeta Tangerina, Portugal, 2014). O estudo de caso baseou-se em revisão bibliográfica relativa a: processos colaborativos, processos participativos, processos voltados ao lúdico, design da informação, livros ilustrados e livros informativos para crianças. As análises sugerem que as contribuições do campo para a divulgação científica para crianças potencializam-se quanto mais abrangente for o escopo de participação do design e quanto mais inicial for o estágio de projetação em que é introduzido. Além disso, de cada eixo investigativo sobressaem contribuições específicas ligadas às forma de participação do design no processo de produção da divulgação, a saber: o rigor informativo, investigativo e crítico, e a criatividade na abordagem dos temas da ciência (processos colaborativos); a defesa da autonomia, do protagonismo e do respeito às necessidades cognitivas e emocionais da criança (processos participativos); a aproximação poética, aberta, imaginativa e complexa dos assuntos tratados (processos voltados à ludicidade); e o cuidado com a usabilidade dos objetos, a legibilidade e a visualização da informação (design da informação). / This qualitative study aimed to raise and discuss ways in which the design field can contribute to science communication for children. Specific applied design processes and certain investigative axes of research were identified from a survey of cases of science communication for children in Brazil and abroad, of different natures and media: collaborative processes, participatory processes, playfulness and information design. In order to highlight and discuss questions relating to these four axes, we conducted a case study of the children\'s information book Lá fora - Guia para descobrir a natureza (texts by Maria Ana Peixe Dias and Inês Teixeira do Rosário, illustrations by Bernardo P. Carvalho, Planeta Tangerina, Portugal, 2014). The case study is based on literature review on: collaborative processes, participatory processes, processes aimed at playfulness, information design, picturebooks and children\'s information books. The analysis suggests that the design field contribution to science communication for children can be enhanced the more comprehensive its scope is and the earlier it is introduced in the design process. In addition, each investigative axis highlights specific contributions, linked to the form of participation that design takes on the production process of the publication, namely: the informative, investigative and critical accuracy, and the creativity in addressing the themes of science (collaborative processes); the defense of autonomy, leadership and respect to cognitive and emotional needs of the child (participatory processes); the poetic, open, imaginative and complex approach of subjects addressed (processes aimed at playfulness); the attention to the usability and readability of objects, and its information visualization (information design).